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Improved Visualization, Counting and Sizing of Polydisperse Nanoparticle Coll...HORIBA Particle
The ViewSizer® 3000 offers the ability to visualize nanoparticle colloids without requiring calibration standards or knowledge of any particle material properties, such as refractive index. It was developed by MANTA – the Most Advanced Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis – and offers the user an unprecedented ability to count and size highly polydispersed samples, such as milk, sea water, or blood plasma.
View recorded webinars:
http://bit.ly/particlewebinars
FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN Hiran Amarasekera
P L A M C Wijewarnasuriya and H S Amarasekera
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2010 Annual Symposium organized by Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka http://fesympo.sjp.ac.lk/
Full Paper
http://staff.sjp.ac.lk/hiran/publications/factors-affecting-seasoning-timber-using-sawdust-operated-kiln
Improved Visualization, Counting and Sizing of Polydisperse Nanoparticle Coll...HORIBA Particle
The ViewSizer® 3000 offers the ability to visualize nanoparticle colloids without requiring calibration standards or knowledge of any particle material properties, such as refractive index. It was developed by MANTA – the Most Advanced Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis – and offers the user an unprecedented ability to count and size highly polydispersed samples, such as milk, sea water, or blood plasma.
View recorded webinars:
http://bit.ly/particlewebinars
FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN Hiran Amarasekera
P L A M C Wijewarnasuriya and H S Amarasekera
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2010 Annual Symposium organized by Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka http://fesympo.sjp.ac.lk/
Full Paper
http://staff.sjp.ac.lk/hiran/publications/factors-affecting-seasoning-timber-using-sawdust-operated-kiln
A NEW LEADER IN COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY SYSTEMS
This LG's leading front end washing machine offers the quality features and high-end service that will sure help to develop & manage your business.
LG Commercial Laundry Equipment is now available in Australia, distributed nationwide by Equipe Solutions.
Restauratori pubblici di beni librari e archivistici, una prima analisi quant...Alessandro Sidoti
Una analisi della triste condizione in cui versano i laboratori di restauro dei beni librari e archivistici in Italia, confrontata con la situazione estera.
Homework offers comfortable and equipped workspaces, high speed internet, complimentary coffee and drinks, networking, entrepreneurship events, and amazing amenities. Contact us and save with our launching prices.
Mexico city Spring 2016
Homework ofrece espacios de trabajo cómodos y con todo el equipamiento que necesitas, internet de alta velocidad, café y bebidas complementarias, networking, eventos de emprendimiento, y mas. Conócennos y aprovecha nuestros planes por lanzamiento.
Ciudad de México Primavera 2016
A NEW LEADER IN COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY SYSTEMS
This LG's leading front end washing machine offers the quality features and high-end service that will sure help to develop & manage your business.
LG Commercial Laundry Equipment is now available in Australia, distributed nationwide by Equipe Solutions.
Restauratori pubblici di beni librari e archivistici, una prima analisi quant...Alessandro Sidoti
Una analisi della triste condizione in cui versano i laboratori di restauro dei beni librari e archivistici in Italia, confrontata con la situazione estera.
Homework offers comfortable and equipped workspaces, high speed internet, complimentary coffee and drinks, networking, entrepreneurship events, and amazing amenities. Contact us and save with our launching prices.
Mexico city Spring 2016
Homework ofrece espacios de trabajo cómodos y con todo el equipamiento que necesitas, internet de alta velocidad, café y bebidas complementarias, networking, eventos de emprendimiento, y mas. Conócennos y aprovecha nuestros planes por lanzamiento.
Ciudad de México Primavera 2016
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The prevention of conflict damage to archive and library materialsAlessandro Sidoti
Presentation about the prevention of conflict damage to libraries and archives.
https://www.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/biblioteca/laboratorio-di-restauro-conservazione-libri-manoscritti/
THE COVER PAPER PROJECT A short background history by Christopher Clarkson Alessandro Sidoti
THE COVER PAPER PROJECT
A short background history by Christopher Clarkson
Preamble: As book conservators we find ourselves in a tragic situation; the most common covering materials we use, leather & bookcloth cannot be guaranteed longer than 30 to 50 years. An actual period text-block may have taken several 100’s of hours to treat, with the 100s of thousands of period books requiring attention, where is the sense in using such short life materials, it is like running backwards. This project is obviously not about replacing leather & bookcloth with paper, but where a cover paper is appropriate we need to understand the qualities & techniques required for it to last many generations.
