G6pd deficiency anemia dpolycythemia.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•3 views
Polycythemia and anemia
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
RBC metabolism and G6PD deficiency anemia.pptx
Rbc metabolism and G6PD deficiencies anemia and polycythemia
Rbc structure and metabolism
description about RBC membrane and its structural peculiarities,how it differs from other cells of our body. How this specialized cell manage homeostasis and function in a well defined manner. This presentation will also help in understanding various RBC storage lesions ,an important aspect of blood banking.
Glycolysis.pptx
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions to generate ATP. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase where glucose is phosphorylated and the payoff phase where energy is generated. Glycolysis is regulated by hormones and key enzymes. The fate of pyruvate includes conversion to lactate or acetyl-CoA to feed into the TCA cycle. Gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway are important glucose production and antioxidant pathways respectively.
age of blood products in tranfusion medicine.pptx
This document discusses the storage lesion that occurs in red blood cells during storage. As red blood cells are stored, their metabolism continues which causes a build up of lactic acid and drop in pH. This impairs glycolysis and causes levels of ATP, 2,3-DPG, and NADH to decrease over time. Loss of 2,3-DPG affects the oxygen carrying capacity while decreased NADH increases oxidative stress. Additional changes include damage to the cell membrane from oxidation, loss of deformability, and formation of microvesicles that can reduce nitric oxide levels after transfusion. The storage lesion ultimately reduces red blood cell viability and function.
Carbohydrate metabolism, part 1
This document discusses intermediary carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glycolysis. It begins with an introduction to glycolysis, noting that it is the degradation of glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. These reactions can occur aerobically, producing pyruvate, or anaerobically, producing lactate. The document then delves into the specific reactions, enzymes, and intermediates involved in both the preparatory and payoff phases of glycolysis. It also discusses the importance of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in red blood cells for regulating oxygen release from hemoglobin.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate with ATP production. Glycolysis can occur aerobically or anaerobically. It then covers gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and glycogen metabolism. It discusses the regulation and clinical significance of these pathways, along with diseases associated with defects in carbohydrate metabolism such as glycogen storage diseases and G6PD deficiency. The pentose phosphate, glucuronic acid, and alcohol metabolism pathways are also summarized.
Rbc and wbc metabolism
This slide is for bachelor level medical students of any program who wants to take brief ideas about ongoing metabolism in RBC and WBC.
CH. 10 Carbohydrate metabolisam.ppt.dental
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism. It covers topics like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown, the pentose phosphate pathway, and digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. For glycolysis, it describes the pathway, regulation in liver and muscle, energetics, and disorders. For gluconeogenesis, it outlines the pathway and significance of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol and amino acids. It also discusses glycogen synthesis and breakdown in liver and muscle, including regulation and storage diseases.
Recommended
RBC metabolism and G6PD deficiency anemia.pptx
Rbc metabolism and G6PD deficiencies anemia and polycythemia
Rbc structure and metabolism
description about RBC membrane and its structural peculiarities,how it differs from other cells of our body. How this specialized cell manage homeostasis and function in a well defined manner. This presentation will also help in understanding various RBC storage lesions ,an important aspect of blood banking.
Glycolysis.pptx
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions to generate ATP. It occurs in two phases: the preparatory phase where glucose is phosphorylated and the payoff phase where energy is generated. Glycolysis is regulated by hormones and key enzymes. The fate of pyruvate includes conversion to lactate or acetyl-CoA to feed into the TCA cycle. Gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway are important glucose production and antioxidant pathways respectively.
age of blood products in tranfusion medicine.pptx
This document discusses the storage lesion that occurs in red blood cells during storage. As red blood cells are stored, their metabolism continues which causes a build up of lactic acid and drop in pH. This impairs glycolysis and causes levels of ATP, 2,3-DPG, and NADH to decrease over time. Loss of 2,3-DPG affects the oxygen carrying capacity while decreased NADH increases oxidative stress. Additional changes include damage to the cell membrane from oxidation, loss of deformability, and formation of microvesicles that can reduce nitric oxide levels after transfusion. The storage lesion ultimately reduces red blood cell viability and function.
