The document describes a study on the removal of Loss on Ignition (LOI) from iron ore samples under continuous heating. Four iron ore samples (A, B, C, D) were collected and heated to varying temperatures from 400-1100°C for different residence times. LOI removal was found to increase with temperature, reaching a maximum around 800°C. Activation energy was calculated from Arrhenius plots to be lowest for sample A and highest for sample D. LOI removal also increased with longer residence times.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Copper Strip Corrosion Test for Different Fluid SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Current research work is done in order to determine the corrosiveness test using different fluid samples in state of Telengana (India). The puropse of this experiment is to determine the the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test. By using the copper strip experiment we can find the corrosive propertyof the fuel and hence the efficiency of fluid samples collected. This project covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different fluid samples collected.
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The amorphous to crystalline transformation in Fe78Tm2B20 (Sample S1) and Fe76Tm4B20 (Sample S2) alloys has been carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of the samples are also discussed to confirm the complete crystallization after heating. DSC analysis of the samples S1 and S2 showed that on heating the samples upto 10000C, a sharp peak was observed at 5450C and 7910C respectively, indicating a primary crystalline phase appearing in the amorphous matrix. In sample S2 another sharp peak was observed at 8960C, indicating further crystallization in the sample. Both the samples are completely crystallized when temperature is above 9290C. In sample S2, the crystallization is a multi stage process where different crystalline phases grow in the amorphous matrix. SEM patterns of these samples showed that as cast samples are amorphous and the sample are completely crystallized when heated to 10000C. EDS patterns also confirmed the complete crystallization of the samples after heating to 10000C. Thus increase of Tm concentration in Fe-Tm-B alloy changes the process of crystallization.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
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heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
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shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
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temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
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in Additive Manufacturing based on Powder bed system. Each powder layer of few microns is coated and a laser
beam is scanned to melt the metal powder according to the specification of the part and subsequently moved
downwards layer by layer. The test coupons were first heat treated according to the above mentioned standard.
The tensile testing and the microstructural analysis were done to compare the results with that of mentioned in
the AMS 4928.The yield stress andPercentage elongation in the test coupons achieved are better than the
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The electrical
conductivity (휎), thermal conductivity (퐾) and thermoelectric power coefficient (훼) have been investigated as a function of applied
temperature for the sintered ore materials. The electrical conduction is mainly achieved by free electrons near or in conduction
band or n-type. As the sintering temperature (푇s) increases the conduction of the ore is also increased due to the recombination
process taking place between the electrons and holes. Electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ are the main charge carriers.The
formation of Fe3O4 at high sintering temperature acts as an active mineralizer, thus inducing an increased degree of crystallinity
and a more ordered crystal structure is produced.
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The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
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This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
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The General Designing Specs of Packed Bed Reactor.
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This Research work was done to find out the impact of AMS 4928 standard heat treatment on
Selective Laser Melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 alloy. Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 is an Extra Low Interstitial
version of Ti alloy with lower impurities and is α+β type alloy at room temperature. SLM is one type of method
in Additive Manufacturing based on Powder bed system. Each powder layer of few microns is coated and a laser
beam is scanned to melt the metal powder according to the specification of the part and subsequently moved
downwards layer by layer. The test coupons were first heat treated according to the above mentioned standard.
The tensile testing and the microstructural analysis were done to compare the results with that of mentioned in
the AMS 4928.The yield stress andPercentage elongation in the test coupons achieved are better than the
minimum requirement by AMS 4928 standard. Coarse lamellar grain structures were obtained with no
continuous network of alpha at prior beta grain boundaries.
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Electro-Thermal and Semiconductivity Behaviour of Natural Sintered Complex Ca...Al Baha University
The electrical
conductivity (휎), thermal conductivity (퐾) and thermoelectric power coefficient (훼) have been investigated as a function of applied
temperature for the sintered ore materials. The electrical conduction is mainly achieved by free electrons near or in conduction
band or n-type. As the sintering temperature (푇s) increases the conduction of the ore is also increased due to the recombination
process taking place between the electrons and holes. Electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ are the main charge carriers.The
formation of Fe3O4 at high sintering temperature acts as an active mineralizer, thus inducing an increased degree of crystallinity
and a more ordered crystal structure is produced.