Peijun SHI1,2,3, Jing’ai WANG1,3,4, Wei XU2,3, Jiabing SHUAI1,2, Lili LU1,2, Feng KONG1,2, Qinqing SHI5
1State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology of Beijing Normal University, China; 2Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, China; 3Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management of Ministry of Civil Affairs and Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, China; 4School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, China; 5The University of Maryland, USA;
Electrochemical Treatment of Acid Green V dye solution in a tubular flow reactorIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Limiting partial molar volumes of Potassium aluminium sulphate in dimethyl su...IOSR Journals
Densities of potassium aluminium sulphate have been measured in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) + water, containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mass percent of DMSO, at different concentration and at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. From the densities, apparent molar volumes have been derived. The apparent molar volume data have been analyzed using Masson equation. The limiting molar volumes, vф0, and Sv* slop are interpreted in terms of solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions respectively. The vф0 values vary with temperature as power series of temperature. Finally, the structure making/ breaking capacities of salts have been inferred from the Hepler’s criterion.
Sheet1470 Real1kTotal RCurrent470 R Voltage1k VoltageAmmeter Volta.docxbagotjesusa
Sheet1470 Real1kTotal RCurrent470 R Voltage1k VoltageAmmeter VoltageV totalPS VoltagePD 470PD 1kCalc R479.11053.915333.064 mA1.4683.2310.3085.0075.0090.00449783680.00989411441634.138381201
Sheet2I total470R1kammeterVtotal1k current470 currentR Total CalcTheoretical470 PD1k PD15.130 mA4.99 V4.99 V0.0175.0074.3328 mA10.42 mA330.9319233311329.3220.05201895320.0197850289
Sheet1SingleReverseSeriesParallel1.5084 V neg 1.509V3.023 v7.74 mv
Sheet2Real REMFIV across RCalc RBurden VoltageInternal R98.111.508515.08 mA1.480998.202917771916.7 mV1.107 ohms
Report for Experiment 4
Newton’s Second Law
Name: Your name here
Lab partner: Your partner’s name here
TA: Your instructor’s name here
The date of the experiment here
Abstract
Acceleration is the coupling strength between the mass of a system and the force acting on it. By
comparing the gravitational pull on a . One hanging mass of variable weight is attached to either one
puck (Investigation 1) or two (Investigation 2) on a frictionless air table. A spark timer gives a direct way
to measure velocity and time of the system, calculating acceleration for three hanging weights. Plotting
acceleration vs. the reduced mass of the hanging weights gives a value for gravity. Using one puck, the
data within uncertainty is equal to the standard value of gravity. Using two pucks, the data was not equal
to gravity within error, as rotational and frictional forces were not included in the linear model.
Introduction
This experiment will test Newton’s second law and how it relates to different forces. The law can be
summarized by the equation, F = ma. It is the point of this experiment to find an acceleration of an object
based on a given force and mass of that object. This will effectively solve Newton’s second law in the
form a = F/m. In the first investigation we measured the displacement of an air hockey puck as it was
pulled by three differing weights, using a spark timer. We calculated the velocity of the puck and graphed
velocity vs. time for each weight combination, which gave the acceleration of the puck. To verify
Newton’s second law we graphed the accelerations vs. the reduced mass of the system and then compared
the slope of that graph to the known value of gravity, 9.81 m/s^2. The second investigation used two
pucks strapped together, thereby changing the reduced mass ratio, but otherwise worked the same way as
Investigation 1 to calculate the known value of gravity.
Investigation 1
Setup & Procedure
The air table is set up with a pulley attached to a side. Two pucks are connected to a High Voltage (HV)
source to create a circuit for the spark timer. Carbon paper is laid on the table with white paper laying on
top of this carbon paper. The second puck is to the side but still on the paper so as not to interfere with
the motion of the puck under observation. Weights of either 50, 100, or 200 gr.
