International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Resilient Characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt MixesIDES Editor
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix,
characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents
and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to
dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse
aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and
higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent
deformation and has the potential for long term performance
and durability. In the present study, an attempt has been made
to study the resilient properties of mixtures of stone matrix
asphalt made with two types of conventional binders namely
bitumen 80/100 and 60/70, with 0.3% by weight of a non –
conventional natural fiber, namely coconut fiber. The mixes
are subjected to both static and repeated load indirect tensile
strength tests. It is observed that the natural fibres have
propounding effect on the resilient properties of the mixes.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Development of Graphite Particles filled Epoxy Resin Composite Material and i...IDES Editor
Experiments were carried out to study, impact angle
at constant velocity on the solid particle erosion behavior of
glass fiber reinforced graphite particles filled in epoxy resin
composites. In this work, the various ratio of graphite particles
in weigh were reinforced in glass fiber epoxy resin composite
laminates were prepared, and then evaluated at different
impact angles from 300 to 900 keeping the erodent impact
velocity as constant. The erodent used is silica sand with the
size varies from 100 – 150 microns of irregular shape. The
results were compared with plain epoxy laminate composites.
We find that erosive wear rates of glass fiber reinforced
graphite particles filled in epoxy resin composites is the lowest.
These graphite particles resists fiber matrix debonding. A
plain epoxy laminate composite without graphite particle filled
shows the highest erosive rate.
Resilient Characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt MixesIDES Editor
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix,
characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents
and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to
dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse
aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and
higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent
deformation and has the potential for long term performance
and durability. In the present study, an attempt has been made
to study the resilient properties of mixtures of stone matrix
asphalt made with two types of conventional binders namely
bitumen 80/100 and 60/70, with 0.3% by weight of a non –
conventional natural fiber, namely coconut fiber. The mixes
are subjected to both static and repeated load indirect tensile
strength tests. It is observed that the natural fibres have
propounding effect on the resilient properties of the mixes.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Development of Graphite Particles filled Epoxy Resin Composite Material and i...IDES Editor
Experiments were carried out to study, impact angle
at constant velocity on the solid particle erosion behavior of
glass fiber reinforced graphite particles filled in epoxy resin
composites. In this work, the various ratio of graphite particles
in weigh were reinforced in glass fiber epoxy resin composite
laminates were prepared, and then evaluated at different
impact angles from 300 to 900 keeping the erodent impact
velocity as constant. The erodent used is silica sand with the
size varies from 100 – 150 microns of irregular shape. The
results were compared with plain epoxy laminate composites.
We find that erosive wear rates of glass fiber reinforced
graphite particles filled in epoxy resin composites is the lowest.
These graphite particles resists fiber matrix debonding. A
plain epoxy laminate composite without graphite particle filled
shows the highest erosive rate.
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
STUDY OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEJournal For Research
Fiber Reinforced Concrete" is relatively a new construction material developed through extensive research and development work during the last two decades. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is defined as composite material which consists of conventional concrete reinforced by randomly dispersed short length fibers of specific geometry, made of steel, synthetic (polymeric) or natural fibers. Plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength and causes formation of micro cracks in stressed and unstressed states of concrete. Also, it has a low strain at fracture and brittleness with less ductility especially in case of High Performance Concrete. Fiber Reinforced Concrete is the answer to modify these properties of Plain Concrete. The recent development of Secondary reinforcement in Concrete in various fields has provided a strong technical base for improving the quality of the material. To overcome the deficiencies fibers are used as secondary reinforcement. FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibers. The choice of fibers varies from synthetic organic materials such as polypropylene or carbon, synthetic inorganic such as steel or polyster, natural organic such as cellulose or sisal to natural inorganic asbestos. The interaction between the fiber and concrete matrix is the fundamental property that affects the performance of a cement based fiber composite materials. An understanding of this interaction is needed for forecasting the fiber contribution and for predicting the behavior of such composites. In present investigation concrete with addition of polyester fiber Recron 3s at various at dosages of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% by weight of cement in the mix design is studied to find the optimum dosage of Polyster fiber for concrete.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
The roles of process parameters on structures and mechanical properties of po...Bambang Afrinaldi
