The document presents a model derived to optimize the mass input of haematite during its beneficiation with powdered potassium chlorate to minimize the residual sulfur content in the iron ore. Experimental data was used to formulate the polynomial model S=18.823+0.8042-0.1233α2, where S is the residual sulfur content, and α is the mass input of ore. The model was validated by comparing results from experiment and regression analysis, and was found to predict residual sulfur content within 3% and 2% of experimental and regression models respectively. The minimum residual sulfur content of around 18 mg/kg was achieved at the optimum ore mass input of 3.2616g.
Feasibility Study of Synthesis of Nanostructured Aluminum Nitride Through Sol...IJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc
Feasibility Study of Synthesis of Nanostructured Aluminum Nitride Through Sol...IJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Thermoluminescence Study of Mineral Ivory SodaIJCMESJOURNAL
The present paper reports the thermoluminescence characteristics of Ivory Soda mineral collected from Bhor Ghats near Sangamalner, Nasik Distric, Maharasta. The TL of as received minerals at varies heat treatment was recorded and also 15Gy beta dose was given to each sample prior to TL recording. TL of as received specimen (NTL) annealed for 1 hour and quenched from 200, 400, 600 and 800oC. The Ivory Soda mineral displayed a well resolved sharp peak around 140oC and 145oC for AQ from 600 and 800oC. XRD and TGA of Ivory Soda mineral were reported.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of calorimetric measurement bismuth and tin system editorijrei
Lead-free soldering alloys with low melting point suitable for use in soldering joints are very essential. Use of lead as a solder is considered dangerous for the environment due to the huge number of printed circuit board and electronic devices, pipe joints etc. needed to be recycled from dumps.
In this work the metallic samples were prepared from Bi in the mass range from 0.75gm. Samples of Sn were dropped into the bath of pure Bi by using an automatic dropping device. System required 40min time interval after every sample of dropped. Calorimetric measurements was done at temperature 830K. The Integral and partial enthalpy of mixing was calculated at this temperatures. The Integral enthalpy of mixing in Bi- Sn system at 830K is endothermic in nature throughout the composition and its maximum value at Xsn = 0.6, is 1005.9061 respectively.
For the first time, amorphous aluminium-copper (Al-Cu) alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres
(CS) were synthesised from waste engine oil (WEO) as a starting material. The synthesis process was
carried out in two-stage thermal chemical vapour deposition system under typical synthesis condition of
5.33 wt% ferrocene as catalyst, precursor and synthesis temperature of 450 and 700 °C, respectively.
Metal contaminants of Al and Cu in WEO promote the growth of amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires and
high carbon content in WEO undeniable promotes the growth of CS. Field emission scanning electron
microscopy analysis showed that the amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires dimension was about 120 nm in
diameter and a few micrometres in length, while the diameter of CS were a few hundred nanometre to
micrometre-sized. X-ray diffraction pattern of amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires revealed the formation of
a,c
, I. M. Isa
a,c
,
different Al-Cu phases. This study offers a new and simple technique to synthesise amorphous Al-Cu
alloy nanowires decorated with CS from waste material namely WEO. The newly produced nanomaterials
open up potential application in energy storage devices.
Effects of thermo mechanical simulation on the corrosion of steelJaideep Adusumelli
Performed numerous stress-strain elasticity tests along with impact test under controlled temperature and stress factors.
then the corrosion properties were studied based on the microstructures and corrosion current graphs.
Synthesis and structural characterization of Al-CNT metal matrix composite us...IOSR Journals
In the present study Carbon nanotube(CNT) reinforced (Al) composite was synthesized by physical mixing method and CNT’s distribution within the matrix was traced and characterized. Ultrasonication was used to disperse the CNTs in Al nano powder followed by magnetic stirring. Samples of different weight percentage of CNT(0.5wt %, 1wt %, 1.5wt %, 2wt % of CNT) were obtained using this technique. Stuructural characteristics of the samples were explored using X-Ray diffraction(XRD),Scanning Electronic Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electronic Microscope(TEM) technologies. Uniform distribution of CNTs within the matrix and the strength of metal/CNT interface were confirmed from SEM and TEM images. Along with the distribution of CNTs, XRD also validates the phase composition of the composite.
Madkour 1985-journal of-chemical_technology_and_biotechnology._chemical_techn...Al Baha University
Recommended Flowsheets for the Electrolytic Extraction of Lead and Zinc from Red Sea Polymetal Ore
The polymetal complex ore Umm-Gheig considered in Egypt as a rather rich source of lead and zinc is subjected to mineralogical, chemical, spectral, X-ray and differential thermal analyses. Hydrometallurgical treatments based on leaching, precipitation and electrodeposition of metal from the ore are established. The influences of current density, temperature and metal ion concentration on the Faradic current efficiency are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of flow- sheets and various approaches depending on convenient baths for the electro- deposition of metals are investigated. The results of electron microscopic investiga- tion confirmed by metal value data given in the A.S.T.M. cards coincide well with those given by chemical analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Thermoluminescence Study of Mineral Ivory SodaIJCMESJOURNAL
The present paper reports the thermoluminescence characteristics of Ivory Soda mineral collected from Bhor Ghats near Sangamalner, Nasik Distric, Maharasta. The TL of as received minerals at varies heat treatment was recorded and also 15Gy beta dose was given to each sample prior to TL recording. TL of as received specimen (NTL) annealed for 1 hour and quenched from 200, 400, 600 and 800oC. The Ivory Soda mineral displayed a well resolved sharp peak around 140oC and 145oC for AQ from 600 and 800oC. XRD and TGA of Ivory Soda mineral were reported.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of calorimetric measurement bismuth and tin system editorijrei
Lead-free soldering alloys with low melting point suitable for use in soldering joints are very essential. Use of lead as a solder is considered dangerous for the environment due to the huge number of printed circuit board and electronic devices, pipe joints etc. needed to be recycled from dumps.