Examples of Convection
What is convection? The convection is the heat transfer based on the actual motion of the molecules of a substance: here involves a fluid which can be gas or liquid.
The transmission convective heat may occur only in fluids where natural movement (the fluid extracts heat from the hot zone and changes densities) or forced circulation (through a fan the fluid moves), the particles can move transporting the heat without interrupting the physical continuity of the body. Here a series of convection examples:
The heat transfer of a stove.
Hot air balloons, which are held in the air by hot air. If it cools, the balloon immediately begins to fall.
When the water vapor fogs the glass of a bath, by the hot temperature of the water when bathing.
The hand or hair dryer, which transmits heat by forced convection.
The heat transfer generated by the human body when a person is barefoot.
Radiation Examples
What is radiation? The radiation is the heat emitted by a body due to its temperature, in a process that lacks contact between bodies or intermediate fluids transported heat.
The radiation causes a body to be solid or liquid of higher temperature than another, occur immediately transfer heat to each other. The phenomenon is that of the transmission of electromagnetic waves, emitted by bodies at a higher temperature than absolute zero: the higher the temperature, the greater these waves will be.
That is what explains that radiation can only occur while the bodies are at a particularly high temperature. Next, a group of examples where radiation occurs:
The transmission of electromagnetic waves through the microwave oven.
The heat emitted by a radiator.
Solar ultraviolet radiation, precisely the process that determines the Earth’s temperature.
The light emitted by an incandescent lamp.
The emission of gamma rays by a nucleus.
The processes of heat transmission increase and decrease the temperatures of the affected bodies, but also sometimes (as exemplified by ice) are responsible for the phenomena of phase changes, such as the boiling of water in steam, or the fusion of water in ice. Engineering concentrates many of its efforts to take advantage of this possibility of manipulating the state of bodies through the transmission of heat.
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In this study, natural zeolites from the Philippines were modified using NaOH heat treatment and NaCl hydrothermal process. Pre-treatment using ferro-filtering and dealumination using different concentrations of HCl acid leaching were prepared prior to sodium activation. Heat treatment was performed using 5M NaOH at 80 °C for 72 hrs while 3 cycle hydrothermal process was performed using 5M NaCl at 10 psi for 1 hr. Diffraction pattern from XRD showed Heulandite (HEU) – Clinoptilolite (CLI) and Mordenite (MOR) framework for raw and acid pre-treated zeolites.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effect of water temperature on the mechanical properties of water quenched me...
IMMT_Presentation
1. STUDY ON REMOVAL OF LOI UNDER CONTINUOUS HEATING
Name:- Sidhant Pati
Roll no. 112MM0414
METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGEENERING
NIT ROURKELA
2. BACKGROUND
• India has the 4th largest iron ore reserve (10.3 billion tonnes) after Russia, Brazil
and Australia. For a large period of time, it has tremendously exploited its rich
iron ore reserve. For a major time it has relying been on the higher grade iron
ores (greater than 60% Fe content), there by completely neglecting the lower
grades.
• Among the various agglomeration techniques utilized, pelletisation seems to be
a promising one.
• The process Pelletisation enables converting iron fines into “uniformed sized
iron ore pellets called as globules” that can be charged into the blast furnaces.
Pellets with their uniform mechanical strength and high abrasive strength
increase the production of sponge iron.
• But apart from the principal ores of Hematite & Magnetite, many other
minerals like Goethite, kaolinite etc are also present, which have herculean
impact on the ore characteristics. Presence of the undesired compounds makes
the pellets soft. The hydroxyl groups weakens the pellets. As a result they may
breakdown during its usage, resulting in huge economic and manpower loss.
