A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
What Is The Future of Electric vehicles in India by 2030
Under this mission, the Government would use the following mechanisms/ policies to increase the usage of electric vehicles in India
National Electric Mobility Plan (NEMMP) 2020 targets to deploy 5 to 7 million electric vehicles in the country by 2020
Permissive legislation: Legislations to allow usage of electric vehicles in various areas, if not already allowed.
Source- http://e-vehicleinfo.com/
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
Fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehiclesA Reddy
The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
Over the past few years, India’s cities have been witnessing an increasing trend in road traffics. It is mainly because of the increase in motorization on the roads of Indian cities. This results into the issues like deteriorating the air quality and noise pollution. To get out of this gridlock there have been calls to promote public transport. It is in this context that electric vehicles can play a positive role, as there are several benefits associated with the shift from conventional petrol or diesel vehicles to electric vehicles. In spite of many positive benefits related to electric vehicle technology, certain challenges are also there like currently Electric Vehicle is associated with significant capital costs, certain safety parameters like a concern of a fire hazard. The use of solar energy converted in to electrical energy can be more environmental friendly. Using solar energy as an electrical energy to charge the vehicle batteries will reduce the cost on fuel.
Electric vehicles in India- scope and challengesAbhishek Kumar
Importance of EVs, Market Scenario and Government of India Initiatives. EVs will play an important role in moving towards the initiation of green energy and changing the economy around the world.
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
What Is The Future of Electric vehicles in India by 2030
Under this mission, the Government would use the following mechanisms/ policies to increase the usage of electric vehicles in India
National Electric Mobility Plan (NEMMP) 2020 targets to deploy 5 to 7 million electric vehicles in the country by 2020
Permissive legislation: Legislations to allow usage of electric vehicles in various areas, if not already allowed.
Source- http://e-vehicleinfo.com/
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
Fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehiclesA Reddy
The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
Over the past few years, India’s cities have been witnessing an increasing trend in road traffics. It is mainly because of the increase in motorization on the roads of Indian cities. This results into the issues like deteriorating the air quality and noise pollution. To get out of this gridlock there have been calls to promote public transport. It is in this context that electric vehicles can play a positive role, as there are several benefits associated with the shift from conventional petrol or diesel vehicles to electric vehicles. In spite of many positive benefits related to electric vehicle technology, certain challenges are also there like currently Electric Vehicle is associated with significant capital costs, certain safety parameters like a concern of a fire hazard. The use of solar energy converted in to electrical energy can be more environmental friendly. Using solar energy as an electrical energy to charge the vehicle batteries will reduce the cost on fuel.
Electric vehicles in India- scope and challengesAbhishek Kumar
Importance of EVs, Market Scenario and Government of India Initiatives. EVs will play an important role in moving towards the initiation of green energy and changing the economy around the world.
A Study on Customer Perception of Electric Vehicle and Its Impact on Traditio...ijtsrd
India traditionally has been belligerent to any changes. But with the need to curb environmental emissions it has been identified that there is a need to switch from ICE vehicles to Electric Vehicles. This switch is eminent and a necessity in order to fight the climatic and environmental changes which is affecting all living life whether in land, water or air. It is a fact that with substantial shift in the automobile industry towards Electric Vehicles disruption in the automobile supply Chain in imminent. It is true that for those suppliers who are heavily leveraged and unable to adapt it could spell a disastrous financial troubles ahead. This study is an attempt to identify how production and supply of electric vehicles will impact the traditional supply chain in India and suggest ways and methods to incorporate the changes. An attempt has also been made in this study to identify the perception of individuals regarding Electric Vehicle. Because it is the people's choice which will lead to boon or bane for this segment of automobiles. Anuj Vishwamohan Nair "A Study on Customer Perception of Electric Vehicle and Its Impact on Traditional Supply Chain in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47516.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/47516/a-study-on-customer-perception-of-electric-vehicle-and-its-impact-on-traditional-supply-chain-in-india/anuj-vishwamohan-nair
Two-Wheelers Electric vehicles Outlook in India | Report RedSeer
It is unsurprising that the world is slowly but steadily encouraging a green planet amid heightened concern over climate change and pollution. Working along the same lines, governments all over the world are pushing the EV industry through subsidies and regulations. Further, consumers demand low-emission commuting instead of fossil fuel-driven vehicles, which endangers our planet.