In this work the metallic samples were prepared from Bi in the mass range from 0.75gm. Samples of Sn were dropped into the bath of pure Bi by using an automatic dropping device. System required 40min time interval after every sample of dropped. Calorimetric measurements was done at temperature 830K. The Integral and partial enthalpy of mixing was calculated at this temperatures. The Integral enthalpy of mixing in Bi- Sn system at 830K is endothermic in nature throughout the composition and its maximum value at Xsn = 0.6, is 1005.9061 respectively.
For the first time, amorphous aluminium-copper (Al-Cu) alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres
(CS) were synthesised from waste engine oil (WEO) as a starting material. The synthesis process was
carried out in two-stage thermal chemical vapour deposition system under typical synthesis condition of
5.33 wt% ferrocene as catalyst, precursor and synthesis temperature of 450 and 700 °C, respectively.
Metal contaminants of Al and Cu in WEO promote the growth of amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires and
high carbon content in WEO undeniable promotes the growth of CS. Field emission scanning electron
microscopy analysis showed that the amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires dimension was about 120 nm in
diameter and a few micrometres in length, while the diameter of CS were a few hundred nanometre to
micrometre-sized. X-ray diffraction pattern of amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires revealed the formation of
a,c
, I. M. Isa
a,c
,
different Al-Cu phases. This study offers a new and simple technique to synthesise amorphous Al-Cu
alloy nanowires decorated with CS from waste material namely WEO. The newly produced nanomaterials
open up potential application in energy storage devices.
Effects of thermo mechanical simulation on the corrosion of steelJaideep Adusumelli
Performed numerous stress-strain elasticity tests along with impact test under controlled temperature and stress factors.
then the corrosion properties were studied based on the microstructures and corrosion current graphs.
Synthesis and structural characterization of Al-CNT metal matrix composite us...IOSR Journals
In the present study Carbon nanotube(CNT) reinforced (Al) composite was synthesized by physical mixing method and CNT’s distribution within the matrix was traced and characterized. Ultrasonication was used to disperse the CNTs in Al nano powder followed by magnetic stirring. Samples of different weight percentage of CNT(0.5wt %, 1wt %, 1.5wt %, 2wt % of CNT) were obtained using this technique. Stuructural characteristics of the samples were explored using X-Ray diffraction(XRD),Scanning Electronic Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electronic Microscope(TEM) technologies. Uniform distribution of CNTs within the matrix and the strength of metal/CNT interface were confirmed from SEM and TEM images. Along with the distribution of CNTs, XRD also validates the phase composition of the composite.
Madkour 1985-journal of-chemical_technology_and_biotechnology._chemical_techn...Al Baha University
Recommended Flowsheets for the Electrolytic Extraction of Lead and Zinc from Red Sea Polymetal Ore
The polymetal complex ore Umm-Gheig considered in Egypt as a rather rich source of lead and zinc is subjected to mineralogical, chemical, spectral, X-ray and differential thermal analyses. Hydrometallurgical treatments based on leaching, precipitation and electrodeposition of metal from the ore are established. The influences of current density, temperature and metal ion concentration on the Faradic current efficiency are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of flow- sheets and various approaches depending on convenient baths for the electro- deposition of metals are investigated. The results of electron microscopic investiga- tion confirmed by metal value data given in the A.S.T.M. cards coincide well with those given by chemical analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Low grade iron ores are often contaminated with relatively high percentage of different
impurity gangue minerals. The iron ores contaminated with manganese oxide and silica are hardly reducible
and consume more energy in the integrated steel plant. Therefore it is important to estimate and predict the
influence of manganese oxide, silica and temperature on the reduction yield of iron oxide using mathematical
model approach. In the current study, a 23
(three-parameters, two-levels)factorial design is applied on the
gaseous reduction experimental data of mixed oxides (Fe2O3-MnO2-SiO2) to build a linear regression model.
The calculations have been performed using Matlab program. The developed mathematical model indicated that
SiO2 and temperature have positive effect on the reduction yield of iron oxide. On the other hand, MnO2
exhibited the highest negative impact on the reduction yield of iron oxide followed by the interaction coefficient
of MnO2, SiO2 and temperature. The results of the developed mathematical model are fitted to the experimental
reduction data of mixed oxides.