Carbohydrate metabolism, part 1
This document discusses intermediary carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glycolysis. It begins with an introduction to glycolysis, noting that it is the degradation of glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. These reactions can occur aerobically, producing pyruvate, or anaerobically, producing lactate. The document then delves into the specific reactions, enzymes, and intermediates involved in both the preparatory and payoff phases of glycolysis. It also discusses the importance of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in red blood cells for regulating oxygen release from hemoglobin.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate with ATP production. Glycolysis can occur aerobically or anaerobically. It then covers gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and glycogen metabolism. It discusses the regulation and clinical significance of these pathways, along with diseases associated with defects in carbohydrate metabolism such as glycogen storage diseases and G6PD deficiency. The pentose phosphate, glucuronic acid, and alcohol metabolism pathways are also summarized.
Rbc and wbc metabolism
This slide is for bachelor level medical students of any program who wants to take brief ideas about ongoing metabolism in RBC and WBC.
CH. 10 Carbohydrate metabolisam.ppt.dental
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism. It covers topics like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown, the pentose phosphate pathway, and digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. For glycolysis, it describes the pathway, regulation in liver and muscle, energetics, and disorders. For gluconeogenesis, it outlines the pathway and significance of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol and amino acids. It also discusses glycogen synthesis and breakdown in liver and muscle, including regulation and storage diseases.
8_Metabolism,_catabolism_of_carbohydrates,_lipids_and_propteins.ppt
Metabolism is the network of chemical reactions that take place in living cells. It performs four main functions: obtaining energy, converting nutrients into macromolecules, assembling macromolecules, and degrading macromolecules. Metabolic pathways can be catabolic, anabolic, or amphibolic. Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl-CoA, the entry point into the citric acid cycle. Diseases can impair glycolysis through deficiencies in enzymes like pyruvate kinase or disorders that cause lactic acidosis.
rbcs function.pptx
RBCs are biconcave disks that are 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin, and 2.5% other substances. Their membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and integral proteins like band-3 and glycophorins. The membrane skeleton, made of spectrin and ankyrin, maintains the biconcave shape and anchors the lipid bilayer. RBCs primarily use glucose through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to generate ATP for metabolism. Erythropoiesis occurs in three stages - the mesoblastic, hepatic, and medullary stages - and is influenced by hormones, nutrients, and other environmental factors.
Rbcs function
RBCs are biconcave disks that are 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin, and 2.5% other substances. Their membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and integral proteins like band-3 and glycophorins. The membrane skeleton, made of spectrin and ankyrin, maintains the biconcave shape and anchors the lipid bilayer. RBCs primarily use glucose through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to generate ATP for metabolism. Erythropoiesis occurs in three stages - the mesoblastic, hepatic, and medullary stages - and is regulated by factors like erythropoietin and nutrients.
Biochemistry and biophysics of lens
This document summarizes key aspects of biochemistry and biophysics related to the human lens. It discusses how the lens generates ATP through anaerobic glycolysis of glucose since it exists in a hypoxic environment. It also describes sugar metabolism pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the sorbitol pathway. Protein metabolism and the role of glutathione in maintaining lens clarity are summarized. Additionally, the document outlines antioxidant defenses in the lens and mechanisms of light transmission, transparency, and the lens's optical properties which allow it to focus light.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the pathway for oxidation of glucose to pyruvate. It occurs in the cytosol and consists of three phases: priming, splitting, and oxidative. In the priming phase, glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using two ATP molecules. The splitting phase produces two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Oxidation of these yields two pyruvate, two NADH, and generates a net of two ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions or 38 ATP under aerobic respiration. Key regulatory enzymes are phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase.
Red cell and platelet storage lesions and their effect in transfusion practise
Bio mechanical and metabolic changes that occur in red cell concentrates and platelets during ex-vivo storage, their effect in transfusion practise and strategies to minimize them.
carbohydrate metabolism & its disorders.pptx
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the various pathways involved including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and uronic acid pathway. For each pathway, it describes the key reactions, regulation, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical significance. The document is a comprehensive review of carbohydrate metabolism from a biochemical perspective.