Process parameters are crucial to produce targeted qualities in polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites, due to their roles on the generation of shear and diffusion. Thus, this research aims to observe their effects on structures and properties of PP/clay nanocomposites. Samples were produced by mixing PP, PP grafting maleic anhydride (PP-gMA), and Cloisite 20A at fixed compositions, 88/9/3 wt%, respectively, in an internal mixer with variations on temperatures (210, 220, 230 °C) and speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm). Effect of mixing parameters on nanocomposite structures and properties were investigated from XRD, SEM and flexural properties. The results showed that all samples had intercalated as well as agglomerated structures. Further analysis on XRD and SEM showed that samples produced at
high conditions (230C or 100 rpm) had similar structures. In contrast, low setting sample (210C and 60 rpm), despite its similarity on dispersion level, had longer agglomerates than that of mixed at high settings. Correlated both increase of d-spacing and agglomerates length to flexural properties suggested that modulus was more influenced by dispersion level, while strength
was affected by agglomerates. However, it was worth to note that improvement on dspacing, with availability of long agglomerates might not guarantee modulus and strength improvement due to low interfacial bonding.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
Experimental and numerical evaluation of plasticity model with ductile damage...IJERA Editor
This work aims to develop a methodology for numerical evaluation via finite elements applied to projects shields sheet metal. To validate the methodology physical test were conduct and were compare with the numerical simulation. In the simulation, a plasticity material modelit was used at high strain rates, besides the insertion of a damage model through forming limit diagram (FLD) to capture the initiation of damage and energy criteria for propagation of the fracture. The tested shielding design is for the II-A protection level using the type 9mm ammunition.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This paper represents the review on vibration analysis of hybrid composites. As we know that vibration and composite materials are two main growing research topics now-a-days. Almost all the structural components subjected to dynamic loading in their working life and vibration affects working life of the structure so it is very important in designing a component to reduce the structural vibration and its amplitude. Composite material applications are wide in the aerospace, civil, marine, and automotive industries due to their high specific stiffness and strength, excellent fatigue resistance, long durability and many other superior properties compared to ordinary composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers have high strength and light weight properties. But CFRP suffer from high frequency vibrations at low operating conditions. In this paper studying the hybridization of high stiffened CFRP with basalt fiber to reduce vibrations under cantilever boundary condition.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
Fabrication and Mechanical Charecterization of Cnt NanocompositesIOSR Journals
The effects of Amine, Epoxide functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites are investigated in this work. Adding CNTs to the matrix is expected to improve the stiffness, toughness, interlaminar shear strength of and many other properties of composites. Functionalization with different amino and epoxide groups of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was achieved and nanotube-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by mixing amino, epoxide-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with epoxy resin. The reinforcement mechanism of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy resin was discussed. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Three point bending test and Re-bound hardness tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and functionalization groupings are investigated by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Then the results of amine, epoxide group are compared with No-CNT nanocomposite. The results showed that different percentage of amino, epoxide -functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes would have different effects on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The amine functionalizes CNT composites are giving good results compare to another samples
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
STUDY OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEJournal For Research
Fiber Reinforced Concrete" is relatively a new construction material developed through extensive research and development work during the last two decades. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is defined as composite material which consists of conventional concrete reinforced by randomly dispersed short length fibers of specific geometry, made of steel, synthetic (polymeric) or natural fibers. Plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength and causes formation of micro cracks in stressed and unstressed states of concrete. Also, it has a low strain at fracture and brittleness with less ductility especially in case of High Performance Concrete. Fiber Reinforced Concrete is the answer to modify these properties of Plain Concrete. The recent development of Secondary reinforcement in Concrete in various fields has provided a strong technical base for improving the quality of the material. To overcome the deficiencies fibers are used as secondary reinforcement. FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibers. The choice of fibers varies from synthetic organic materials such as polypropylene or carbon, synthetic inorganic such as steel or polyster, natural organic such as cellulose or sisal to natural inorganic asbestos. The interaction between the fiber and concrete matrix is the fundamental property that affects the performance of a cement based fiber composite materials. An understanding of this interaction is needed for forecasting the fiber contribution and for predicting the behavior of such composites. In present investigation concrete with addition of polyester fiber Recron 3s at various at dosages of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% by weight of cement in the mix design is studied to find the optimum dosage of Polyster fiber for concrete.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