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
Particulate Sintering of Iron Ore and Empirical Analysis of Sintering Time Ba...IOSR Journals
Particulate sintering of iron ore has been carried out using the necessary ingredients. Empirical
analysis of the sintering time based on the coke breeze input concentration and ignition temperature were also
successfully obtained through first principle application of a derived model which functioned as a evaluative
tool. The derived model;
S = (√T)0.95 + 0.0012α
indicates that amongst ignition temperature and coke breeze input, sintering time is more significantly affected
by the coke breeze input concentration. This is based on the higher correlation it makes with sintering time
compared to applied ignition temperature, all other process parameters being constant. The validity of the
model was rooted in the core expression S – Kα ≈ (√T )N where both sides of the expression are correspondingly
approximately almost equal. Sintering time per unit rise in the operated ignition temperature as obtained from
experiment, derived model and regression model were evaluated as 0.0169, 0.0128 and 0.0159 mins. / 0C
respectively. Similarly, sintering time per unit coke breeze input concentration as obtained from experiment,
derived model and regression model were evaluated as 4.0, 3.0183 and 3.7537 mins./ % respectively indicating a
significant proximate agreement and validity of the model. The standard error (STEYX) incurred in predicting
sintering time for each value of the ignition temperature and coke breeze input concentration considered, as
obtained from the experiment, derived model and regression model are 1.6646, 0.7678 and 2.98 x10-5 % as well
as 2.2128, 1.0264 and 1.2379% respectively. The maximum deviation of mode-predicted results from the
corresponding experimental values was less than 11%.
Electro-Thermal and Semiconductivity Behaviour of Natural Sintered Complex Ca...Al Baha University
The electrical
conductivity (휎), thermal conductivity (퐾) and thermoelectric power coefficient (훼) have been investigated as a function of applied
temperature for the sintered ore materials. The electrical conduction is mainly achieved by free electrons near or in conduction
band or n-type. As the sintering temperature (푇s) increases the conduction of the ore is also increased due to the recombination
process taking place between the electrons and holes. Electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ are the main charge carriers.The
formation of Fe3O4 at high sintering temperature acts as an active mineralizer, thus inducing an increased degree of crystallinity
and a more ordered crystal structure is produced.
SEMICONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOUR OF EGYPTIAN NATURAL SINTERED OREAl Baha University
Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 45, 3, 2010, 335-346
SEMICONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOUR OF EGYPTIAN NATURAL SINTERED ORE
FOR THERMOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Madkour 1986-journal of-chemical_technology_and_biotechnologyAl Baha University
Thermodynamic Studies on Sulphate Roasting for Zinc Electrowinning from Carbonate Ore
The bulk of the work consists of a theoretical study of the possibility of submitting Umm-Gheig carbonate ore to sulphate roasting. The use of the admixture with pyrites is to enable a carbonate ore to be treated in a similar way to a sulphide ore, and by doing so, to produce a roasted product capable of being treated by orthodox zinc electrowinning methods using sulphate solutions. Thermodynamic studies have been made to find the optimum conditions for sulphate roasting, in either normal air or enriched 36% oxygen air. The results obtained from the experimental work at different roasting temperatures in a tube furnace indicated that a maximum dissolu- tion of 91.2% Zn with a 17.9% Fe could be obtained at a roasting temperature of 650°C for 4 h, followed by leaching in 4% H2S04 (by vol.) at 60°C. The results of the electron microscopic investigation confirmed by metal value data given in the ASTM cards coincide well with results given by chemical analysis
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
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Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
How world-class product teams are winning in the AI era by CEO and Founder, P...
G33029037
1. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
29 | P a g e
Optimization of Haematite Mass-Input for Minimum Remnant
Sulphur Content in Iron Ore Beneficiated with Powdered
Potassium Chlorate
C. I. Nwoye1
, J. T. Nwabanne2
E. M. Ameh3
1
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
3
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Enugu State University of Technology, Enugu,
Nigeria
ABSTRACT
A model was derived for optimization of
haematite mass-input during its beneficiation
with powdered potassium chlorate in order to
ensure a minimum remnant sulphur condition in
the ore. The polynomial model;
18.823+0.8042-0.1233=S 2
is rooted in the expression
1+0.0427-10x6.5505=S10x5.3126 2-3-2
where
both sides of the expression are correspondingly
approximately equal to 1. The maximum
deviation of the model-predicted concentration
of remnant sulphur (during the beneficiation
process) from the concentrations obtained from
regression model and experiment were less than
3 and 2% respectively. These translate to
confidence levels of 97 and 98% respectively. The
remnant sulphur content of the ore per unit mass-
input of iron oxide ore beneficiated as obtained from
experiment, derived model and regression model are
0.4920, 0.5520 and 0.5335 mg/kg g-1
respectively. The
standard errors in predicting the remnant ore
sulphur for each mass-input value of the iron oxide
ore beneficiated (STEYX) is 0.3778 compared to
experimental (0.4920) and regression model (2.805 x
10-5
). The measure of variability (AVEDEV) in the
results of concentrations of remnant ore sulphur
from regression model, experimental and model-
predicted are 6.6625, 6.6625 and 6.6430%
respectively. The F-test between the derived and
regression model is 0.8234 and then 0.9814 between
the derived and experimental results. Evaluations
from experimental results and optimization of mass-
input of the iron oxide ore as well as predictions by
derived model (D-Model) and regression model (R-
Model) indicate that a minimum remnant sulphur
content of the ore ≈ 18 mg/kg would be achieved
at an optimum ore mass-input of 3.2616g during
the beneficiation process providing the mass-input
of oxidant (KClO3) and treatment temperature
remained constant.
