GENE MAPPING 2
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The document discusses gene linkage and mapping. It explains that Morgan found linked traits are located on the same chromosome, and chromosomes rather than genes independently assort during meiosis. Linked genes are not always inherited together due to chromosomes exchanging homologous genes during meiosis. Linkage maps estimate distances between genes based on crossover frequencies, with closer genes being inherited together more often.
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وقتی کروموزومها کپی میشوند، هر کروموزوم دارای دو نسخه از یک آلل است که هر کدام بر روی هر کروماتید خواهری قرار دارد. با این حال، اصل "عوامل وراثتی" مندل، هنگامی که وی در سال 1860 وجود آنها را مطرح کرد، یک مفهوم کاملاً انتزاعی بود. با استفاده از تکنیکهای بهبود یافته میکروسکوپی، سیتولوژی و ژنتیک همگرا شدند، زیرا زیست شناسان رفتارهای موازی بین عوامل وراثتی مندل در طول چرخههای جنسی را مشاهده کردند که بعدها این رفتارهای کروموزومی به "نظریه کروموزومی وراثت " تبدیل شد. براساس این نظریه، ژنهای مندلی دارای موقعیتهای (موقعیت) خاصی در امتداد کروموزومها هستند و این کروموزومها هستند که تحت جداسازی و طبقه بندی مستقل قرار میگیرند.
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وقتی کروموزومها کپی میشوند، هر کروموزوم دارای دو نسخه از یک آلل است که هر کدام بر روی هر کروماتید خواهری قرار دارد. با این حال، اصل "عوامل وراثتی" مندل، هنگامی که وی در سال 1860 وجود آنها را مطرح کرد، یک مفهوم کاملاً انتزاعی بود. با استفاده از تکنیکهای بهبود یافته میکروسکوپی، سیتولوژی و ژنتیک همگرا شدند، زیرا زیست شناسان رفتارهای موازی بین عوامل وراثتی مندل در طول چرخههای جنسی را مشاهده کردند که بعدها این رفتارهای کروموزومی به "نظریه کروموزومی وراثت " تبدیل شد. براساس این نظریه، ژنهای مندلی دارای موقعیتهای (موقعیت) خاصی در امتداد کروموزومها هستند و این کروموزومها هستند که تحت جداسازی و طبقه بندی مستقل قرار میگیرند.
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2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
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2) Gametes contain a single allele for each gene making them haploid, and fusion of gametes during fertilization creates diploid zygotes containing two alleles for each gene which may be the same or different.
3) Dominant alleles will mask the effects of recessive alleles, but some genetic traits are codominant where both alleles have an effect when present together. Many genetic diseases are caused by recessive alleles requiring two copies of the allele.
Linkage analysis
Genetic linkage analysis and genotyping techniques are used to map disease genes to their chromosome locations. Linkage describes how closely linked genes are inherited together on a chromosome. Complete linkage means genes do not cross over, while incomplete linkage means genes can separate during crossing over. Linkage analysis uses techniques like recombination fraction, LOD scores, and Haldane mapping functions to statistically map traits to chromosomes. Genotyping determines genetic differences by examining DNA sequences, and can analyze whole genomes, targeted regions, or custom panels of variants. It enables studying SNPs, CNVs, and structural variants.
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Human genome
The document discusses human genes and bioinformatics. It defines bioinformatics as the field that merges biology, computer science, and information technology to understand and organize molecular data on a large scale. It provides information on the human genome, including that it contains around 35,000-50,000 genes and has been sequenced. Genome projects have provided data that can be used in medicine, pharmacogenomics, and other areas to gain biological insights.
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This document discusses genetic linkage and mapping techniques in eukaryotes. It defines linkage as genes failing to assort independently due to being located near each other on the same chromosome. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila showed that alleles can be inherited together or recombine during meiosis. The frequency of recombination between two linked genes provides their genetic distance in centimorgans on a linkage map. Techniques for mapping genes include testcrosses, estimating recombination frequencies in two-point and three-point crosses, and correcting for double crossovers.
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This document discusses meiosis and genetic linkage in plants and animals. It provides details on:
- The alternation of generations life cycle in plants, which involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage.
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This document discusses chromosome and gene mapping techniques. It describes how gene mapping is used to identify the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Two main types of maps are discussed - genetic maps based on linkage and physical maps using actual distances in base pairs. Molecular markers are described as polymorphic DNA sequences used to map genes. Methods for genetic mapping like linkage analysis and calculating recombination fractions are explained.
Linkage analysis and genome mapping
This document discusses genetic linkage and mapping techniques. It defines linkage as genes failing to assort independently if they are located near each other on the same chromosome. Crossing over during meiosis allows for genetic recombination and independent assortment of genes. Linkage analysis techniques are used to construct genetic maps showing gene positions. The recombination frequency between two genes indicates their genetic distance, while LOD scores and Haldane's mapping function translate recombination fractions into distances in centimorgans. Genetic maps have limited resolution and accuracy compared to physical mapping techniques.
Meiosis, linkage and crossing over
This document discusses genetic linkage and crossing over during meiosis. It defines linkage as genes located near each other on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over occurs when non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material, producing new allele combinations and reducing linkage. The arrangement of alleles on homologous chromosomes, whether in coupling or repulsion phase, determines the outcome of crosses between linked genes. Recombination frequency is used to measure linkage and construct genetic maps showing gene order on chromosomes.
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Genes are useful markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that are not genes are called DNA markers.