Lec11 lipid met
The document summarizes the biosynthesis of cholesterol and membrane lipids. It describes the three-stage process by which 27 carbon atoms from acetyl-CoA are condensed to form cholesterol. Stage 1 involves the synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Stage 2 condenses six isopentenyl pyrophosphate molecules to form squalene. Stage 3 involves the cyclization of squalene to lanosterol and subsequent processing to cholesterol. Regulation and roles of cholesterol, lipoproteins, and steroid hormone synthesis are also discussed.
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
The document provides information on metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. It begins with an overview of glycolysis, including its two phases and location in the cytoplasm. Key details are provided on the regulation of three glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase. The document then discusses the fates of pyruvate, including its conversion to acetyl-CoA and entry into the citric acid cycle or fermentation pathways. An overview of the citric acid cycle follows, along with its regulation and role in ATP production. The electron transport chain is then introduced, along with the structures and functions of its four complexes. In summary
Carbohydrate Metabolism for HO.pptx
Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide made of glucose units that is stored in the liver and muscles. It serves as a readily available source of glucose through glycogenolysis. Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis) are regulated by hormones and enzymes to maintain blood glucose levels. Deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism can cause glycogen storage diseases.
Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders.pdf
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It provides detailed information on glycolysis, including its definition, sites in the body, steps, energy production, oxidation of NADH, importance and functions. It also discusses glycogen metabolism including glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. The document concludes with sections on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism including pentosuria and galactosemia.
Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 2
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and the regulation of blood glucose. It covers topics such as the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, the Cori cycle, and factors that regulate blood glucose levels including hormones like insulin, glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline. The liver plays a central role in monitoring and stabilizing blood glucose concentrations to maintain homeostasis.
Lec03 glycolysis
This document provides an overview of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. It discusses the key reactions and enzymes involved in glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Three reactions of glycolysis are irreversible. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of almost every living cell and was the first metabolic pathway to be studied in detail. Phosphorylation of intermediates traps molecules in the cell and provides energy for chemical reactions. The document also compares the enzymes hexokinase and glucokinase, and examines regulatory points in glycolysis.
Carbohydrate metabolism & Interconnection of Metabolism with Respiratory chain
This document provides an overview of various topics related to metabolism including anabolism, catabolism, the purpose of metabolism, energy metabolism, the paradigm of metabolism, bioenergetics, energy phosphate compounds, ATP-ADP cycle, the role of ATP in bioenergetics, carbohydrate metabolism, intermediary metabolism of glucose, the glucose pool, glucose homeostasis, the glucostatic functions of the liver, the metabolic fates of glucose, types of metabolic reactions, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain, gluconeogenesis, the Cory cycle, the glucose-alanine cycle, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and their importance.
HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway. It has three main functions: 1) supply NADPH, 2) convert hexoses to pentoses, and 3) enable complete oxidation of pentoses. NADPH functions as an electron donor in biosynthetic reactions, unlike NADH which generates ATP. The pathway occurs in the cytosol and is important in tissues that synthesize fatty acids and steroids, as it provides the required NADPH. Glucose utilization via this pathway varies between tissues and is higher in liver, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes. Deficiencies in enzymes in this pathway can cause
002 carbohydrate Metabolism 1.ppt
The document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion, absorption, and utilization of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate digestion occurs via salivary and pancreatic amylases in the mouth and small intestine, breaking down starches and glycogen into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are then further broken down by intestinal enzymes. Absorption occurs mainly in the jejunum via both active and facilitated transport. Glucose is then distributed to tissues via the bloodstream and undergoes glycolysis and other pathways to produce energy or be used for biosynthesis. Glycolysis is discussed in detail, including its regulation by key enzymes and hormones.
CHOLESTROL.pptx
Cholesterol, which is transported in the blood in lipoproteins because of its absolute insolubility in water, serves as a stabilizing component of cell membranes and as a precursor of the bile salts and steroid hormones.
