1. The document describes a radiation survey meter that uses a Geiger-Muller tube to detect ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays.
2. It uses a PIC microcontroller to power the Geiger-Muller tube via a boost converter, count pulses from the tube, and display results on an LCD screen. It can also store measurement readings and interface with a computer via USB.
3. The device is designed to be portable, low-cost, and battery-powered to allow the public to monitor radiation levels where they live and work.
Effect of fiber and solenoid variation parameters on the elements of a correc...IJECEIAES
Controlling the polarization of the light output from single-mode fiber systems is very important for connecting it to polarization-dependent integrated optical circuits, while applications using a heterodyne detection system. Polarization controller using fiber squeezer is attractive for a lowloss, low-penalty coherent optical fiber trunk system. However, for polarization controllers using electromagnetic fiber squeezer, the stability problem due to the saturation of their magnetic circuit must be studied. In fact, in their conventional configuration, open-loop stability affects performance and limits applications. First at all, this effect has been analyzed and a feedback circuit with correctors has been proposed to improve stability performance. Then a simulation study is proposed to examine the influence of the system parameters on the corrector constants. The results of the simulation show that if the system parameters change the constants Kp, Ki and Kd of the PID corrector must be adjusted to keep an optimized dynamic response.
New Magnetodielectric Materials for Magnetic Flux ControlFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Magnetodielectric materials play an important role in improvement of induction systems for heat treatment, brazing, soldering, sealing and other technologies. This presentation is a continuation of the report made at HIS-01. Current report shows the results of development of new magnetodielectric materials for magnetic flux control and intensive study of their properties.
Design And Implementation of Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Control System Ba...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasingly being used in various applications such as for
controlling & monitoring purposes in industrial processes. Cost effectiveness is the highly prioritized goal of
communication protocols & application design for WSN. This paper discusses the development of a WSN to
control & monitor Gas Turbine (GT) based Combustion Chamber (CC), which includes the design, development
& implementation of a WSN for real time monitoring & controlling GT based combustion chamber system. The
motive behind this work is to totally eliminate the use of control cables. It may be visualized that the sensors are
placed around the periphery of the CC of the GT. The regulation of pressure & temperature is done using a
radio module attached to a data acquisition board and the prototype circuits designed. Programming of the
sensor nodes and the gateway is done using software. The prototype system developed is based on 2/3 voting
logic for tripping the system if the temperature or pressure goes below or beyond the threshold range. This work
is an initiative to save control cable costs to make gas-based power plants cost effective since no such approach
has been taken regarding WSN application until now.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Zigbee, Xmesh, Gas Turbine, Combustion Chamber.
Elspec G4420 Blackbox Fixed Power Quality Analyzer- Elspec G4000 BLACKBOX is the next generation in power quality analyzers. No Triggers/No Thresholds meaning no missed events at anytime. The G4K provides accurate detection and isolation of power quality monitoring.
Available for sales, rentals, hire and lease @ http://www.supremetechnology.com.au/product/elspec-g4420-blackbox-fixed-power-quality-analyzer.aspx?Id=297&ProductType=New
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
Effect of fiber and solenoid variation parameters on the elements of a correc...IJECEIAES
Controlling the polarization of the light output from single-mode fiber systems is very important for connecting it to polarization-dependent integrated optical circuits, while applications using a heterodyne detection system. Polarization controller using fiber squeezer is attractive for a lowloss, low-penalty coherent optical fiber trunk system. However, for polarization controllers using electromagnetic fiber squeezer, the stability problem due to the saturation of their magnetic circuit must be studied. In fact, in their conventional configuration, open-loop stability affects performance and limits applications. First at all, this effect has been analyzed and a feedback circuit with correctors has been proposed to improve stability performance. Then a simulation study is proposed to examine the influence of the system parameters on the corrector constants. The results of the simulation show that if the system parameters change the constants Kp, Ki and Kd of the PID corrector must be adjusted to keep an optimized dynamic response.
New Magnetodielectric Materials for Magnetic Flux ControlFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Magnetodielectric materials play an important role in improvement of induction systems for heat treatment, brazing, soldering, sealing and other technologies. This presentation is a continuation of the report made at HIS-01. Current report shows the results of development of new magnetodielectric materials for magnetic flux control and intensive study of their properties.