Therefore before pelletisation it is required to remove the moisture by heating it
to a very high temperature. This is referred as “LOSS ON IGNITION (LOI)”.
3. WHAT IS LOI?
• LOI refers to a test used in analytical chemistry, particularly in the
analysis of minerals. . It consists of strongly heating ("igniting") a
sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile
substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change.
• The volatile materials lost usually consist of "combined water"
(hydrates and labile hydroxyl-compounds) and carbon dioxide from
carbonates. It may be used as a quality test.
• It’s primarily concerned with the matrix moisture present with
complex bonding within the material. So in order to break these
bonds a large amount of energy is required. Therefore the material is
heated to a very high temperature of around 11000C.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING LOI
• Variation of temperature
The samples were kept in a muffle furnace over a range of temperature varying from 400 to 11000C. The
temperature was raised by 500C for each observation. For each corresponding change in temperature the
weight was calculated. Thus the change in weight was noted.
• Variation of residence time
It refers to the time interval for which the crucible is kept at a particular temperature. During the
experiments the residence were varied from 5-15 minutes.
• Variation of bed-depth
It refers to the height unto which the iron ore samples were contained in the crucibles. For each
corresponding change in temperature the change of bed height was recorded to be very small to be
neglected.
5. ACTIVATION ENERGY
• Activation energy can be described as the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate
atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation.
• In terms of the transition-state theory, the activation energy is the difference in energy content
between atoms or molecules in an activated or transition-state configuration and the corresponding
atoms and molecules in their initial configuration. The activation energy is usually represented by the
symbol Ea in mathematical expressions for such quantities as the reaction-rate constant,
k = Aexp(-Ea/RT).
• Taking the natural logarithm of Arrhenius' equation yields:
𝒍𝒏 𝒌 =
−𝑬𝒂
𝑹
𝟏
𝑻
+ 𝒍𝒏(𝑨)
𝑬𝒂 = −𝑹
𝝏 𝒍𝒏 𝒌
𝝏(𝟏/𝑻)
6. 1. Crucibles
2. Tray
3. Heating Furnace (Muffle Furnace)
4. Long tongs
5. Densely woven cotton gloves
6. Protection glasses with light filter
7. Desiccator with blue drying agent
8. Weighing machine
9. 4 iron ore samples (namely
A,B,C,D collected from various
places)
MATERIALS REQUIRED
8. PROCEDURE FOR REMOVAL OF %LOI
1. Initially 4 iron ore samples namely A, B, C, D were collected in a tray and was put inside an oven at
1200C for 2-3 hours, in order to remove the surface moisture from the sample.
2. After the required time interval, the tray was taken out of the oven. The weight of the tray was recorded in
order to determine the change in wt. after the removal of surface moisture.
3. Then based on our requirement, required weight (1gm, 250gm and 500gm) of the pre-heated sample was
taken in a crucible.
4. The wt. of empty crucible and the wt. of crucible + sample were taken. The crucibles were made from
Alumina refractory which can withstand high temperature.
5. Then the Bed-ht. was recorded. The mouth of the crucibles were kept open. The crucibles were then kept
inside the furnace at required temperature, for required time interval.
6. The wt. of sample taken was 250gm/500gm. Then the crucibles were heated to 4000C and were waited for
5-15min, based on the residence time required. After that the wt. of the sample was taken. There after the
procedure was repeated for every 500C rise in temperature, till 11000C.
7. After measuring the wt. at 11000C, finally the red hot crucibles were allowed to cool. Thus the change in
colour was observed.
% LOI content= ((Dry wt.)-(wt.at corresponding temperature))/ (wt.
of sample taken in crucible)*100
9. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF
ACTIVATION ENERGY
1. Let A0 represent the activity of the sample at time t=0. And At represent the activity of the
sample at any time ‘t’.
2. Then we have to calculate the logarithmic value of the (A0/At) at each interval for every 500C
rise in temperature.