As a major component of blood lipoproteins, cholesterol can appear in its free, unesterified form in the outer shell of these macromolecules and as cholesterol esters in the lipoprotein core
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. For each pathway, it outlines the key reactions and clinical aspects. It also discusses the roles of hormones in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to defects in glycogen storage and metabolism. In summary, the document comprehensively reviews carbohydrate nutrition and the major catabolic and anabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the human body.
Integration of metabolism
This document summarizes key aspects of metabolism integration. It discusses the major macronutrients and their roles in energy production and storage. The major metabolic pathways are described, including their junction points and regulatory enzymes. Specific pathways for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are explained. The roles of the liver in metabolic integration and regulation by hormones like insulin and glucagon are highlighted.
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathwayRengesh Balakrishnan
This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.Foundation of Yoga, YCB Level-3, Unit-1
Unit -1 of Yoga certification board, level 3, all topics covered. An exam conducted by ministry of Ayush for yoga enthusiastic students.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
More Related Content
Similar to G6pd deficiency anemia dpolycythemia.pptx
8_Metabolism,_catabolism_of_carbohydrates,_lipids_and_propteins.ppt
Metabolism is the network of chemical reactions that take place in living cells. It performs four main functions: obtaining energy, converting nutrients into macromolecules, assembling macromolecules, and degrading macromolecules. Metabolic pathways can be catabolic, anabolic, or amphibolic. Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl-CoA, the entry point into the citric acid cycle. Diseases can impair glycolysis through deficiencies in enzymes like pyruvate kinase or disorders that cause lactic acidosis.
rbcs function.pptx
RBCs are biconcave disks that are 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin, and 2.5% other substances. Their membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and integral proteins like band-3 and glycophorins. The membrane skeleton, made of spectrin and ankyrin, maintains the biconcave shape and anchors the lipid bilayer. RBCs primarily use glucose through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to generate ATP for metabolism. Erythropoiesis occurs in three stages - the mesoblastic, hepatic, and medullary stages - and is influenced by hormones, nutrients, and other environmental factors.
Rbcs function
RBCs are biconcave disks that are 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin, and 2.5% other substances. Their membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and integral proteins like band-3 and glycophorins. The membrane skeleton, made of spectrin and ankyrin, maintains the biconcave shape and anchors the lipid bilayer. RBCs primarily use glucose through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to generate ATP for metabolism. Erythropoiesis occurs in three stages - the mesoblastic, hepatic, and medullary stages - and is regulated by factors like erythropoietin and nutrients.
Biochemistry and biophysics of lens
This document summarizes key aspects of biochemistry and biophysics related to the human lens. It discusses how the lens generates ATP through anaerobic glycolysis of glucose since it exists in a hypoxic environment. It also describes sugar metabolism pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the sorbitol pathway. Protein metabolism and the role of glutathione in maintaining lens clarity are summarized. Additionally, the document outlines antioxidant defenses in the lens and mechanisms of light transmission, transparency, and the lens's optical properties which allow it to focus light.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the pathway for oxidation of glucose to pyruvate. It occurs in the cytosol and consists of three phases: priming, splitting, and oxidative. In the priming phase, glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using two ATP molecules. The splitting phase produces two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Oxidation of these yields two pyruvate, two NADH, and generates a net of two ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions or 38 ATP under aerobic respiration. Key regulatory enzymes are phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase.
Red cell and platelet storage lesions and their effect in transfusion practise
Bio mechanical and metabolic changes that occur in red cell concentrates and platelets during ex-vivo storage, their effect in transfusion practise and strategies to minimize them.
carbohydrate metabolism & its disorders.pptx
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the various pathways involved including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and uronic acid pathway. For each pathway, it describes the key reactions, regulation, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical significance. The document is a comprehensive review of carbohydrate metabolism from a biochemical perspective.
Lec11 lipid met
The document summarizes the biosynthesis of cholesterol and membrane lipids. It describes the three-stage process by which 27 carbon atoms from acetyl-CoA are condensed to form cholesterol. Stage 1 involves the synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Stage 2 condenses six isopentenyl pyrophosphate molecules to form squalene. Stage 3 involves the cyclization of squalene to lanosterol and subsequent processing to cholesterol. Regulation and roles of cholesterol, lipoproteins, and steroid hormone synthesis are also discussed.