India offers the world’s largest untapped EV market, especially in the two-wheeler segment. With several automakers rolling out EV vehicles at a rapid pace, the penetration of these vehicles has increased significantly in the past few years. As per a recent study, electric vehicles (EVs) market is expected to be worth around at least ₹475 billion by 2025. The penetration of electric two-wheelers is projected to reach up to 15% by 2025 from 1% currently.
As business activities gain pace and the Indian economy rebounds its way in 2022, the auto industry is set to enter a new phase of growth, innovation and investment. However, the road to the future of EV is battling various challenges. While the government is aggressively promoting EV adoption in India, the inadequate infrastructure, lack of high performing EVs and high upfront cost is causing a major hindrance for its mass adoption.
Capital cost has always been a major factor in th
Capital cost has always been a major factor in the EV purchase decision, with 63% of consumers believing that an EV is beyond their budget. The lack of adequate charging infrastructure in our country is a huge barrier to increased EV penetration. Compared to traditional petrol stations, charging stations are harder to find, normally limited by investment costs and difficult infrastructure development enabling people to charge where they usually park, at home or at work, which presents its own challenges, such as dealing with multi-tenant buildings, grid-connection management, and charging slot availability. It is anticipated that there will be a shortage of nickel, and scaling up lithium production would be a challenge, leading to supply shortage that may cause manufacturers to use lower-quality mineral inputs, adversely affecting battery performance.
Current status of electric vehicle in Indian market, this presentation contains all about electric vehicle charging technologies, range, batteries, key players, government policies and incentives
PRESENTS AND FUTURE TRENDS FOR ELECTRIC VHICLES IN INDIA.docxSohamRoy62
This is a presentation for a survey done on current and future trends for electric vehicles in India. This is a Ms word presentation data. The data shown in the Document are purely collected from Google forms and web results. This Project was purely done with the intentions of College Purpose. Your Interest on this Project Presentation Is Highly Appreciated.
A conspectus on electric vehicle in indiaParth Pandya
Alarming circumstance of global warming boost on the earth generated awareness that, time has come to quick track and catalyzes cleaner, greener urban mobility and this can be a lightning-bar towards an essential change which is as of now seeing development in electric vehicles worldwide and government strategies activating speculations by significant vehicle organizations. India is one of the significant markets for vehicle industry yet at the same time it is far from this idea. This paper discusses various aspects of electrical vehicles in record with Indian market, its issues, support, inspiration and future scope.
Background
India, the largest market for two-wheelers and the fifth-biggest market for passenger vehicles (cars, vans, and utility vehicles), has a negligible presence of electric vehicles at this point. The government has expressed intent to push manufactures to get into mass manufacturing of electric vehicles to meet its 2030 target in its bid to reduce dependence on imported fuel and control environmental pollution.
India launched its National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (NEMMP) in 2013 to ease dependence on foreign oil imports. The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020, notified by the Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India seeks to enhance national energy security, mitigate adverse environmental impacts from road transport vehicles and boost domestic manufacturing capabilities for Electric Vehicles (EVs). It is envisaged that EVs are expected to play a significant role in India’s transition to a low-carbon eco-system.
Government of India has formulated a scheme, titled Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India, under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020, to encourage the progressive induction of reliable, affordable and efficient electric and hybrid vehicles. The scheme is proposed to be implemented till 2020, wherein it is intended to support the hybrid/EVs market development and its manufacturing eco-system to achieve self-sustenance.