Keywords: Model, Optimization, Haematite Mass-
input, Minimum Remnant Sulphur.
1. INTRODUCTION
The growing need for defect free
engineering materials or engineering materials that
can serve in very stressful and red-hot environment
without failure (due to hot-shortness) has
necessitated various researches aimed at reducing to
a bearest minimum the sulphur content of the iron
oxide ore put into use as a primary raw material.
The highlighted failure is attributed to the presence
of a membrane of high concentration of sulphur as
iron sulphide in the steel crystals [1].
During heating of ingots before rolling or
forging, the inter-granular sulphur-rich layers within
the metal microstructure soften resulting to the
destruction of the bonds between the grains and
invariably crack formation during plastic working
[2]. This defect is also called hot or red shortness.
Based on the foregoing, several studies on
effective desulphurization of iron oxide ores before
use for iron and steel making have been embarked
on with the aim of reducing sulphur present in steels
and iron to a deleterious level.
Studies [3,4] on desulphurization of
Agbaja iron oxide ore concentrates using solid
potassium trioxochlorate (V) (KClO3) as oxidant
has been carried out. The concentrate was treated at
a temperature range 500 – 8000
C. The results of the
investigation revealed that simultaneous increase in
both the percentage of the oxidant added (up to 15g
per 50g of ore) and treatment temperature
(maximum 8000
C) used give the ideal conditions for
increased desulphurization efficiency. This
translates into high desulphurization efficiency
when both oxidant concentration (up to 15g per 50g
of ore) and treatment temperature (maximum
8000
C) are high. The mechanism of the process was
found [4] to be gaseous state interaction between
oxygen and sulphur through molecular combination.
Oxygen required for the desulphurization process
was produced following decomposition of KClO3
within a temperature range 375-502o
C, which is the
Gas Evolution Temperature Range (GETR) for
sulphur present in Agbaja iron ore. Sulphur vapour
and oxygen gas produced at this temperature range
were believed to have reacted to form and liberate
SO2. Models [5-8] have been derived to predict the
concentrations of sulphur removed during the
2. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
30 | P a g e
processes [3, 4] relative to mass-input of potassium
chlorate and treatment temperature.
Models predicting the concentrations of
removed sulphur relative to the mass-input of
potassium chlorate [5, 7] shows that the percentage
of removed sulphur is inversely proportional to the
log of mass-input of KClO3. Model derivation for
sulphur removal relative to the treatment
temperature [6, 8] shows that the percentage
concentration of sulphur removed is also inversely
proportional to the log of the treatment temperature.
The possibility of taking a model-aided
computational analysis of the concentration of
sulphur removed during oxidation of iron oxide ore
with powdered potassium chlorate by considering
the mass-input of KClO3 as well as treatment
temperature has made it amply possible for a
metallurgist to predict directly and successfully
(within the experimental range) when
desulphurization would be maximum and the likely
sulphur content of the iron oxide ore for any change
in the process parameters without carrying out any
chemical analysis on the reaction residue.
The purpose of this present work is to
derive a model for optimization of haematite mass-
input for its minimum remnant sulphur condition
during beneficiation with powdered potassium
chlorate. The desulphurized iron oxide ore was
mined from Itakpe (Nigeria).
2. Model
The solid phase (ore) is assumed to be
stationary, contains the un-leached iron remaining in
the ore. It is strongly believed that hydrogen
peroxide gas produced from the reaction between
KOH and Fe2O3 decomposed to produce oxygen gas
(in agreement with past findings [9]) which oxidized
sulphur, hence removing it from the ore in the form
of SO2 respectively. Equations (10-12) show this.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Iron oxide ore obtained from Itakpe,
Nigeria(figures1and 2) was crushed to 60 μm and a
weighed mass (2g) (using a Triple Beam balance at
National Metallurgical Development Center
(NMDC)) Jos, was mixed with 25g of powdered
potassium chlorate (KClO3) obtained from Fisher
scientific company, Fair Lawn, New Jersey, U.S.A.
The mixed sample contained in an iron crucible was
then heated at a temperature of 500°C in a
Gallenkamp Hotpot electric furnace at NMDC
laboratory for 10 minutes and thereafter emptied on
a white steel pan for observation. The experiment
was repeated three times with iron oxide ore mass-
input: 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6 and 8g and the average values
taken. A weighed quantity of the treated ore
concentrate was taken in each case for chemical
analysis (to determine concentration of sulphur left
in the ore) using wet chemical analysis method.