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
The document provides information on metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. It begins with an overview of glycolysis, including its two phases and location in the cytoplasm. Key details are provided on the regulation of three glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase. The document then discusses the fates of pyruvate, including its conversion to acetyl-CoA and entry into the citric acid cycle or fermentation pathways. An overview of the citric acid cycle follows, along with its regulation and role in ATP production. The electron transport chain is then introduced, along with the structures and functions of its four complexes. In summary
Carbohydrate Metabolism for HO.pptx
Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide made of glucose units that is stored in the liver and muscles. It serves as a readily available source of glucose through glycogenolysis. Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis) are regulated by hormones and enzymes to maintain blood glucose levels. Deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism can cause glycogen storage diseases.
Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders.pdf
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It provides detailed information on glycolysis, including its definition, sites in the body, steps, energy production, oxidation of NADH, importance and functions. It also discusses glycogen metabolism including glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. The document concludes with sections on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism including pentosuria and galactosemia.
Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 2
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and the regulation of blood glucose. It covers topics such as the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, the Cori cycle, and factors that regulate blood glucose levels including hormones like insulin, glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline. The liver plays a central role in monitoring and stabilizing blood glucose concentrations to maintain homeostasis.
Lec03 glycolysis
This document provides an overview of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. It discusses the key reactions and enzymes involved in glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Three reactions of glycolysis are irreversible. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of almost every living cell and was the first metabolic pathway to be studied in detail. Phosphorylation of intermediates traps molecules in the cell and provides energy for chemical reactions. The document also compares the enzymes hexokinase and glucokinase, and examines regulatory points in glycolysis.
Carbohydrate metabolism & Interconnection of Metabolism with Respiratory chain
This document provides an overview of various topics related to metabolism including anabolism, catabolism, the purpose of metabolism, energy metabolism, the paradigm of metabolism, bioenergetics, energy phosphate compounds, ATP-ADP cycle, the role of ATP in bioenergetics, carbohydrate metabolism, intermediary metabolism of glucose, the glucose pool, glucose homeostasis, the glucostatic functions of the liver, the metabolic fates of glucose, types of metabolic reactions, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain, gluconeogenesis, the Cory cycle, the glucose-alanine cycle, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and their importance.
HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway. It has three main functions: 1) supply NADPH, 2) convert hexoses to pentoses, and 3) enable complete oxidation of pentoses. NADPH functions as an electron donor in biosynthetic reactions, unlike NADH which generates ATP. The pathway occurs in the cytosol and is important in tissues that synthesize fatty acids and steroids, as it provides the required NADPH. Glucose utilization via this pathway varies between tissues and is higher in liver, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes. Deficiencies in enzymes in this pathway can cause
002 carbohydrate Metabolism 1.ppt
The document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion, absorption, and utilization of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate digestion occurs via salivary and pancreatic amylases in the mouth and small intestine, breaking down starches and glycogen into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are then further broken down by intestinal enzymes. Absorption occurs mainly in the jejunum via both active and facilitated transport. Glucose is then distributed to tissues via the bloodstream and undergoes glycolysis and other pathways to produce energy or be used for biosynthesis. Glycolysis is discussed in detail, including its regulation by key enzymes and hormones.
CHOLESTROL.pptx
Cholesterol, which is transported in the blood in lipoproteins because of its absolute insolubility in water, serves as a stabilizing component of cell membranes and as a precursor of the bile salts and steroid hormones.
As a major component of blood lipoproteins, cholesterol can appear in its free, unesterified form in the outer shell of these macromolecules and as cholesterol esters in the lipoprotein core
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. For each pathway, it outlines the key reactions and clinical aspects. It also discusses the roles of hormones in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to defects in glycogen storage and metabolism. In summary, the document comprehensively reviews carbohydrate nutrition and the major catabolic and anabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the human body.