About EV
Electric vehicle (EV) is a mode of transport system that utilizes electricity to power their motors, instead of using conventional vehicle fuels. There are two basic types of EVs: all-electric vehicles (AEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).
This report provides you an insight about India’s position in world market and its capacity to sustain in the future. India serves a huge potential for EV sector to grow provided its consumption of lithium batteries. India also serves as a huge market for other companies to invest in India’s EV sector and merchandise its products, due to lacking of prudent reforms for EV sector and charging infrastructure in India. This report also provides the number of vehicles registered in each EV segment and which segment has potential to grow more and which state has more potential for EV sector and current data of well off state in EV sector. EV charging infrastructure and batteries market shows that India is a potential consumer of lithium ion batteries, imported from China. Government has introduced some policies and finance assistance to the automobile producers to produce EVs and allocating separate budget for EV production. Mahindra Electronics and Tata Motors has initiated their operations in EV sector and planning to increases their capacity in various other big cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Karnataka etc. Mahindra has its maximum installed capacity at Bangalore city, which provides a sustainable environment to conduct EV business. Mahindra and Tata both Indian multinational companies are at the frontline of EV business in India.
Future Advancements of Electric Vehicles in India: A Technological ReviewIRJTAE
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining significant traction globally as a sustainable alternative to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles. In the context of India, the adoption of EVs is seen as crucial for reducing air
pollution, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and achieving long-term sustainability goals. This review paper
explores the current state of electric vehicles in India, analyzes the challenges hindering their widespread
adoption, and discusses potential future advancements that could propel the EV industry forward in the country.
By examining technological innovations, policy initiatives, infrastructure development, and market trends, this
paper provides insights into the promising future of electric mobility in India
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROJECT REPORT
ON
FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
SUBMITTED TO
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTFOR
DEGREE OF
BACHELOROF TECHNOLOGY
IN
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING &ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
JAIDEEP-15ME006
MONU -15ME009
SACHIN -15ME014
NAVEEN -15EE003
CHANCHAL-15EE001
DINESH -15EE002
RITESH -15EE004
SATYAVEER-15EE005
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of ours, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this project.
We would like to show our appreciation to the Dean of SOE Mr. Amit for his
support. We would also like to thank Lab assistant mr. Krishan, Mr. Rajkumar,
Mr. Ramkumar for sharing his knowledge. We feel grateful to Co-ordinator & our
project guide Prof. Mr. Sunil & Mr. Dinesh Tyagi Without her encouragement
and guidance this project would not have been materialized.
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed the non-
teaching staff, the library staff was vital for the success of the project. We are grateful for
their constant support and help
4. OBJECTIVES
To study the perceptions and expectations of potential, for alternative technologies in
automobiles, such as Electric Vehicles.
To know why electric vehicle couldn‘t get enough consumer attraction
To study the willingness of buyers of considering Electric Vehicles as a
practical commuting option and at when.
To study the maximum price consumers can afford for buying an Electric Vehicles
To study the other options available for Range Anxious Consumer with respect to
existing batteries used in Electric Vehicles
To study the Government initiatives taken for promoting Electric Vehicles and
subsidies provided on Electric Vehicle batteries.
To study the current expectations of consumers with respect to Electric
Vehicles, this will lead to its potential for future.
To study the current threats, this is causing slow growth of Electric Vehicles.
5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
India today is one of the top ten automotive markets in the world and given its burgeoning
middle class population with buying potential and the steady economic growth, accelerating
automotive sales is expected to continue. In the last couple of years, there has been a lot of
discussion around the prices of fuel – apart from the deregulation of petrol prices. Moreover
the threat of disruption of supplies from the Middle-East has heightened the debate on energy
security and brought the focus on to alternate drive train technologies.
The potential for alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV) in
India, as in the case of many other comparable markets, depends on improved battery
technologies, driving ranges, government incentives, regulations, lower prices and better
charging infrastructure.