DNA markers must have at least two alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence features that satisfy this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Southern hybridization
PCR
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
They are useful in predicting results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
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1. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila showed that genes located close together on the same chromosome (linked genes) tend to be inherited together more often than expected by Mendel's law of independent assortment.
2. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of linked genes, with the frequency of crossing over determining how far apart genes are on the genetic map.
3. Sturtevant used recombination frequencies between traits to construct the first genetic map, with map units called centimorgans representing a 1% chance of crossing over.
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Vasant Kumar's document discusses methods for mapping and cloning human disease genes. It describes two types of genome mapping - genetic mapping, which looks at genetic recombination, and physical mapping, which determines the physical distance between DNA sequences. Several techniques for physical mapping are outlined, including restriction mapping, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and sequence-tagged site mapping. The document also explains how to identify the gene responsible for a genetic disease using linkage analysis and positional cloning. Examples discussed include the genes for Huntington's disease, BRCA1/BRCA2-associated breast cancer, and genetic modifiers of Huntington's disease expression.
Gene mapping / Genetic map vs Physical Map | determination of map distance a...
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
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In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
2. Determination of Linkage Groups(No. of Chromosomes)
Dihybrid cross
Trihybrid cross
3. Determination of Map Distance
Recombination fraction
4. Determination of Gene Order
5. Combining Map Segments
Genetic linkage
Morgan conducted experiments in Drosophila melanogaster that discovered genetic linkage. He crossed a white-eyed, miniature-winged female to a wild-type male. In the F2 generation, most flies showed the parental phenotypes of white eyes and miniature wings, or wild-type eyes and wings. However, some flies showed non-parental phenotypes of white eyes and normal wings, or wild-type eyes and miniature wings, demonstrating genetic recombination between the two linked genes. This provided evidence that genes on the same chromosome may assort together during meiosis but can also undergo crossing over, resulting in new combinations of alleles. Morgan's discovery established the chromosomal theory of inheritance and allowed the field of genetics to construct genetic maps
linkage and recombination.pptx
Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes that are located physically close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. This occurs because closely linked genes are unlikely to be separated during chromosomal crossover. Genetic linkage was discovered in 1906 by Bateson and Punnett while studying inheritance of flower color and pollen length in peas. They observed offspring ratios that deviated from the expected independent assortment ratio, providing evidence that the genes were linked. Linked genes can sometimes separate through the process of recombination during meiosis, where chromosomes exchange DNA segments through crossover. The frequency of recombination between two genes is used to estimate the distance between them on the chromosome map.
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This document discusses three-point test cross analysis for genetic mapping.
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B.Sc. Microbiology/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 5 microbial gene...
1. Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of alleles located near each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Linkage mapping uses recombination frequencies between genetic markers to construct genetic maps showing the relative positions of genes.
2. Physical mapping techniques like restriction mapping cut DNA into fragments to construct overlapping contig maps of chromosome regions without regard to specific genes.
3. Bacterial cells can exchange genetic material through three main processes: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. These processes aid genetic recombination and variation in bacteria.
Recombination and gene linkage
This document discusses gene linkage and recombination. It provides examples from early experiments on pea plants that showed deviations from expected Mendelian ratios, indicating linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape. The discovery of crossing over during meiosis provided an explanation for how genes can be reshuffled during reproduction. Linkage maps were developed that show the relative distances between genes on chromosomes based on crossover frequencies. Polygenic traits like human skin color are also summarized, which involve multiple genes contributing to a continuous variation in a phenotype.
Gene mapping
Genome mapping identifies and records the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic map of Drosophila in 1913 by proposing that crossover frequency could determine gene location. Techniques like linkage analysis using two-point and three-point test crosses estimate distances between genes based on inheritance patterns. Genetic maps describe gene arrangement but have limitations due to recombination hotspots and need for high crossover scoring. Gene mapping is important for identifying disease genes and trait genes in plants, animals and humans.
Concept of genome mapping
This document discusses genome mapping and gene mapping. Genome mapping involves assigning DNA fragments to chromosomes to create a genetic map and guide for sequencing. There are two categories of mapping - genetic mapping using techniques like crossbreeding, and physical mapping which examines DNA directly. Gene mapping determines the order and distance between genes in map units and uses recombination frequencies to estimate distances. Mapping techniques like linkage analysis and using DNA markers like RFLPs, SSLPs, and SNPs help construct linkage maps of the genome.
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GENE MAPPING 2
- 1. • GENE LINKAGE & MAPPING • By A.Arputha Selvaraj
- 2. KEY CONCEPT Genes can be mapped to specific locations on chromosomes.
- 3. Gene linkage was explained through fruit flies. • Morgan found that linked traits are on the same chromosome. • Chromosomes, not genes, assort independently during meiosis. Wild type Mutant
- 4. • Linked genes are not inherited together every time. • Chromosomes exchange homologous genes during meiosis.
- 5. Linkage maps estimate distances between genes. • The closer together two genes are, the more likely they will be inherited together. • Cross-over frequencies are related to distances between genes. – The higher the frequency, the further the genes are apart • Linkage maps show the relative locations of genes.
- 6. • Cross-over frequencies can be converted into map units. • Ex: A 5% cross-over frequency equals 5 map units. – gene A and gene B cross over 6.0 percent of the time – gene B and gene C cross over 12.5 percent of the time – gene A and gene C cross over 18.5 percent of the time
- 7. Draw a linkage map based on the following cross over percentages: • A – B = 8% • B – C = 10% • A – C = 2% 8.0 2.0 B A C 8.0 + 2.0 = 10.0
- 8. Thanks