Frequency measurement instruments operate based on mechanical or electrical resonance. [1] Mechanical resonance uses vibrating reeds tuned to different frequencies, while electrical resonance uses an adjustable tank circuit to find the resonant frequency. [2] Quartz crystals provide extremely precise frequency standards when used in oscillators due to their high quality factor and stability over time. [3] Modern frequency meters use digital circuits like microcontrollers along with the quartz crystal to measure input signals and display the frequency.
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
very useful ppt for all enginnereing and schoolmstudents.............................................................................................................
The instrument which gives output that varies continuously as quantity to be measured is known as analog instrument.
The instrument which gives output that varies in discrete steps and only has finite number of values is known as digital instrument.
Digital Voltmeter, Digital Multi-meter, Digital frequency meterDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation describes digital voltmeter systems, Ramp type DVM, Dual slope Integrator DVM, Digital Multi-meter: block diagram and charactersitics, Digital Frequency Meter system
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
very useful ppt for all enginnereing and schoolmstudents.............................................................................................................
The instrument which gives output that varies continuously as quantity to be measured is known as analog instrument.
The instrument which gives output that varies in discrete steps and only has finite number of values is known as digital instrument.
Digital Voltmeter, Digital Multi-meter, Digital frequency meterDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation describes digital voltmeter systems, Ramp type DVM, Dual slope Integrator DVM, Digital Multi-meter: block diagram and charactersitics, Digital Frequency Meter system
The object of this project is to determine and display the frequency of the input power. This is done by using 8051 microcontroller. The circuit of our designed frequency meter includes 8051 microcontroller, Liquid Crystal Display(LCD), Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO) and variable power supply unit.
Vibration and frequency measuring instrumentsPrashant thakur
This presentation is about the basic concepts of vibration & Frequency measuring instruments and their types.
The slides contains the best picture as example of the theory portion.
A cathode ray oscilloscope is abbreviated as CRO. It is a versatile lab instrument. It can measure ac/dc voltage, ac/dc current, resistance, frequency, wavelength, phase etc.
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
ppt on Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analysissagar_kamble
in this presentation, you will be able to know what is this freq. and time domain analysis.
At last one example is illustreted with video, which distinguishes these two analysis
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
5. •Imagine a row of progressively-sized tuning forks arranged
side-by-side. They are all mounted on a common base, and
that base is vibrated at the frequency of the measured AC
voltage (or current) by means of an electromagnet.
• Whichever tuning fork is closest in resonant frequency to
the frequency of that vibration will tend to shake the most
(or the loudest). If the forks' tines were flimsy enough, we
could see the relative motion of each by the length of the
blur we would see as we inspected each one from an end-
view perspective.
•Well, make a collection of “tuning forks” out of a strip of
sheet metal cut in a pattern akin to a rake, and you have
the vibrating reed frequency meter
7. Application
• Vibrating reed meters, obviously, are not precision
instruments, but they are very simple and therefore
easy to manufacture to be rugged. They are often
found on small engine-driven generator sets for the
purpose of setting engine speed so that the
frequency is somewhat close to 60 (50 in Europe)
Hertz.
9. • While reed-type meters are imprecise, their operational
principle is not. In lieu of mechanical resonance, we may
substitute electrical resonance and design a frequency
meter using an inductor and capacitor in the form of a tank
circuit (parallel inductor and capacitor).
• One or both components are made adjustable, and a meter
is placed in the circuit to indicate maximum amplitude of
voltage across the two components. The adjustment
knob(s) are calibrated to show resonant frequency for any
given setting, and the frequency is read from them after
the device has been adjusted for maximum indication on
the meter.
• Essentially, this is a tunable filter circuit which is adjusted
and then read in a manner similar to a bridge circuit (which
must be balanced for a “null” condition and then read).
10. Digital Meter
1. Using discrete IC’s (counters,7 segment LEDs)
2. Using Microcontroller 8051(I/O ,timer, counter)
12. • For that frequency standard, we turn our attention back to the tuning
fork, or at least a more modern variation of it called the quartz crystal.
Quartz is a naturally occurring mineral possessing a very interesting
property called piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric materials produce a
voltage across their length when physically stressed, and will physically
deform when an external voltage is applied across their lengths. This
deformation is very, very slight in most cases, but it does exist.
• Quartz rock is elastic (springy) within that small range of bending
which an external voltage would produce, which means that it will
have a mechanical resonant frequency of its own capable of being
manifested as an electrical voltage signal. In other words, if a chip of
quartz is struck, it will “ring” with its own unique frequency
determined by the length of the chip, and that resonant oscillation will
produce an equivalent voltage across multiple points of the quartz chip
which can be tapped into by wires fixed to the surface of the chip. In
reciprocal manner, the quartz chip will tend to vibrate most when it is
“excited” by an applied AC voltage at precisely the right frequency, just
like the reeds on a vibrating-reed frequency meter.
• Chips of quartz rock can be precisely cut for desired resonant
frequencies, and that chip mounted securely inside a protective shell
with wires extending for connection to an external electric circuit.
When packaged as such, the resulting device is simply called
a crystal (or sometimes “xtal”)
13. • Crystals, as resonant elements, typically have
much higher “Q” (quality) values than tank
circuits built from inductors and capacitors,
principally due to the relative absence of stray
resistance, making their resonant frequencies
very definite and precise. Because the resonant
frequency is solely dependent on the physical
properties of quartz (a very stable substance,
mechanically), the resonant frequency variation
over time with a quartz crystal is very, very low.
This is how quartz movement watches obtain
their high accuracy: by means of an electronic
oscillator stabilized by the resonant action of a
quartz crystal.
16. Specifications of Frequency Meter
• Frequency Range
• Mains/Battery operated
• Input Voltage Range(Maximum input voltage)
• Resolution(Least Count of frequency)
• Accuracy(how many digits after decimal point)
• Precision(Repeatability)
19. • The cathode ray is a beam of electrons which are
emitted by the heated cathode (negative
electrode) and accelerated toward the
fluorescent screen.
• The assembly of the cathode, intensity grid, focus
grid, and accelerating anode (positive electrode)
is called an electron gun.
• Its purpose is to generate the electron beam and
control its intensity and focus. Between the
electron gun and the fluorescent screen are two
pair of metal plates - one oriented to provide
horizontal deflection of the beam and one pair
oriented to give vertical deflection to the beam