There seems to be a lot of interest on the part of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) based
manufacturers to adopt electric technology, not just supplemental to the ICE, but as a stand-
alone offering. There are also specialized EV manufacturers that have come up all over the
world.
While many of the factors that influence the EV market are understood intellectually, we
carried out a consumer survey to study perceptions and expectations of potential for
alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid EV.
Assessing future demand for electric vehicles was somewhat challenging since it meant
testing consumer preferences for a product with which they are largely unfamiliar. For this
reason, we focused on uncovering consumers‘ familiarity with EV technologies and
products; with their opinions around price, brand, range, charging, the infrastructure, and the
cost of ownership; and with the consumer‘s imagined ―fit‖ of an EV in his or her lifestyle
given a range of demographic parameters.
6. Automotive Industry in India
The automotive industry in India is one of the larger markets in the world and had previously
been one of the fastest growing globally, but is now seeing flat or negative growth rates.
India's passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in
the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011.
Chennai is home to around 35-40% of India's total automobile industry and for this reason it
is known as the Detroit of Asia. It is on the way to becoming the world's largest Auto hub by
2016 with a capacity of over 3 million cars annually.
The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the south,
west and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the
revenue share. The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market and
the northern cluster around the National Capital Region contributes 32%. Chennai, with the
India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors,
Daimler
Chennai accounts for 60% of the country's automotive exports. Gurgaon and Manesar in
Haryana form the northern cluster where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maruti
Suzuki, is based. The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the western cluster with
companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors,
Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants in
the area. Nashik has a major base of Mahindra & Mahindra with a UV assembly unit and an
Engine assembly unit. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also forms part of the
western cluster. Another emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing
facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at their plant in
Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat.
Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of
the other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.
Electric vehicle industry:-
During April 2012 Indian Government has planned to unveil the roadmap for the
development of the domestic electric in the country. A discussion between the various
stakeholders including Government, industry and the academia is expected to take place
during 23–24 February. The final contours of the policy will be formed after this set of
discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport and Power are involved
in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries big auto industry
names such as Mr. Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra &
Mahindra) and Mr Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-Chairman, Toyota Kirloskar) are also involved in
this task. Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore R&D fund for the sector in
the 12th five year plan during 2012-17. The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported
components such as the battery and electric motor and develop such capabilities locally.
Electric car manufacturers in India
-Ajanta Group -Hero Electric (Yo Bikes)
-Mahindra REVA -Tara International
-Tata (Indica Vista) -Chevrolet (Beat)
7. About Electric Vehicles
During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation
infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an electric transportation
infrastructure. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that the electricity
they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear
power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power, and wind power or any
combination of those.
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more
electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist,
those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by
stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an
on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine (a hybrid electric
vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell. Electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trains, electric
lorries, electric aeroplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters and electric
spacecraft. Proposals exist for electric tanks, diesel submarines operating on battery power
are, for the duration of the battery run, electric submarines, and some of the lighter UAVs are
electrically-powered.
Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was
among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and
ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal
combustion engine (ICE) is the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles but electric
power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles
of all types.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain
with some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such
as the Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-
In Electric Vehicle.
Electric motor
The power of a vehicle electric motor, as in other vehicles, is measured in kilowatts (kW).
100 kW is roughly equivalent to 134 horsepower, although most electric motors deliver full
torque over a wide RPM range, so the performance is not equivalent, and far exceeds a 134
horsepower (100 kW) fuel-powered motor, which has a limited torque curve.
Usually, direct current (DC) electricity is fed into a DC/AC inverter where it is converted to
alternating current (AC) electricity and this AC electricity is connected to a 3-phase AC
motor. For electric trains, DC motors are often used.
8. Mechanical
Electric motors are mechanically very simple. Electric motors often achieve 90% energy
conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output and can be precisely
controlled. They can also be combined with regenerative braking systems that have the ability
to convert movement energy back into stored electricity. This can be used to reduce the wear
on brake systems (and consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the total energy requirement of
a trip. Regenerative braking is especially effective for start-and-stop city use.