Design And Implementation of Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Control System Ba...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasingly being used in various applications such as for
controlling & monitoring purposes in industrial processes. Cost effectiveness is the highly prioritized goal of
communication protocols & application design for WSN. This paper discusses the development of a WSN to
control & monitor Gas Turbine (GT) based Combustion Chamber (CC), which includes the design, development
& implementation of a WSN for real time monitoring & controlling GT based combustion chamber system. The
motive behind this work is to totally eliminate the use of control cables. It may be visualized that the sensors are
placed around the periphery of the CC of the GT. The regulation of pressure & temperature is done using a
radio module attached to a data acquisition board and the prototype circuits designed. Programming of the
sensor nodes and the gateway is done using software. The prototype system developed is based on 2/3 voting
logic for tripping the system if the temperature or pressure goes below or beyond the threshold range. This work
is an initiative to save control cable costs to make gas-based power plants cost effective since no such approach
has been taken regarding WSN application until now.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Zigbee, Xmesh, Gas Turbine, Combustion Chamber.
Elspec G4420 Blackbox Fixed Power Quality Analyzer- Elspec G4000 BLACKBOX is the next generation in power quality analyzers. No Triggers/No Thresholds meaning no missed events at anytime. The G4K provides accurate detection and isolation of power quality monitoring.
Available for sales, rentals, hire and lease @ http://www.supremetechnology.com.au/product/elspec-g4420-blackbox-fixed-power-quality-analyzer.aspx?Id=297&ProductType=New
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
Geiger–Müller Counter is a hand-held radiation survey instrument used in Radiation Dosimetry,Nuclear Physics,Experimental Physics & Radiological Protection.
Design & simulation of low loss circular corrugated waveguide for 42 ghz, 200...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and development of grid tie inverter with closed loop spwm single stag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The project aims the devise topology of single stage, three switch, closed loop SPWM control photovoltaic inverter for grid tie residential application. Predictable buck-boost GTI used in photovoltaic application are of manifold stage inverter systems, encompass dc-ac-dc converters added to achieve a raised dc voltage before inversion. Additional stage require more power machinery and also more power loss results, Even though a two-stage buck-boost inverter can reach significantly high power capability, which introduces circuit density as well as adds up the cost. In disparity with existing system project proposes the intend of a three-switch single stage grid connected buck-boost inverter, where switching losses to a great extent reduced as number of switches and also flyback, buck boost function principles are applied to match up with solar energy accessibility variation. For switching power circuit blend of square wave and SPWM is used, with kind of combination switching frequency reduces to such a level where switching losses significantly reduced. To realize Grid synchronization Strategy sine wave beginning from grid will be used as orientation signal for SPWM. To regulate inverter immediate ac output closed loop control scheme is engaged. Implementation of simple controller format with which output is stabilized as fast as probable. Advantages of this method are established by simulation of a grid-connected single-stage three switch, closed loop SPWM buck-boost inverter.. Keywords: GTI, Buck-Boost, SPWM, and Square wave etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
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Similar to Geiger muller a thin end window tube radiation detector
Geiger–Müller Counter is a hand-held radiation survey instrument used in Radiation Dosimetry,Nuclear Physics,Experimental Physics & Radiological Protection.