3. K=(1/t)*ln(A0/At)
Now we have to calculate ln(k) for each observation at regular time interval and with every
500C rise in temperature.
4. Now we have to plot a graph between ln(K) vs 1/T, where T is the Temperature.
𝒍𝒏 𝒌 =
−𝑬𝒂
𝑹
𝟏
𝑻
+ 𝒍𝒏(𝑨)
5. The value of activation energy is determined by,
𝑬𝒂 = −𝑹
𝝏 𝐥𝐧 𝒌
𝝏(𝟏/𝑻)
11. Sam
ple
Crucible
wt.
(in gm)
Sample wt.
(in gm)
Crucible
wt. +
Sample wt.
(in gm)
wt. at
1200C
wt. at 9500C % of LOI
content
A 25.500
0
1.0035 26.5028 26.5003 26.4727 2.76%
B 25.290
9
1.0000 26.2909 26.2884 26.2382 5.02%
C 27.434
2
1.0010 28.4357 28.4310 28.3591 7.19%
D 26.231
9
1.0001 27.2342 27.2267 27.1028 10.59%
For sample wt. 1gm, Calculation of %LOI content
% LOI content= ((Dry wt.)-(wt.at 9500C))/ (wt. of sample taken in crucible)*100
12. Sample Name Fe% Feo% SiO2% Al2O3 LOI%
Sample-A 63.11 0.50 4.15 2.09 2.82
Sample-B 59.75 0.35 5.04 2.29 5.26
Sample-C 57.52 0.21 5.77 2.50 8.04
Sample-D 52.77 0.21 6.89 2.80 11.4
Chemical analysis of the pre-heated iron ore samples
Sample A was collected from Barbil region of Odisha. Sample D was collected from
Zimbawe. Sample B and sample C are prepared by mixing A & D in various proportions. The
particle size is found to be -100 micron for all the 4 samples.
14. REMOVAL OF %LOI CONTENT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%ofLOIremoval
Temperature in degree celcius
% of LOI removal with varying temperature (for a sample of 250 gm, residence time 15 mins)
A B C D
15. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%ofLOIremoval
Temperature in degree celcius
% of LOI removal with varying temperature(for a sample wt. of 500 gm of recession time 15 mins)
A B C D
16. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%ofLOIremoval
Temperature in degree Celcius
% of LOI removal with varying temperature(for a sample of 250 gm, Residence time=10 mins )
A B C D
17. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%ofLOIremoval
Temperature in degree celcius
% of LOI removal with varying temperature(for a sample wt. of 500 gm, Residence time=10 mins)
A B C D
18. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%ofLOIremoval
Temperature in degree celcius
% of LOI removal with varying temperature(for a sample wt. of 250 gm of recession time 5 mins)
A B C D
19. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%ofLOIremoval
Temperature in degrees
% of LOI removal with varying temperature(for a sample wt. of 500 gm of recession time 5 mins)
A B C D
27. INFLUENCE OF RESIDENCE TIME
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%LOIremoval
Temperature
% LOI removal for sample A with varying residence time
A(5) A(10) A(15)
28. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%LOIremoval
Temperature
% LOI removal for sample B with varying residence time
Series1 Series2 Series3
29. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%LOIremoval
Temperature
% LOI removal for sample C with varying residence time
Series1 Series2 Series3
30. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
%LOIremoval
Temperature
%LOI removal for sample D with varying residence time
D(5) D(10) D(15)
31. CONCLUSION
• From the experimental data, the reduction of LOI is prominent in the temperature
800C.
• It is concluded that the heat transfer in static bed is very slow and requires high
residence time and temperature. Further, reduction of LOI depends upon other
parameters such as temperature, depth of the bed and residence time.
• The above study will finally lead to design and development of a fluidized bed
roasting system for effective removal of LOI, which can address the problem faced
by pelletization units for utilization of low grade iron ore fines with high LOI.