The roles of process parameters on structures and mechanical properties of po...Bambang Afrinaldi
Process parameters are crucial to produce targeted qualities in polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites, due to their roles on the generation of shear and diffusion. Thus, this research aims to observe their effects on structures and properties of PP/clay nanocomposites. Samples were produced by mixing PP, PP grafting maleic anhydride (PP-gMA), and Cloisite 20A at fixed compositions, 88/9/3 wt%, respectively, in an internal mixer with variations on temperatures (210, 220, 230 °C) and speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm). Effect of mixing parameters on nanocomposite structures and properties were investigated from XRD, SEM and flexural properties. The results showed that all samples had intercalated as well as agglomerated structures. Further analysis on XRD and SEM showed that samples produced at
high conditions (230C or 100 rpm) had similar structures. In contrast, low setting sample (210C and 60 rpm), despite its similarity on dispersion level, had longer agglomerates than that of mixed at high settings. Correlated both increase of d-spacing and agglomerates length to flexural properties suggested that modulus was more influenced by dispersion level, while strength
was affected by agglomerates. However, it was worth to note that improvement on dspacing, with availability of long agglomerates might not guarantee modulus and strength improvement due to low interfacial bonding.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
Experimental and numerical evaluation of plasticity model with ductile damage...IJERA Editor
This work aims to develop a methodology for numerical evaluation via finite elements applied to projects shields sheet metal. To validate the methodology physical test were conduct and were compare with the numerical simulation. In the simulation, a plasticity material modelit was used at high strain rates, besides the insertion of a damage model through forming limit diagram (FLD) to capture the initiation of damage and energy criteria for propagation of the fracture. The tested shielding design is for the II-A protection level using the type 9mm ammunition.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This paper represents the review on vibration analysis of hybrid composites. As we know that vibration and composite materials are two main growing research topics now-a-days. Almost all the structural components subjected to dynamic loading in their working life and vibration affects working life of the structure so it is very important in designing a component to reduce the structural vibration and its amplitude. Composite material applications are wide in the aerospace, civil, marine, and automotive industries due to their high specific stiffness and strength, excellent fatigue resistance, long durability and many other superior properties compared to ordinary composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers have high strength and light weight properties. But CFRP suffer from high frequency vibrations at low operating conditions. In this paper studying the hybridization of high stiffened CFRP with basalt fiber to reduce vibrations under cantilever boundary condition.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
Fabrication and Mechanical Charecterization of Cnt NanocompositesIOSR Journals
The effects of Amine, Epoxide functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites are investigated in this work. Adding CNTs to the matrix is expected to improve the stiffness, toughness, interlaminar shear strength of and many other properties of composites. Functionalization with different amino and epoxide groups of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was achieved and nanotube-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by mixing amino, epoxide-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with epoxy resin. The reinforcement mechanism of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy resin was discussed. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Three point bending test and Re-bound hardness tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and functionalization groupings are investigated by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Then the results of amine, epoxide group are compared with No-CNT nanocomposite. The results showed that different percentage of amino, epoxide -functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes would have different effects on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The amine functionalizes CNT composites are giving good results compare to another samples
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composite
laminates between basalt, jute and flax with E-glass reinforced epoxy have been investigated experimentally. It
was found that stacking sequence is not highly significant on tensile properties, contrasting with flexural strength
and modulus which were strongly dependent on the hybrid configuration between sandwich-like (SL) and
intercalation (IC) sequences. Specific modulus based on the variation densities of the hybrid laminates was used
to discover the best combination either basalt, jute or flax with E-glass exhibits superior properties concerning
on the strength to weight- ratio. Hence, stacking sequences and material selection are among predominant factors
that influence on mechanical properties and very crucial in designing composite hybrid system to meet the desired
requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Model Development for Estimation of Failure Loads: A Case Study of Composite ...ijsrd.com