Design & simulation of low loss circular corrugated waveguide for 42 ghz, 200...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and development of grid tie inverter with closed loop spwm single stag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The project aims the devise topology of single stage, three switch, closed loop SPWM control photovoltaic inverter for grid tie residential application. Predictable buck-boost GTI used in photovoltaic application are of manifold stage inverter systems, encompass dc-ac-dc converters added to achieve a raised dc voltage before inversion. Additional stage require more power machinery and also more power loss results, Even though a two-stage buck-boost inverter can reach significantly high power capability, which introduces circuit density as well as adds up the cost. In disparity with existing system project proposes the intend of a three-switch single stage grid connected buck-boost inverter, where switching losses to a great extent reduced as number of switches and also flyback, buck boost function principles are applied to match up with solar energy accessibility variation. For switching power circuit blend of square wave and SPWM is used, with kind of combination switching frequency reduces to such a level where switching losses significantly reduced. To realize Grid synchronization Strategy sine wave beginning from grid will be used as orientation signal for SPWM. To regulate inverter immediate ac output closed loop control scheme is engaged. Implementation of simple controller format with which output is stabilized as fast as probable. Advantages of this method are established by simulation of a grid-connected single-stage three switch, closed loop SPWM buck-boost inverter.. Keywords: GTI, Buck-Boost, SPWM, and Square wave etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Geiger muller a thin end window tube radiation detector
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 190
GEIGER MULLER: A THIN END WINDOW TUBE RADIATION
DETECTOR
N.N. Ghuge1
, Sapna Jasrotia2
, Anamika3
, Chilsea Sadhu4
1
HOD, Electrical Engineering Department, JSPM’s BSIOTR, Maharashtra, India, ghuge1974@gmail.com
2
B.E. Students, Electrical Engineering Department, JSPM’s BSIOTR, Maharashtra, India
3
B.E. Students, Electrical Engineering Department, JSPM’s BSIOTR, Maharashtra, India
4
B.E. Students, Electrical Engineering Department, JSPM’s BSIOTR, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
After various nuclear accidents in different places like Mayapuri locality, Delhi in India (April 2010), San juan de Dios
radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica (1996) etc. people are very concerned about their safety and health related issues like
cancer, tumor and ultimately death as the radioactivity cannot be noticed by our five senses. To know how much radioactivity is
there in a place we need a specific device, like the RADIATION SURVEY METER presented in the paper. It has been designed as
economical, easy to use, and accurate for the non-technical public to keep at home or work place and monitors the radioactivity
level in the area. This paper represents the use of a gas filled radiation detector, GM tube (Geiger Muller tube), which will sense
the radioactivity, sense the gamma radiation, display its intensity and save the data in memory so that it can be further analyzed.
The high DC voltages necessary to polarize GM tube (500 - 900 V) can be obtained from batteries or through boost converter
with few and less expensive electronic components. The system has been designed using digital display technique using PIC
microcontroller, LCD and keys. The system is also facilitated with USB interface.
Keywords: Nuclear accidents, radioactivity, radiation survey meter, GM tube
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event
that has led to significant consequences to people, the
environment or the facility.”Of particular concern in nuclear
waste management are two long-lived fission products, Tc-
99 (half-life 220,000 years) and I-129 (half-life 15.7 million
years), which dominate spent fuel radioactivity after a few
thousand years. The most troublesome transuranic elements
in spent fuel are Np-237 (half-life two million years) and
Pu-239 (half-life 24,000 years). Nuclear waste requires
sophisticated treatment and management to successfully
isolate it from interacting with the biosphere. This usually
necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term management
strategy involving storage, disposal, or transformation of the
waste into a non-toxic form.
The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate
practically since the first nuclear reactors were constructed
in 1954. It has also been a key factor in public concern about
nuclear facilities. Some technical measures to reduce the
risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioactivity
released to the environment have been adopted. Despite the
use of such measures, human error remains, and "there have
been many accidents with varying impacts as well near
misses and incidents. An attack on or sabotage of a nuclear
facility, such as a commercial irradiation facility or a
nuclear power plant, could release large amounts of
radioactive material.
The Geiger–Muller tube (or G-M tube) is the sensing
element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the
detection of ionizing radiation. It was named after Hans
Geiger, who invented the principle in 1908 and Walther
Muller, who collaborated with Geiger in developing the
technique further in 1928 to produce a practical tube that
could detect a number of different radiation types. Geiger
Muller Tube is a portable radiation detection and
measurement instrument used to detect presence of radiation
in the surrounding. This radiation may be due to alpha
particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or x-rays. It also gives
us the measure of intensity of radiation.
Our Radiation survey meter is a micro controller based,
portable, light weight, battery operated instrument. The
Geiger–Mueller counter (GM counter), introduced in 1928,
is one of the radiation detectors widely used today. It has
simple principle of operation, low cost and its general
construction simplicity. It is a gaseous ionization detector
and uses the Townsend avalanche phenomenon to produce
an easily detectable electronic pulse from as little as a single
ionizing event due to a radiation particle.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig -1: Traditional Geiger Muller counter utilize a thin end
window tube and a high voltage supply applied through a
resistor
2. DEVICE CONCEPTS AND OPERATION
Fig -2: Block diagram of the radiation survey process
2.1 Detector Circuit
Fig - 3: Detector circuit diagram
Detector circuit consists of the radiation detector (GM tube),
a boost converter (to provide necessary voltage required by
the GM tube), and a pulse counting circuit (to count and
transmit the pulses generated by GM tube.