Figure 1: Lumps of Itakpe iron ore
Figure 2: Pulverised Itakpe iron ore
2.1 Model Formulation
Experimental data obtained from research
work were used for this work. Computational
analysis of the experimental data shown in Table 1,
gave rise to Table 2 which indicate that;
N-K+N=S e
2
(approximately) 1
Introducing the values of S, N, K and Ne into
equation (1) reduces it to;
1+102730.4-10x6.5505=10x5.3126 22-3-2
2
2-
22-3
10x5.3126
1+102730.4-10x6.5505
=
3
18.823+0.8043-10x1.2330= 2-1
4
18.823+0.8043-0.12330= 2
5
Where
(β) = Sulphur content of the ore (mg/kg)
S = 5.3126 x 10-2
; Sulphur concentration coefficient
(determined using C-NIKBRAN [10])
(α) = Mass-input of ore (g)
N = 6.5505 x 10-3
; Second order ore-mass-input
coefficient (determined using C- NIKBRAN
[10])
K = 4.2730 x 10-2
; First order ore-mass-input
coefficient (determined using C-NIKBRAN
[10])
Ne = 1.0; Decomposition coefficient of KClO3 at a
temperature 500°C (determined using C-
NIKBRAN [10])
3. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
31 | P a g e
Table 1: Variation of sulphur content
of the ore (after beneficiation) with Mass-input of
iron oxide ore
Table 2: Variation of 5.3126 x 10-2
β with 6.5505 x 10-3
α2
- 4.273 x 10-2
α +1
2.1.1. Boundary and Initial Condition
Consider iron ore (in a furnace) mixed
with potassium chlorate (oxidant). The furnace
atmosphere is not contaminated i.e (free of
unwanted gases and dusts). Initially, atmospheric
levels of oxygen are assumed just before the
decomposition of KClO3 (due to air in the
furnace).Mass-input of iron oxide ore used (2g),
and treatment timeof 10 minutes were used.
Treatment temperature range; 500-700o
C, ore grain
size; 60µm, and mass of KClO3 (oxidant); 25g
were also used. The boundary conditions are:
furnace oxygen atmosphere due to decomposition
of KClO3 (since the furnace was air-tight closed) at
the top and bottom of the ore particles interacting
with the gas phase. At the bottom of the particles, a
zero gradient for the gas scalar are assumed and
also for the gas phase at the top of the particles.
The sides of the particles are taken to be
symmetries.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1Desulphurization process
Oxygen gas from the decomposition of
KClO3 attacked the ore in a gas-solid reaction in
accordance with previous work [2], hence
removing (through oxidation) the sulphur present
in the ore in the form of SO2 as shown in equations
(6) and (7).
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) 6
S(s) Heat S(g) + O2 (g) 375-502 0
C SO2 (g)
7
Equation (6) [2] shows that sulphur turns to vapour
at a temperature range 375-502°C and this
corresponds to the Gas Evolution Temperature
Range (GETR). Therefore, at a temperature of
5000
C, the sulphur inherent in the ore has a greater
tendency as vapour to combine with oxygen. Table
1 shows that the concentration of remnant sulphur
in the ore (following the desulphurization process)
decreases with increase in the mass-input (up to
4g) of iron oxide ore. This implies that the
concentration of sulphur removed (at this particular
ore mass-input) increases with increase in the
mass-input of the ore. It was observed that beyond
the iron oxide ore mass-input of 4g i.e 5-8g, the
remnant sulpur content of the ore increases with
increase in the mass-input of the iron oxide ore.
This implies that the concentration of sulphur
removed (within this ore mass-input range)
decreases with increase in the mass-input of the
ore. At exactly 5g mass-input of the ore, the
remnant sulphur content of the ore drops to a
concentration of 17.91 mg/kg which from Table 1
is the minimum remnant sulphur content of the ore.
This indicates that at this ore mass-input and
remnant sulphur concentration of the ore,
maximum sulphur removal from the iron oxide ore
was achieved.
4.2 Model Validation
The model was validated by comparing
results of standard error (STEYX), correlation
(α) g S (mg/kg) T (0
C)
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
17.83
17.60
17.38
17.91
18.44
20.29
500
500
500
500
500
500
5.3126 x 10-2
β 6.5505 x 10-3
α2
4.273 x 10-2
α +1 6.5505 x 10-3
α2
- 4.273 x 10-2
α +1
0.9472
0.9350
0.9233
0.9515
0.9796
1.0779
0.0590
0.0802
0.1048
0.1638
0.2358
0.4192
0.8718
0.8504
0.8291
0.7864
0.7436
0.6582
0.9308
0.9306
0.9339
0.9502
0.9794
1.0774
4. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
32 | P a g e
(CORREL), measure of variability (AVEDEV),
confidence level, and F-test obtained from experiment,
derived model and regression model which is applied
as a standard model. All these were evaluated using
[11].
Standard Error (STEYX)
This gives the error incurred in predicting y value for
any x value considered and substituted in the derived
model. This could be calculated using the equation
[11]:
2
2
2
x-x
y-yx-x
y-y
2
1
n
SE 8
Where
x and y = Mean; average of x (mass-input of ore) and
y (conc. of remnant sulphur in ore) values.
n = No. of samples
Equation (1) translates to the error in
predicting the remnant sulphur content of the ore for
each mass-input value of the iron oxide ore. The
standard error incurred by the derived model in
predicting the remnant sulphur content of the ore is
0.3778 compared to experimental (0.4920) and
regression model (2.805 x 10-5
) respectively.