This paper deals with the study of failure loads of glass vinylester composite plates with a circular hole subjected to a traction force by a rigid pin. These are investigated for two variables, the ratio of distance from the free edge of the plate (E) to the diameter of the hole (D) and the ratio of width of the plate (W) to the diameter of the hole (D). The work consists of a numerical study of different specimens using finite element analysis package ANSYS. Also, a mathematical model has been developed to determine the failure loads of different geometry plates. The results obtained from the numerical study and the mathematical models are compared with experimental results from the existing literature and the correlations are observed for both. A comparison of the experimental results with the numerical model shows that the numerical model gives results with correlation co-efficient 0.96. A comparison of the experimental results with the mathematical model shows that the mathematical model gives results with correlation co-efficient 0.99. For estimation of the failure loads within the range of E/D and W/D considered for the study, the mathematical model developed, i.e., Full Cubic Model proves to be more efficient with the observed values of correlation co-efficient, Root Mean Square Error and Maximum Absolute Error.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
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Ak34224227
1. Ms.G.J.Karmarkar, Ms.Divya Padmanabhan, Mr.Gajanan Thokal / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.224-227
224 | P a g e
Comparison Of Mechanical Properties Of Al2O3 And Low Density
Polyethylene (LDPE)
Ms.G.J.Karmarkar1
, Ms.Divya Padmanabhan2
, Mr.Gajanan Thokal3
1
ME scholar (ME-CAD CAM and Robotics -PIIT New Panvel, Navi Mumbai)
2,3
Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering , PIIT, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai
Abstract
A composite is a is artificially made material
system consisting of two or more phases.
Excellent strength to weight ratio and stiffness to
weight ratio could be achieved using these
materials. Composite materials (laminates, ply
built up) could be tailored to give mechanical
properties in various dimensions. They are
manufactured by using variety of manufacturing
processes. In this work various composites of
Al2O3 and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
were prepared using powder injection moulding
process. Al2O3 and LDPE composite is a
biocompatible material which could be used in
low load bearing implant applications. The
flexural strength of the various combinations of
Al2O3 and LDPE were determined
experimentally and the results have been
compared with the results obtained using
analytical software ANSYS 12. The flexural
strength was calculated using three point bend
test.
Keywords: composite material, flexural strength,
simulation, ANSYS 12.
I. Introduction
Many modern technologies require
materials with unusual combinations of properties.
These may be combination of low density and high
stiffness; they may be required to have high
abrasion and impact resistance. However strong
materials available are relatively dense. If we
increase strength and stiffness by heat treatments
impact strength decreases.
But it has been possible to get required
properties of materials by using composite
materials. Their mechanical performance and
properties can be designed for the required purpose.
The constituents of these materials include metal
alloys, low melting metals, polymers and ceramics.
Properties of these materials depend on the
properties of constituents, particle size, distribution,
orientation and proportion of phases. The
distribution of phases should be such as to make the
composites homogeneous. This improves quality of
the composite. The interphase i.e. the bond between
matrix and reinforcement also plays an important
role. This may affect failure path, stress-strain
behaviour [1].
The finite element analysis is an essential tool in
virtual product development. It helps in predicting
the product performance before actual prototype is
made, reduces the no of physical prototypes and the
cost. To confirm the behaviour of composites under
required operating conditions, composites are
subjected to different types of tests amely tensile
test, compressive test, interlaminar shear test, mode
I fracture test etc.
M S Abu Bakar et al. carried out test to
check the tensile and tension-tension fatigue
properties of orthopaedic implants. They found that
the ductility of the composite decreases as the
percentage of hydroxyapatite (HA) increases. The
Young’s modulus and the tensile strength of the
samples were found to decrease. However these
samples withstood the fatigue test [2]. Compressive
property durability of carbon fibre reinforced
Polyetheretherketone (CF-PEEK) composites was
tested by Guigen Zhang et al. under two
environments: dry and saline. They were also tested
at three different temperatures namely 37, 65, and
950
C to see the effect of elevated temperatures. The
strength values were recorded at eight different
times for 5000 hours. The test results showed that
there was not much effect of salinity, time and
temperatures on ultimate tensile strength, Modulli
and poission ratio [3].I Ozdemir et al. studied the
failure behaviour of composites of extruded
aluminium matrix reinforced with 10 and 20 %
volume of SiC particles. The samples were
subjected to tensile and thermal cyclic tests. The
temperature range was 250
C to 430 0
C. It was found
that the elasticity and strain increase at room and
lower temperatures, but reduced as temperature
increased [4].Kristina Brandt et al. used a novel
method for obtaining high ceramic content
composite material. The hard particles were coated
by a thin polymer layer and were warm pressed to
obtain the desired shape. They used customized four
point bend test device to determine the flexural
strength and flexural elastic modulus of poly
(methyl methacrylate) (i.e. PMMA) encapsulated
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle composite.