2.2 Detector
We are using GM tube [Type- 131], which is manufactured
by Nucleonic Systems, in our project as it is cheaper
amongst available tubes with better sensitivity. Also it is
smaller in size which reduces the size of the instrument.
Fig - 4: GM tube STS-5(SBM-20)
2.2.1 Working of Gm Tube
Most GM tubes look like metal covered glass cylinders with
just two connections. Inside they are filled with a noble gas
(Neon is usual, but Helium or Argon can also be used) plus
a small amount of a halogen. Electrically, a GM tube is a
cylindrical capacitor with the gas as the dielectric. A wire
placed along the axis acts as one electrode and the
cylindrical metal shield as the other. A large DC voltage
(between 500 and 1200 V) is set up between the electrodes
with no current normally flowing through the gas.
If any ionizing radiation enters the tube and breaks some gas
atoms into ions (that is, if it has enough energy) the ions are
accelerated by the electrical field and collide with other
atoms thus multiplying hugely the number of ions inside the
tube. This is known as‟ avalanche effect'. The result is the
dielectric break and an electrical charge flowing through the
gas and the electrical circuit the tube is connected to.
2.2.2 Characteristics
Figure shows a simplified version of part of the
characteristic curve of a Geiger Muller tube; STS-5(SBM-
20). This characteristic is obtained by plotting the count rate
in pulses per second as a function of supply voltage in a
constant radiation field. For accurate measurement of
radiation intensity tube must be operated in plateau region.
Fig -5: Characteristic curve of GM tube
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1 Starting voltage 280-330V
2 Advised working voltage 360-440V
3 Plateau length At least 80V
4 Plateau slope 0.125%/1V
5 Maximum natural background 27 pulses/
minute
6 Load resistance 5-10Mohms
7 Allowable stray capacitance of
input circuit 10pf
8 Transit capacitor 7-10pf
9 Allowable surround temperature -40-+50 degree
Celsius
2.2.3 Dead Time of Gm Tube
Dead time is one of the important parameter of GM tube.
The dead time is the very brief period following a discharge,
during which the Geiger Muller tube is incapable of
responding to any subsequent ionizing event. This short
period lasts while the effective circuit capacitance is
recharged. Normally, most of the residual positive ions are
collected by the electric field during this period, but the field
is nevertheless too low to allow another discharge, even if
further ionizing events occur.
The dead time, DT, is the elapsed time between the
beginning of one pulse and the closest next pulse available.
The radioactive source must be placed very close to the
detector to increase the counts, in this condition, the dead
time effect can be noticed more easily. The DT can vary
between 20micros and 200micros, depending on the detector
model.
Fig -6: GM detector pulses as seen in the Oscilloscope
screen to determine the dead time.
2.2.4 Dead Time and Count Value
The dead time after each ionization discharge will limit the
maximum count rate because events that occur in the dead
period cannot produce a count. The relationship between
dead time τ, the true count rate N1 and the measured count
rate N is:
N1 = N/ (1 - Nτ)
This expression is valid only when Nτ « 1.
At high dose rates the probability of an ionizing event
occurring within the dead time is high and so a significant
number of counts are lost. This effect is usually seen as a
non-linearity in the tube characteristic relating dose rate to
count rate.
Fig -7: Count Rate versus dose rate for a typical Geiger
Muller tube
2.3 Pulse Counting Circuit
The output signal at cathode resistor is given to the base of
the transistor. The transistor is used as a switch. When base
voltage of the transistor is low, transistor is in cut-off mode,
so the collector voltage is high. When positive pulse occurs
at cathode, base voltage drives the transistor into saturation
mode, therefore collector voltage becomes low. The pulses
are measured by the controller. Collector terminal of
transistor is connected to the pin no.6 of the PIC controller.