Monitoring Reclaimed Mine Land for Stray CO2 HazardsKwame Awuah-Offei
Presented at Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME) 2012 Annual Meeting. This talk covered research done by a coorporative agreement with the US Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation & Enforcement.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 5, Issue 11 (February 2013), PP. 48-51
Variation of Wada Constant, Raos Constant and Acoustic
Impedance of Aqueous Cholesteryl Oleyl Carbonate with
Temperature
Jatinder Pal Singh1, Rajesh Sharma2
Department of Physics, Post-graduate government college sector-11, chandigarh, India
Abstract:- The behaviour of ultrasonic wave propagation through liquid solution has become an
important tool for studying physical and chemical properties of liquid solutions. The density, viscosity
and ultrasonic velocity of of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate have been studied. From the experimental
data various thermo acoustical parameters such as free volume, internal pressure and Rao’s constant
and Wada’s constant have been evaluated. Molecular interactions in aqueous cholesteryl oleyl
carbonate in terms of these thermo-acoustical parameters have been discussed.
Keywords:- Rao’s constant, Wada’s constant, refractive index,density, acoustic impedance
I. INTRODUCTION
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) is an organic chemical, an carbonate ester of cholesterol and oleyl
alcohol with carbonic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical
structure. It is a transparent liquid,or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 20 °C. It can be used
with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic liquid crystals. It is used in some
hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations. It can be also used as a component of the liquid
crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate
Molecular formula C46H80O3
Molar mass 681.13 g/mol
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Stock solution of a aqueous cholesteryl oleyl carbonate was prepared in doubled distilled water. The
densities of pure solvent and their solutions were measured with accuracy 0.0001 g/cm3.The ultrasonic velocity
of Pure solvent and their solutions were measured by using digital ultrasonic interferometer operating at 2 MHz.
All the measurements were carried out at 302.15 K. The uncertainty of temperature is 0.1 K and that of
concentration is 0.0001 mol/dm3. Viscosity was measured with Ostwald viscometer. Uncertainties in the
measured viscosities were within ±0.03%. The thermodynamic parameters such as Rao’s constant (R) and
Wada’s constant(W) using ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity data have been evaluated. The experimental
data of ultrasonic velocity (U),viscosity and Rao’s constant(R) ,Wada’s constant(W) are given in Table 1 & 2
III. THEORY
The velocity of ultrasonic waves in the liquid mixture have been measured using an ultrasonic
interferometer (Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi) working at a fixed frequency of 2MHZ with a tolerance of ±
0.005%. The measuring cell is a specially designed doublewalled vessel with provision for temperature
constancy. The high frequency generator excites a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the measuring cell, at its
resonant frequency. The capacity of the measuring cell is 12cc. A fine micrometer screw, with a least count of
0.01mmm at the top of the cell, can be raised (or) lowered the reflector plate in the liquid through a known
distance. The measuring cell is connected to the output terminals of the high frequency generator through a
shielded cable. Ultrasonic waves, normal to quartz crystal, are reflected from the reflector plate. Stationary
waves are formed in the region between reflector plate and the quartz crystal. The micrometer is slowly moved
till a number of maximum readings (n) of the anode current is passed. The total distance moved by the
48
2. Variation of Wada Constant, Raos Constant and Acoustic Impedance of …
micrometer is noted (d). From the experimental data of density and ultrasonic velocity and viscosity of pure
solvent and solutions, various acoustical parameters were calculated using following standard equations.
Viscosity (ηs)
ηs =(ρsts/ρwtw) ηw
Where
ηs and ηw are the viscosities of liquid solution and water
respectively
ρs, ρw are densities of solution and water respectively
& ts, tw are flow rate of solution and water respectively
Rao’s constant (R)
R = [Mw/ ρs ] x U1/3
Wada constant (W)
W=[ Mw/ ρs ] x β-1/7
Where β is an adiabatic compressibility
Acoustic Impedance (Z)
The Specific acoustic impedance is given by
Z = Uρ
Where U and ρ are velocity and density of liquid respectively
Table 1. Variation of density, ultrasonic velocity and raos constant,wada constant of aqueous cholesteryl oleyl
carbonate
Abs. x
a Z x 10-
-3 10 6
Temp c nD x 10 10 Rn x 1026 Bw x 1026
-
Kg m
m/s Kg m-3 m2 N-1 2
m10/3 s-1/3 m20/7 kg1/7s-2/7
303 1748 1.504 0.9829 3.33 1.72 1.39 2.60
304 1568 1.503 0.9807 4.15 1.54 1.34 2.52
305 1492 1.502 0.9786 4.59 1.46 1.32 2.49
306 1504 1.501 0.9740 4.54 1.46 1.33 2.51
307 1420 1.497 0.9731 5.10 1.38 1.31 2.47
308 1456 1.497 0.9720 4.85 1.42 1.32 2.49
309 1616 1.496 0.9701 3.95 1.57 1.37 2.57
310 1624 1.495 0.9680 3.92 1.57 1.37 2.58
Table 2. Variation of Raos constant, adiabatic compressibility with temperature
Abs.