They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal combustion
engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This removes the need for
gearboxes and torque converters.
Electric vehicles provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise and
vibration than internal combustion engines. While this is a desirable attribute, it has also
evoked concern that the absence of the usual sounds of an approaching vehicle poses a danger
to blind, elderly and very young pedestrians. To mitigate this situation, automakers and
individual companies are developing systems that produce warning sounds when electric
vehicles are moving slowly, up to a speed when normal motion and rotation (road,
suspension, electric motor, etc.) noises become audible.
Energy efficiency
Electric vehicle 'tank-to-wheels' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal
combustion engine vehicles. Energy is not consumed while the vehicle is stationary, unlike
internal combustion engines which consume fuel while idling. However, looking at the well-
to-wheel efficiency of electric vehicles, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to
an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil
fuels.
It is worth noting that well-to-wheel efficiency of an electric vehicle has far less to do with
the vehicle itself and more to do with the method of electricity production. A particular
electric vehicle would instantly become twice as efficient if electricity production were
switched from fossil fuel to a wind or tidal primary source of energy. Thus when "well-to-
wheels" is cited, one should keep in mind that the discussion is no longer about the vehicle,
but rather about the entire energy supply infrastructure - in the case of fossil fuels this should
also include energy spent on exploration, mining, refining, and distribution.
9. Types of Batteries
Previously banks of conventional lead-acid car batteries were commonly used for EV
propulsion. Then later the 75 watt-hour/kilogram lithium ion polymer battery prototypes
came. The newer Li-poly cells provide up to 130 watt-hour/kilogram and last through
thousands of charging cycles.
Efficiency
Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced have been
quantified in different ways. Plug-in all-electric vehicles also have different consumption
characteristics.
Range
Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries
compared to the fuel of internal combustion engined vehicles. Electric vehicles also often
have long recharge times compared to the relatively fast process of refuelling a tank. This is
further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. "Range anxiety" is a
label for consumer concern about EV range.
Lead- Acid Battery
Li-ion Polymer Battery
10. Charging
Grid capacity: If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid electricity it
would increase the demand for generation and transmission, and consequent emissions.
However, overall energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher
efficiency of electric vehicles over the entire cycle.
Stabilization of the grid: Since electric vehicles can be plugged into the electric grid when
not in use, there is a potential for battery powered vehicles to even out the demand for
electricity by feeding electricity into the grid from their batteries during peak use periods
(such as mid-afternoon air conditioning use) while doing most of their charging at night,
when there is unused generating capacity. This vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection has the
potential to reduce the need for new power plants, as long as vehicle owners do not mind
their batteries being drained during the day by the power company prior to needing to use
their vehicle for a return-commute home in the evening.
Furthermore, our current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing shares of
variable-output power sources such as windmills and PV solar panels. This variability could
be addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged, or possibly even
discharged.
Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery charging stations, much like gas/petrol
stations today. Clearly these will require enormous storage and charging potentials, which
could be manipulated to vary the rate of charging, and to output power during shortage
periods, much as diesel generators are used for short periods to stabilize some national grids.
Heating of electric vehicles: In cold climates, considerable energy is needed to heat the
interior of a vehicle and to defrost the windows. With internal combustion engines, this heat
already exists as waste combustion heat diverted from the engine cooling circuit. This process
offsets the greenhouse gases external costs. If this is done with battery electric vehicles, the
interior heating requires extra energy from the vehicles batteries. Although some heat could
be harvested from the motor(s) and battery, their greater efficiency means there is not as
much waste heat available as from a combustion engine.
However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery electric vehicles can be
preheated, or cooled, with little or no need for battery energy, especially for short trips.