Integration of metabolism
This document summarizes key aspects of metabolism integration. It discusses the major macronutrients and their roles in energy production and storage. The major metabolic pathways are described, including their junction points and regulatory enzymes. Specific pathways for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are explained. The roles of the liver in metabolic integration and regulation by hormones like insulin and glucagon are highlighted.
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathwayRengesh Balakrishnan
This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.Similar to G6pd deficiency anemia dpolycythemia.pptx (20)
8_Metabolism,_catabolism_of_carbohydrates,_lipids_and_propteins.ppt
8_Metabolism,_catabolism_of_carbohydrates,_lipids_and_propteins.ppt
Red cell and platelet storage lesions and their effect in transfusion practise
Red cell and platelet storage lesions and their effect in transfusion practise
Carbohydrate metabolism & Interconnection of Metabolism with Respiratory chain
Carbohydrate metabolism & Interconnection of Metabolism with Respiratory chain
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
Recently uploaded
Foundation of Yoga, YCB Level-3, Unit-1
Unit -1 of Yoga certification board, level 3, all topics covered. An exam conducted by ministry of Ayush for yoga enthusiastic students.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
KENT'S REPERTORY by dr niranjan mohanty.pptx
its a presentation on Dr kents Repertory by Dr niranjan Mohanty
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdfChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Pollen and Fungal allergy
Presented by Chaloemchai Chumsaengchotsakul, MD.
June 14, 2024Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
All about shoulder Joint ..
All about shoulder joint , Anatomy ,Examination, Special tests and radiology.
Recently uploaded (20)
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
pharmacy exam preparation for undergradute students.pptx
pharmacy exam preparation for undergradute students.pptx
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
G6pd deficiency anemia dpolycythemia.pptx
- 2. RBC metabolism ● RBCs are complex metabolically active cells using to make ATP and reducing equivalents to ensure flexibility and O2 delivery. ● Lifespan of RBC is 120 days. ● Neither use Oxygen for Extraction of energy nor synthesizes protein ● Mainly anaerobic, RBC have to deliver not consume O2 ● No nucleus /no mitochondria ● Divided into anaerobic glycolysis and Three ancillary pathways
- 3. ● RBCs contain no mitochondria, so there is no respiratory chain, no citric acid cycle, no oxidation of fatty acids or ketone bodies. ● The RBC is highly dependent upon glucose is its energy source. ● Energy in form of ATP is Obtained only from the glycolytic breakdown of glucose with the production of Lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis).
- 4. Glucose transport to RBC Membrane Glucose is transported through RBC membrane by facilitated diffusion through glucose transporters (GLUT1).
- 5. Glycolysis Importance of Glycolysis in red cells ● Energy production : it’s the only pathway that supplies the red cell with ATP. ● Reduction of meeting methemoglobin : Glycolyses provides NADH for reduction of methemoglobin by NADH Cytob5 reductase ● In red cells 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate binds to Hb, decreasing its affinity for oxygen and helps its availability to tissues.
- 7. Utilisation of ATP ● Phosphorylation of sugars in proteins ● ATPase driven ion pumps ● Maintenance of membrane asymmetry ● Maintenance of red cell shape and deformability using ATP dependent cytoskeleton
- 8. Meth haemoglobin reductase pathway ● Maintains iron in Reduced rate for effective transport of oxygen. ● Protect SH group of haemoglobin and membrane proteins from oxidation.
- 9. Leubering rapport shunt ● Hydrogen ion concentration is the most important physiological modulater.
- 10. Leubering rapoport shunt ● Binding of 2,3DPG to deoxyhaemoglobin stabilise the tense state of haemoglobin and favours release of oxygen ● Free 2,3 DPG also binds with band 3 and causes partial detachment of membrane from cytoskeleton allowing lateral movement of membrane structure.
- 11. Pentose phosphate pathway ● Production of NADPH which is reducing power ● Glutathione is needed in reduced from for : ○ Elimination of peroxidase ○ Protection of proteins SH group ● This shunt also provide ribose 5 phosphate needed for PRPP (substrate for adenine nucleotides required for continuing ATP synthesis)