Correlation (CORREL)
Correlation coefficient determines the relationship
between two properties. The correlation between mass-
input of iron oxide ore and the concentration of remnant
sulphur in the ore as obtained from derived model,
experiment and regression model are 0.9924, 1.0000
and 1.0000 respectively. These values could be
evaluated using the equation (9)
22
y-yx-x
y-yx-x
,YXCorrel 9
Where
x and y = Mean; average of x (mass-input of ore)
and y(conc. of remnant sulphur in ore) values.
Measure of Variability (AVEDEV)
of data points from the mean. The variability of the
concentrations of remnant ore sulphur (from the mean
value) as obtained from derived model, experiment and
regression model are 6.6430, 6.6625 and 6.6625%
respectively. These values could be evaluated using the
equation (10):
x-x
1
n
AVEDEV 10
Deviation (Dv) (%) of D-model predicted remnant
sulphur contents of the ore from the corresponding
values obtained from experimental is given by
100
Ex
ExDm
Dv 11
While deviation of D-model predicted remnant
sulphur contents of the ore from the corresponding
values obtained from regression model is given by
100
Rm
RmDm
Dv 12
Where
Dm = D-Model predicted remnant sulphur content
of the ore
Ex = Remnant sulphur content of the ore as
obtained from experiment
Rm = R-Model predicted remnant sulphur content
of the ore
Correction factor (Cf ) is the negative of
the deviation i.e
DvCf 13
Therefore correction factor for equation
(13) is given by;
100
Ex
ExDm
Cf 14
And for equation (14) is given by;
100
Rm
RmDm
Cf 15
Introduction of the corresponding values
of Cf from equations (14) and (15) in each case
into the D-model gives exactly the corresponding
values of remnant sulphur as obtained from
experiment and regression model respectively.
Comparative analysis of Tables 3 and 4
shows that the maximum deviation of the model-
predicted (D-Model) remnant sulphur
concentration from the regression model (R-
Model) and experiment were less than 3 and 2%
respectively.
Tables 3 and 4 show that the least and
highest magnitudes of deviation of the model-
predicted (D-Model) remnant sulphur
concentration (from the corresponding
experimental values) are - 0.02 and -1.74 % which
corresponds to remnant sulphur concentrations:
18.436 and 17.5198 mg/kg as well as ore mass-
inputs: 6 and 3g respectively. Furthermore, the
least and highest magnitudes of deviation of the
model-predicted (D-Model) remnant sulphur
concentration (from the corresponding R-Model
values) are + 0.10 and -2.19 % which corresponds
to remnant sulphur concentrations: 17.5075 and
18.2852 mg/kg as well as ore mass-inputs: 3.5 and
5g respectively.
5. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
33 | P a g e
Tables 3 and 4 also indicate that values of
the evaluated deviations are opposite that of the
correction factors. This is because correction factor
is the negative of the deviation as shown in
equation (13). It is believed that the correction
factor takes care of the effects of the surface
properties of the iron oxide ore and the
physiochemical interaction between the ore and the
added oxidant which (affected experimental
results) were not considered during the model
formulation.
Figures 6 and 7 show that the highest and
least confidence levels of D-Model predicted results
relative to experimental results are 99.98 and 98.26%,
corresponding to remnant sulphur concentrations:
18.436 and 17.5198 mg/kg as well as ore mass-
inputs: 6 and 3g respectively. Furthermore, the
highest and least confidence levels of D-Model
predicted results relative to R-Model results are 99.90
and 97.81%, corresponding to remnant sulphur
concentrations: 17.5183 and 17.8840 mg/kg as well
as ore mass-inputs: 3.5 and 5g respectively.
Table 5 indicates that the highest and least
significant levels of D-Model predicted results relative
to experimental results are 0.0174 and 0.0002, at ore
mass-inputs: 3 and 6g respectively. However, the
highest and least significant levels of D-Model
predicted results relative to R-Model predicted results
are 0.0219 and 0.0001 at ore mass-inputs: 5 and 3.5g
respectively.
Table 3: Deviation of D-Model results from
experimental results; varying with Mass-input of
iron oxide ore
Table 4: Deviation of D-Model results from R-
Model results; varying with Mass-input of iron
oxide ore
Table 5: Significant levels of D-Model predicted results
relative to R-Model and experimental results
F-test
This is a one tailed probability that the
variance between two data sets is not significantly
different. The probability that the variance between
derived model (D-Model) and regression model (R-
Model) is not significantly different is 0.8234 while
between derived model and experiment gave 0.9814.
The validity of the model is strongly
rooted on equation (2) where both sides of the
equation are correspondingly approximately equal.
Table 2 also agrees with equation (2) following the
values of 5.3126 x 10-2
β and 6.5505 x 10-3
α2
-
4.2730 x 10-2
α + 1 evaluated from the
experimental results in Table 1. Furthermore, the
nth
Degree Model Validity Test Techniques (nth
DMVTT), using computational and graphical
analysis [10] also indicate proximate agreement
between D-Model, R-Model and experimental data
and invariably validity of the derived model; D-
model.
4.3 Computational Analysis
A comparative analysis of the results
computed from the experiment, D-Model and R-
Model on the remnant sulphur content of the ore
was carried out to ascertain the degree of validity
of the derived model. This was done by comparing
the remnant ore sulphur content per unit mass-input
of iron oxide ore as obtained through experiment,
D-Model and R-Model predicted results.