Timer0 of PIC controller is used in counter mode to measure
pulses. Pin no.6 of PIC microcontroller is external clock
input for Timer0.When negative edge appears at pin no.6,
Timer0 gets incremented by one.
Fig -8: Pulse Counting Circuit
2.4 Power Supply
Geiger Muller tube requires high DC voltage (400V -
1500V) for its operation. For the tube recommended voltage
by manufacturing company is 500V. Circuitry used for
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generating pulse can be avoided by using PWM feature
supported by controller. We have generated 4 kHz signal
using PIC controller. For this purpose Timer 1 of PIC is
used. The square wave we have generated is used to switch
ON and OFF the MOSFET.
The inductor, diode, and capacitor are used as a boost power
supply to increase the voltage from 5V DC to higher DC
voltage.
2.4.1 Boost Converter
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power
converter with an output voltage greater than its input
voltage. It is a class of switched-mode power supply
(SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and
a transistor) and at least one energy storage element, a
capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. Filters made
of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are
normally added to the output of the converter to reduce
output voltage ripple. The switch is typically a MOSFET,
IGBT, or BJT.
Fig -9: Boost converter circuit
2.5 Controller
Fig -10: PIC16F877A
We have selected PIC16F877A microcontroller. It is a 40
pin 8-bit CMOS FLASH microcontroller. The core
architecture is a high performance RISC CPU; hence, it
executes all instructions in single cycle. PIC 16F877A
comes with 3 operating speed with 4, 8 or 20 MHz clock
input. Since each instruction cycle takes 4 operating clock
cycles, each instruction takes 0.2µs when 20MHz oscillator
is used. It has two types of internal memories; one is
program memory and data memory. Programme memory is
provided by 8K words (or 8K*14 bits) of FLASH memory
and data memory has two sources. One type of data memory
is a 368 byte RAM and the other is 256 byte EEPROM. The
core feature includes interrupt upto 14 sources, power
saving SLEEP mode, a single 5V supply, and In-Circuit
Serial Programming (ICSP) capability. The sink/source
current, which indicates a driving power from I/O port, is
high with 25mA. Power consumption is less that 2mA in 5V
operating condition.
2.6 Display Module
We have used 16X2 LCD (JHD162A) in the „Radiation
Survey Meter‟ for its following features:-
1. Wide viewing angle and high contrast
2. 5-7 dot character matrix with cursor
3. Interfaces with 4- bit or 8- bit MPUs
4. Display upto 226 character and special symbols
5. Custom character patterns are displayed with the
character RAM
6. Abundant instruction set including clear display,
cursor on/off, and character blinking.
7. Compact and light weight for easy assembly to the
host instrument
8. Operable on single 5V power supply
9. Low power consumption
Fig -11: LCD 16X2 display
2.7 RS-232 using MAX 232
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial
communication transmission of data. It formally defines the
signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal
equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data
circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data
communication equipment, such as a modem. The standard
defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals,
the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of
connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-
F Interface between Data Terminal Equipment and Data
Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary
Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
Fig -12: RS-232
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MAX232 is an IC that converts signal from an RS232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital
logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and
typically converts the Rx, Tx, CTS and RTS signals. The
driver provides RS 232 voltage level output (approx ±7.5V)
from a signal +5V supply via on-chip charge pumps and
external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing
RS 232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltage
outside 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not
need to be made more complicated just for driving RS 232
in this case. The receiver reduces RS232 inputs (which may
be as high as ±25 V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These
receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical
hysteresis of o.5V
Fig -13: MAX232 IC
2.8 Alarm Indicator
Fig -14: Alarm indicator
Alarm indicator used in the project is to give a sound for
every increase in pulse count by 10 within 10 seconds.
Buzzer circuit consists of an n-channel transistor and a
resistor of 330Ω.When the radiation reading value will
succeed the predefined safe limit value of radiation, the
microcontroller will give signal to the buzzer circuit, and an
audible alarm sound will be heard. The alarm circuit is
provided to indicate that the radiation level in the
environment has increased beyond the safe value.
3. DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS
Fig -15: Hardware of the radiation survey process
1. The 500V DC GM tube biasing voltage is generated by
a PIC microcontroller in boost power supply
configuration.