Newer designs are focused on using super-insulated cabins which can heat the vehicle using
the body heat of the passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a driver
delivers only about 100 W of heating power. A reversible AC-system, cooling the cabin
during summer and heating it during winter, seems to be the most practical and promising
way of solving the thermal management of the EV. Ricardo Arboix introduced (2008) a new
concept based on the principle of combining the thermal-management of the EV-battery with
the thermal-management of the cabin using a reversible AC-system. This is done by adding a
third heat-exchanger, thermally connected with the battery-core, to the traditional heat
pump/air conditioning system used in previous EV- models like the GM EV1 and Toyota
RAV4 EV. The concept has proven to bring several benefits, such as prolonging the life-span
of the battery as well as improving the performance and overall energy-efficiency of the EV.
11. Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicle
Environmental impact of electric vehicles:-
Due to efficiency of electric engines as compared to combustion engines, even
when the electricity used to charge electric vehicles comes from a CO2-emitting
source, such as a coal- or gas- fired powered plant, the net CO2 production from an
electric car is typically one-half to one-third of that from a comparable combustion
vehicle.
Electric vehicles release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are
operated. In addition, it is generally easier to build pollution-control systems into
centralized power stations than retrofit enormous numbers of cars.
Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal combustion
engine vehicle, whether it is at rest or in motion. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe
CO2 or pollutants such as NOx, NMHC, CO and PM at the point of use.
Electric motors don't require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is
useful for submarines.
While electric and hybrid cars have reduced tailpipe carbon emissions, the energy they
consume is sometimes produced by means that have environmental impacts. For
example, the majority of electricity produced in the United States comes from fossil
fuels (coal and natural gas), so use of an electric vehicle in the United States would not
be completely carbon neutral. Electric and hybrid cars can help decrease energy use and
pollution, with local no pollution at all being generated by electric vehicles, and may
someday use only renewable resources, but the choice that would have the lowest
negative environmental impact would be a lifestyle change in favour of walking,
biking, use of public transit or telecommuting. Governments may invest in research and
development of electric cars with the intention of reducing the impact on the
environment, where they could instead develop pedestrian-friendly communities or
electric mass transit.
Raw materials increasing costs
There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the
manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is required
to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems in hybrid
propulsion systems. Neodymium is another rare earth metal which is a crucial
ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.
12. HYPOTHESIS
By 2025, India‘s pollution in cities is expected to grow two times as compared to 2018.
It is desired to have 3 lakhs EVs which could result in a reduction of over 16 lakh
metric tons of pollution by 2020, savings of over Rs.3,700 crore in foreign exchange
and significant health costs savings.
It is expected that the government will make regulations specific to financial, incentives
for manufacturers, parking and toll benefits to customers and research and development
grants to build next generation technologies.
The government will also form norms for promoting petrol-electric or diesel-electric
hybrids. We expect to see lots of Hybrid Vehicles on road within a short span. The
Revolvo Kit is meeting the current consumer‘s expectations hence it will be preferred by
consumers on a larger extent.
13. METHODOLOGY
1. Initiation of project.
2. Detailed study of component.
3. Selection of component
4. Cost analysis.
5. Designing of project.
6. Assembling of selected components.
7. Testing of project.
8. Final approval.
14. CONCLUSION:
The responses for the questionnaire proved to be crucial for the conclusion of our
research as the results were positive and where matching with what was predicted by
us.
The perception of people towards EVs is still unsatisfactory as a major section of our
society is still unaware of various Alternative Technologies used in Automobiles.
The current EVs don‘t meet the consumer‘s expectations to a larger extent.
The Government Initiatives taken for the promotion of EVs is still in developing stage
and is up to papers, though various agencies have been formed and various plans have
been brought by them but still its implementation is not yet done.
The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with current vehicles on
road, so a change in consumer‘s behavior is important. They should gradually become
more conscious about the use of cleaner technologies.
Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric/Hybrid vehicles but still
there are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer‘s expectations such
as REVOLVO KIT.
Marketing of such products will really play an important role as a stepping foot
towards GREENER ENVIRONMET.
Various companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part of
their corporate social responsibilities.
Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is GREEN.