Remnant ore sulphur content per unit mass-
input of the ore Sm (mg/kg /g) was calculated from the
equation:
mSSm / 16
Therefore, a plot of remnant ore sulphur content against
mass-input of iron oxide ore as in Figure 3 using
experimentalresults in Table 1, gives a slope, Se at points
(3, 17.83) and (8, 20.29) following their substitution into
themathematicalexpression;
mSSeSm / 17
Equation (17)isexpressed as
1212 / mmSSSe 18
(α) (g) DDmodel-Ex (%) Cv (%)
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
-1.74
-0.46
+1.14
-0.15
-0.02
-0.05
+1.74
+0.46
-1.14
+0.15
+0.02
+0.05
(α) (g) DDmodel -Rmodel (%) Cv (%)
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
+1.62
+0.10
+1.04
-2.19
-1.98
+2.15
-1.62
-0.10
-1.04
+2.19
+1.98
-2.15
(α) (g) D-ModelExD D-ModelR-Model
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
0.0174
0.0046
0.0114
0.0015
0.0002
0.0005
0.0162
0.0001
0.0104
0.0219
0.0198
0.0215
6. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
34 | P a g e
Where ΔS = Change in the remnant ore sulphur contents
S2, S1 at two ore mass-input values m2, m1. Considering
the points (3, 17.83) and (8, 20.29) for (m1, S1) and
(m2, S 2) respectively, and substituting them into
equation (18), gives the slope as 0.4920 (mg/kg / g)
which is the remnant ore sulphur content per unit
mass-input of iron oxide ore during the actual
experimental process. A plot (as in Figure 4) using D-
Model predicted results gives a slope. Considering
points (3, 17.5198) and (8, 20.2798) for (m1, S1) and
(m2, S2) respectively and substituting them into
equation (18) gives the value of slope, Se as 0.5520
(mg/kg / g). This is the D-Model predicted remnant ore
sulphur content per unit mass-input of iron oxide ore.
Similarly, a plot (as in Figure 5) using R-Model
predicted results gives a slope 0.5225 (mg/kg / g) on
substituting points (3, 17.2403) and (8, 19.8526) for
(m1, S1) and (m2, S2) respectively into equation (18).
A comparison of these three values of the remnant ore
sulphur content per unit mass-input of iron oxide ore
shows proximate agreement and validity of the model.
4.4 Graphical Analysis
Graphical analysis of Figurees 8-11 shows
very close alignment of the curves from the
experimental (ExD), D-Model and R-Model
predicted remnant ore sulphur content per unit mass-
input of iron oxide ore. Furthermore, the degree of
alignment of these curves is indicative of the
proximate agreement between experimental and D-
Model and R-Model predicted remnant ore sulphur
content.
4.5 Model-aided determination of optimum
mass-input of iron oxide ore for achieving
minimum remnant sulphur content of the ore
The concentration of remnant suphur in
the ore β predicted by the D-Model (equation
(5)); β = 0.1233 α2
- 0.8042 α + 18.823 is based on
the mass-input of the iron oxide ore α.
Optimization of the iron oxide ore mass-input was
achieved by differentiating the D-Model (equations
(5)) with respect to the mass-input of the iron oxide
ore α (and equating to zero) in order to determine
the value of α at which β is minimum.
dβ/dα = 0.1233 α2
- 0.8043 α + 18.823 19
Differentiation of equations (19) with respect to α
reduces it to;
0.2466 α - 0.8043 = 0 20
0.2466 α = 0.8043 21
Evaluating equation (21) gives the value α
= 3.2616 g. This is the optimum mass-input of iron
oxide ore which invariably gave the minimum
remnant sulphur content of the ore, β as 17.5114
mg/kg on substituting the value of α = 3.2616 g
into the D-Model in equation (5).
Confirmation of the minimum and
optimum values of β and α respectively was
achieved by including α = 3.2616 g as well as β =
17.5114 mg/kg and re-plotting remnant sulphur
concentration (as predicted by the D-Model)
against mass-input of iron oxide ore as shown in
Figure 9.
Comparative analysis of Figures 8-11
indicates that experiment conducted gave minimum
sulphur content of the ore (17.91 mg/kg) at an
optimum ore mass-input of 5g while at the same
mass-input (Figures 8 and 9); the D-Model
predicted 17.8840 mg/kg which is in proximate
agreement with the minimum value of remnant
sulphur obtained from experiment (a deviation less
than 0.2%). However, evaluation of the D-Model
to determine the actual optimum ore mass-input
that would possibly result to minimum remnant
sulphur content of the ore gives α = 3.2616 g and β
= 17.5114 mg/kg as the optimum ore mass-input
and minimum remnant sulphur content of the ore
respectively (Figure 11). Furthermore, R-Model
predicted minimum remnant sulphur content of the
ore as 18.2852 mg/kg (a deviation less than 2.5%
from D-Model and 2.1% from experiment result) at
5g input of iron oxide ore (Figures 10 and 11).