The composites microstructure showed successful
polymer encapsulation of TiO2 up to 66% of TiO2
with porosity less than 5% [5]. Inter-laminar shear
testing (by using Asymmetric Four Point Bend test)
was recommended by V. Dayal et al. for conditions
2. Ms.G.J.Karmarkar, Ms.Divya Padmanabhan, Mr.Gajanan Thokal / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.224-227
225 | P a g e
where only small samples were available in
development stage. To achieve pure shear stress in
the middle of inner loading points, the span
distances between the top and bottom pins were
equal but displaced with respect to each other [6]. J.
M. Gomez de Salazar et al. carried out compression
and wear test on ceramic foams (SiC, and
SiO2.ZrO2) combined with an epoxy vinyl-ester
resin. They found that 20 ppi SiC/polymer
composite gave the best mechanical properties [7].
Mode I delamination resistance test was accepted
for quasi static loading of unidirectional carbon or
glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix. A.J. Brunner
et al. had studied the possibilities of applying the
same for reinforcement of polymer matrix by natural
fibres, braided or knitted fabrics and
multidirectional fibre laminations. They had found
that the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test could
be used for unidirectional fibre laminates with other
fibre types as the methodology of test was
equivalent to the standard test method. But it cannot
be applied to multidirectional layers [8].
Christensen developed a three dimensional
stress based failure criterion for isotropic materials
whose tensile strength is less than or equal to
compressive strength. For brittle materials along
with this, none of the principal stress should exceed
the tensile strength of the material [9].The results
predicted by the Christensen criterion were found to
be in good agreement with the results predicted by
Von Mises criteria for ductile materials as well as
with other criteria for brittle materials [10].
II. Experimental work
1. Methodology:
The properties of composite materials are calculated
by using formula for rule of mixture:
𝜎𝑐 = η ∗ 𝜎𝑓 ∗ 𝑉𝑓 + 𝜎 𝑚 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 1
𝐸𝑐 = η ∗ 𝐸𝑓 ∗ 𝑉𝑓 + [𝐸 𝑚 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 ] 2
𝜐𝑐 = η ∗ 𝜐ʋ𝑓 ∗ 𝑉𝑓 + [𝜐ʋ 𝑚 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 ] 3
Where,
σc = Composite material property
σf = property of reinforced material
σm =property of matrix material
Vf = volume fraction of reinforced material.
Vm = volume fraction of matrix material
Ec = modulus of elasticity of composite material
Ef = modulus of elasticity ofreinforced material
Em = modulus of elasticity ofmatrix material
υc= poissons ratio of composite material
υf= poissons ratio of reinforced material
υm= poissons ratio of matrix material
η=1/6
[1]
Christensen failure criterion:
For all materials 𝜎𝑡 ≤ 𝜎𝑐
In terms of principle stresses,
1
𝜎 𝑡
−
1
𝜎 𝑐
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 𝜎𝑐 +
1
𝜎 𝑡 𝜎 𝑐
1
2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
2
+
𝜎2 − 𝜎3
2
+ 𝜎3 − 𝜎1
2
≤1 4
For brittle materials following criteria should be
checked:
𝜎𝑡 ≤
1
2
𝜎𝑐 5
[9]
3. The flexural strength is calculated by
σ =
3PL
2BD 2 6
P = load at rupture in N
L = distance between two supports in m
B = width in m
D = height in m
σ = Flexural strength in N/m2
2. Experiment
Injection moulding process was used to
prepare ceramic-polymer composites of varying
compositions. The injection moulded composites
were tested for flexural strength using test standard
ASTM-D790 for three point bend test on UTM
with a cross head speed of 2 mm/min.