2. The display is menu driven with LCD digital readout.
3. Microcontroller „sleep‟ mode is used to reduce power
consumption
4. Radiation measurements are date/time stamped by an
internal real time clock.
5. Internal memory can store 375 radiation measurements
using PIC16F877A.
6. Built-in USB interface for data upload to a personal
computer.
7. PIC firmware is written in freely available C language.
4. OBSERVATIONS
We have observed and noted down the readings obtained
using the radiation source Thorium of Symbol Th and
atomic number 90. It is a radioactive actinide metal. The
half life of thorium-232 is about 14 billion years.
Fig -16: Thorium rods-radioactive source
The readings on GM tube are obtained under three
situations:
1. When there is no radioactive source around
-In this case the GM tube must show background noise
reading (which is predefined as ≤10 pulses per 10 seconds)
2. When the Radioactive source is kept around the GM tube
(distance up to 15 cm)
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- In this case the reading must be ≥10 pulses per 10 seconds
and the buzzer must start sounding.
3. When the radioactive source is kept on the GM tube (by
placing paper between tube and source to avoid direct
contact between them)
- In this case the reading must be higher and the buzzer must
sound
The Observation Table below shows the readings obtained.
Observation Table:
Following readings are taken for counts per10 seconds.
Table -1: Readings observed
Sr.
no.
Distance
between
source
and GM
tube
Radiation intensity in counts per
10 seconds
1. No
nearby
source
4 counts/10 sec
2. ≤15 cm 14 counts/10 sec
3. ≤0.5cm 20 counts/10 sec
5. RESULTS
Sensitivity of STS -5/SBM-20 GM tube for Cobalt- 17
cps/mR/hr
1 cps= 0.06 mrem/hr
Conversion formula:
Sensitivity=
counts per second
mrem
hr
Table -2: Results calculated
Sr
No.
Distances
between
source
and GM
tube
Radiation
intensity in
Counts per 10
seconds
Radiation level in
standard unit;
mrem/ hr
1.
No
source
nearby
4 counts per 10
sec
0.0235
2. ≤15cm
14 counts per 10
sec
0.0823
3. ≤0.5cm
20 counts per 10
sec
0.1176
Graphs on Terminal Software
The below figure shows the graph obtained on TERMINAL
Software for the reading obtained.
Fig -17: Graph on Terminal Software
Data Stored in Docklight Software
The figure below shows the data stored in the DOCKLIGHT
software for the readings obtained.
Fig -18: Reading stored in Docklight software
6. CONCLUSION
Radiation detectors are widely used in industrial
applications (nuclear power plants and military applications)
as well as in research surveys for detecting emission of
radioactive radiations. This project discusses the
implementation where a large sized, complicated detector is
replaced by compact GM tube radiation detector, in order to
prepare a small sized, mobile and inexpensive radiation
detection device based on low cost PIC microcontroller.
These controllers help in detecting the radiations emitted by
radioactive material with minimum external hardware
requirement by retaining the efficiency of detector and
hence reducing the cost of detection device making it more
affordable.
REFERENCES
[1]. H. Geiger and W. Muller,” Geiger Counter Tube,
“Naval Research Laboratory, 25th May 1949.
[2]. Chester G. Wilson and Yogesh B. Gianchandani,
“Microgeiger: A Microfabricated Gas Based Beta Radiation
Detector,” Solid State Sensor, actuator and Microsystem
workshop Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, June 6-10,
2004.
[3]. Rania Gomaa, IhabAdly, Karan Sharshar, Ahmed
Saiwat, Hani Ragai, “Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network For
Radiation Monitoring At Nuclear Facilities,” IEEE 2013.
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 196
[4]. Koviljka Stankovic and Predrag Osmokrovic, “The
Model For Calculating The Type A Measurement
Uncertainty Of GM Counter From The Aspect Of Device
Miniturization,” IEEE 3rd
June 2014.
[5]. Jerrold T. Bushberg, Linda A. Kroger, Marcia B.
Hartman, Edwin M. Leidholdt ,Jr,Kenneth L. Miller, Robert
Derlet, and Cheryl Wraa,“Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism:
Emergency Department Management Of Radiation
Casualties,” ELSEVIER 2007.