Based on the foregoing, the minimum remnant
sulphur content of the ore at 5g input of the ore as
obtained from the experiment, D-Model and R-
Model; 17.91, 17.884 and 18.2852 mg/kg
respectively show proximate agreement. This
implies that within this haematite mass-input range,
sulphur removal from the ore is likely to have
reached maximum providing the mass-input of
oxidant (KClO3) and treatment temperature
remained constant. Based on the following, it is
strongly conceived that 3.2616g input of iron oxide
ore is the ideal optimum mass-input for achieving
minimum remnant sulphur content of the ore for
economic reason. This is so because 5g input of the
ore gave a minimum remnant sulphur content of
the ore: 17.91, 17.884 and 18.2852 mg/kg as
obtained from the experiment, D-Model and R-
Model respectively (approximately the same result
as in the case of using 3.2616g of iron oxide ore;
1.7384g short of the 5g input). It is therefore
believed that ore mass-input of 3.2616g would
likely give a reduced overall cost of production,
resulting to increased profit and same level of
productivity as associated with using 5g of iron
oxide ore.
7. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
35 | P a g e
R2
= 0.9849
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mass of iron oxide ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
Figure 3: Coefficient of determination between
mass-input of iron oxide ore and remnant sulphur
content of the ore as obtained from the experiment
(ExD).
R2
= 1
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mass of iron oxide ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
Figure 4: Coefficient of determination between
mass-input of iron oxide ore and remnant sulphur
content of the ore as obtained from derived model
(D-Model).
R2
= 1
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mass of iron Oxide Ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
Figure 5: Coefficient of determination between
mass-input of iron oxide ore and remnant sulphur
content of the ore as obtained from regression
model (R-Model).
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
3 3.5 4 5 6 8
Mass of iron oxide ore (g)
Conc.ofsulphur(mg/kg)
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
Confidencelevel(%)
D-M odel
Conf.Level
Figure 6: Variation of D-Model predicted concentration of
remnant sulphur and confidence level (relative to
experimental results) with mass-input of iron oxide ore.
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
3 3.5 4 5 6 8
Mass of iron oxide ore (g)
Conc.ofsulphur(mg/kg)
96.5
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
Confidencelevel(%)
D-M odel
Conf.Level
Figure 7: Variation of D-Model predicted
concentration of remnant sulphur and confidence level
(relative to R-Model predicted results) with mass-input
of iron oxide ore.
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mass of iron oxide ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
ExD
D-Model
Figure 8: Comparison of the remnant sulphur
concentrations per unit ore mass-input as obtained
8. C. I. Nwoye, J. T. Nwabanne, E. M. Ameh / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.029-037
36 | P a g e
from experiment (ExD) and derived model (D-
Model).
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mass of Iron Oxide Ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
D-Model
R-Model
[
Figure 9: Comparison of the remnant sulphur
concentrations per unit ore mass-input as obtained
from derived model (D-Model) and regression
model (R-Model).
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mass of Iron Oxide Ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
ExD
D-Model
R-Model
Figure 10: Comparison of the remnant sulphur
concentrations per unit ore mass-input as obtained
from experiment (ExD), derived model, (D-Model)
and R-Model.
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
2 4 6 8 10
Mass of iron oxide ore (g)
Conc.ofSulphur(mg/kg)
Minimum remnant
s ulphur
co ntent o f the
o re;17.5114 mg/kg at
o ptimum o re mas s -
input o f 3.2616 g
Figure 11: Predicted minimum remnant sulphur
content of the ore at predicted optimum mass-input
of iron oxide ore
CONCLUSION
The derived model was used to optimize
haematite mass-input during its beneficiation with
powdered potassium chlorate in order to ensure a
minimum remnant sulphur condition in the ore.
The derived model is polynomial nature. The
model was rooted in the expression 5.3126 x 10-2
S
= 6.5505 x 10-3
α2
- 0.0427 α + 1 where both sides
of the expression are correspondingly
approximately equal to 1. The maximum deviation
of the model-predicted concentration of remnant
sulphur (during the beneficiation process) from the
concentrations obtained from regression model and
experiment were less than 3 and 2% respectively.
These translated into confidence levels of over 97 and
98% respectively. The remnant sulphur content of the
ore per unit mass-input of iron oxide ore as obtained
from experiment, derived model and regression model
are 0.4920, 0.5520 and 0.5335 mg/kg g-1
respectively.
The standard errors in predicting the remnant ore
sulphur for each mass-input value of the iron oxide ore
(STEYX) is 0.3778 compared to experimental (0.4920)
and regression model (2.805 x 10-5
). The measure of
variability (AVEDEV) in the results of concentrations
of remnant ore sulphur from regression model,
experimental and model-predicted are 6.6625, 6.6625
and 6.6430% respectively. The F-test between the
derived and regression model is 0.8234 and then 0.9814
between the derived and experimental results.
Evaluations from experimental results and optimization
of ore mass-input as well as prediction by derived
model (D-Model) and regression model (R-Model)
indicate that the minimum remnant sulphur content
of the ore; ≈ 18 mg/kg would be achieved at an
optimum ore mass-input of 3.2616g during the
beneficiation process providing the mass-input of
oxidant (KClO3) and treatment temperature
remained constant.
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