III. Results:
Table 1: Test results
M ATERIAL DIM ENSIONS RUPTURE FLEXURAL
L x B x D (mm) LOAD STRENGTH
50%Al2O3 50% LDPE 50 x 10 x 5.9 66.3 N 14.05 M Pa
[NON POROUS]
50% Al2O3, 50% LDPE 50 x 9.9 x 6 98.1 N 20.68 M Pa
[POROUS]
60% Al2O3, 40% LDPE 50 x 10.38 x 6 50.40 N 10.39 M Pa
[Al2O3 as M atrix]
40% Al2O3, 60% LDPE 25 x 10.1 x 6 82 N 8.29 M Pa
[NON POROUS]
40% Al2O3, 60% LDPE 25 x 9.92 x 6.14 52.5 N 5.18 M Pa
[POROUS]
3. Ms.G.J.Karmarkar, Ms.Divya Padmanabhan, Mr.Gajanan Thokal / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.224-227
226 | P a g e
Simulation:
The flexural strength of composite was
simulated using analysis software ANSYS 12 and it
is compared with results obtained experimentally.
Three point bend test is used to determine flexural
strength of composite.
For comparison of results, the load value
corresponding to Christensen failure criteria was
compared with the load value at rupture which is
obtained experimentally. The stress values
(principle stresses) computed from ANSYS12 were
used as an input values in Christensen failure
criteria.
First analysis was carried out for Al2O3
sample. The results compared well with those
given in the literature. This has been shown in table
2.
Table 2: Rupture load and flexural strength values for Al2O3
RUPTURE LOAD FLEXURAL STRENGTH
ANALYSIS VALUE 3608 N 372.11 MPa
LITERATURE VALUE 980 - 3920 N 150 MPa - 600 MPa
(CALCULATED [11]
USING FLEXURE FORMULA)
Then the same analysis was carried out on
ANSYS 12 for samples of different compositions
of Al2O3 and LDPE. The results were compared
with test results. The same are tabulated in table 3.
Table 3: The results of analysis
IV. Discussion
It is observed that there is a difference between the
analytical values and experimental values of
flexural strength of samples of different
compositions.
The possible reasons could be, faults in
materials due to faulty manufacture like the
temperature not properly adjusted considering the
melting point, plasticity point and viscosity of the
material for injection moulding process.This may
be due faulty screw rig or electrical heater used.
The adhesion between the reinforced particles and
the matrix depends upon the grain size and the
grain shape, as the area of adhesion increases when
the grains are of odd shape and is comparatively
less in case of circular particles. It also depends
upon the grain size, the surface tension of the
matrix when heated. All these have to be closely
controlled. The samples may contain defects such
as blow holes, surface cracks etc; that reduces the
strength of the material. The samples therefore
MATERIAL RUPTURE LOAD FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Al2O3 3608 N 372.11 MPa
50% Al2O3, 50% LDPE 730 N 152.08 MPa
[NON POROUS]
50% Al2O3, 50% LDPE 510 N 71.54 MPa
[POROUS]
60% Al2O3, 40% LDPE 1000 N 200.71 MPa
[LDPE AS MATRIX]
60% Al2O3, 40% LDPE 5040 N 674.37 MPa
[Al2O3 AS MATRIX]
40% Al2O3, 60% LDPE 738 N 76.11 MPa
[NON POROUS]
40% Al2O3, 60% LDPE 738 N 74 MPa
[POROUS]
4. Ms.G.J.Karmarkar, Ms.Divya Padmanabhan, Mr.Gajanan Thokal / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.224-227
227 | P a g e
must be tested for such faults before actual testing
is carried out.
Another reasons may be non uniform
mixing of materials while sample preparation
which makes the sample non homogeneous while
for analysis materials were assumed to be perfectly
homogeneous. This may also be due to improper
bonding between two constituent materials.
The properties of the sample material like
Young’s modules, Poisson’s ratio etc.assumed for
the analysis may be different from the properties of
the actual sample. Difficulty in modelling actual
load condition was found during analysis in
ANSYS 12. The load was modelled as point load
while in actual testing it was a distributed load
along the roller surface.
Therefore the implant must be tested for
any such faults before it is actually used.
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