Temp n /2 c nD
mm mm m/s
303 4.37 0.874 1748 1.504
304 3.92 0.784 1568 1.503
305 3.73 0.746 1492 1.502
306 3.76 0.752 1504 1.501
307 3.55 0.71 1420 1.497
308 3.64 0.728 1456 1.497
309 4.04 0.808 1616 1.496
Table 3. Variation of acoustic impedance, vanderwalls constant
Z(= c)
g/cc kg/m3 Sp. Acoustic impedance
0.9829 982.90 1.72E+06
0.9807 980.70 1.54E+06
0.9786 978.60 1.46E+06
0.9740 974.00 1.46E+06
0.9731 973.10 1.38E+06
0.9720 972.00 1.42E+06
49
3. Variation of Wada Constant, Raos Constant and Acoustic Impedance of …
IV. RESULT AND DESCUSSION
It is observed that viscosity increases with rise in concentration. This indicates that there exists a strong
interaction between solute and solvent which is also supported by ultrasonic velocity. The variation of raos
constant with temperature is as shown in Fig. 1 The molecules of liquid are not closely packed and as such there
is always some free space between them. The wada constant changes with temperature as shown in Fig. 2
which shows that solute solvent molecules are coming close to each other and the space between them is
decreasing with rise in temperature. This supports to the strong solute – solvent interaction in liquid
solution.Internal pressure is the fundamental property of liquid which provides an excellent basis for examining
the solution phenomena and studying the various properties of the liquid state. It is a measure of change in
internal energy of liquid solution as it undergoes a very small isothermal change. It is a measure of cohesiveor
binding forces between the solute and solvent interaction. It is found that vanderwalls constant is increasing
with increasing temperature as shown in Fig. 3. This shows that binding forces between the solute and solvent in
liquid solution are becoming stronger which shows that there exists a strong molecular interaction or binding
forces between the solute and solvent interaction. It is found that vanderwalls constant is increasing with
increasing temperature as shown in Fig. 3. This shows that binding forces between the solute and solvent in
liquid solution are becoming stronger which shows that there exists a strong molecular interaction.
(=1/ 2)
a c Rn(=Mc1/3/ )
adiabatic compressibility Rao's no.
3.33E-10 3.33 1.3857E-26
4.15E-10 4.15 1.3394E-26
4.59E-10 4.59 1.3202E-26
4.54E-10 4.54 1.3300E-26
5.10E-10 5.10 1.3059E-26
4.85E-10 4.85 1.3184E-26
3.95E-10 3.95 1.3677E-26
b r(=[3b/16 1/3)
N]
van der wall's constant effective molecular redius
0.693 4.095E-09
0.694 4.098E-09
0.695 4.101E-09
0.699 4.107E-09
0.699 4.108E-09
0.700 4.110E-09
0.702 4.113E-09
Fig.1 variation of raos constant with temperature
(Rn x 1026 m10/3 s-1/3 )
1.44
1.42
Rao's number
1.40
1.38
1.36
1.34
1.32
1.30
1.28
300 305 310 315 320 325
T emperature (K)
V. CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasonic velocity and density have been measured for aqueous solution of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate
of at 2 MHz. Viscosity and internal pressure increases with concentration shows solute Solvent interaction
present in the solution and are stronger. The Wada’s constant and Rao’s constant decreases with rise in
concentration. This shows that solute solvent interaction in the system takes place and supports the facts.
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Fig. 2 Variation of Wada’s constant with temoerature
(Bw x 1026 m20/7 kg1/7 s-2/7 )
2.70
Wada constant
2.65
2.60
2.55
2.50
2.45
300 305 310 315 320 325
T emperature (K)
Fig 3. Variation of vanderwalls constant with temperature
0.73
Van der Waal's constant(b)
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.69
300 305 310 315 320 325
Temp.(K)
51