This document discusses electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides background on the automotive industry in India and lists some electric vehicle manufacturers in India. It then describes key aspects of electric vehicles like batteries, motors, efficiency, range, charging and environmental impacts. Hybrid electric vehicles are also briefly discussed. The document aims to analyze the commercial potential of electric vehicles in India.

1. ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
TECHNO COMMERCIAL ANALYSIS
TUSHAR KUMAR
SILICON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , BHUBANESWAR

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I TUSHAR KUMAR take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and
deep regards to my mentor ASHISH KUMAR for his exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constantencouragement throughout the courseof this thesis. The
blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way
in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep senseof gratitude to NEHA MAAM
, HR VARDHAN CONSULTING ENGINEER for her cordial support, valuable
information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task through
various stages.

3. INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1: OBJECTIVES 4
2: INTRODUCTION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
5
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
7
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
9
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
13
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ELECTRICAND HYBRID
VEHICLES
15
3: COMMERCIAL ANALYSIS
4: ELECTRICAL VEHICAL SCENARIIO IN INDIA
5: HYPOTHESIS
6: CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES
17
19
25
26

4. OBJECTIVES
To study the perceptions and expectations of potential, for alternative technologies in
automobiles, such as Electric/Hybrid Vehicles.
To know why electric vehicle couldn‘t get enough consumer attraction
To study the willingness of buyers of considering Electric/Hybrid Vehicles as a
practical commuting option and at when.
To study the maximum price consumers can afford for buying an Electric/Hybrid
Vehicles
To study the other options available for Range Anxious Consumer with respect to
existing batteries used in Electric/Hybrid Vehicles
To study the Government initiatives taken for promoting Electric/Hybrid Vehicles and
subsidies provided on Electric Vehicle batteries.
To study the current expectations of consumers with respect to Electric/Hybrid
Vehicles, this will lead to its potential for future.
To study the current threats, this is causing slow growth of Electric/Hybrid Vehicles.

5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
India today is one of the top ten automotive markets in the world and given its
burgeoning middle class population with buying potential and the steady economic growth,
accelerating automotive sales is expected to continue. In the last couple of years, there has
been a lot of discussion around the prices of fuel – apart from the deregulation of petrol
prices. Moreover the threat of disruption of supplies from the Middle-East has heightened the
debate on energy security and brought the focus on to alternate drivetrain technologies.
The potential for alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric vehicles
(EV) in India, as in the case of many other comparable markets, depends on improved battery
technologies, driving ranges, government incentives, regulations, lower prices and better
charging infrastructure.
There seems to be a lot of interest on the part of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
based manufacturers to adopt electric technology, not just supplemental to the ICE, but as a
stand-alone offering. There are also specialized EV manufacturers that have come up all over
the world.
While many of the factors that influence the EV market are understood intellectually,
we carried out a consumer survey to study perceptions and expectations of potential for
alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid EV.
Assessing future demand for electric vehicles was somewhat challenging since it
meant testing consumer preferences for a product with which they are largely unfamiliar. For
this reason, we focused on uncovering consumers‘ familiarity with EV technologies and
products; with their opinions around price, brand, range, charging, the infrastructure, and the
cost of ownership; and with the consumer‘s imagined ―fit‖ of an EV in his or her lifestyle
given a range of demographic parameters.

6. Automotive Industry in India
The automotive industry in India is one of the larger markets in the world and had previously
been one of the fastest growing globally, but is now seeing flat or negative growth rates. India's
passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in the world, with an
annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011.
Chennai is home to around 35-40% of India's total automobile industry and for this reason it is
known as the Detroit of Asia. It is on the way to becoming the world's largest Auto hub by 2016 with a
capacity of over 3 million cars annually.
The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the south,
westand north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the revenue share.
The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market and the northern cluster
around the National Capital Region contributes 32%. Chennai, with the India operations of
Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler
Chennai accounts for 60% of the country's automotive exports. Gurgaon and Manesar in
Haryana form the northern cluster where the country's largest carmanufacturer,Maruti Suzuki, is based.
The Chakancorridor near Pune,Maharashtra is the westerncluster with companies like GeneralMotors,
Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars,
Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants in the area. Nashik has a major base of Mahindra &
Mahindra with a UV assembly unit and an Engine assembly unit. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and
Volkswagen also forms part of the western cluster. Another emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat
with manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at their plant
in Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat. Kolkata
with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of the other automotive
manufacturing regions around the country.
Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry
During April 2012 Indian Government has planned to unveil the roadmap for the development
of the domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country. A discussion between the various
stakeholders including Government, industry and the academia is expected to take place during 23–24
February. The final contours of the policy will be formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such
as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for
the sector. Along with these ministries big auto industry names such as Mr Anand Mahindra (Vice
Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Mr Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-Chairman,
Toyota Kirloskar) are also involved in this task. Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore
R&D fund for the sector in the 12th five year plan during 2012-17. The idea is to reduce the high cost
of key imported components suchas the battery and electric motor and develop such capabilities locally.

7. Electric car manufacturers in India
-Ajanta Group -Hero Electric (Yo Bikes)
-Mahindra REVA -Tara International
-Tata (Indica Vista) -Chevrolet (Beat)
Manufacturing Facilities
Passenger Vehicles
General Motors India Private Limited
Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited – Halol
Maruti Suzuki – Gurgaon, Manesar
Mahindra REVA Electric Vehicles – Bangalore
Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited – Bidadi
Ssangyong MotorCompany – Chakan
Tata Motors Limited o Tata Motors – Pimpri
Chinchwad, Sanand o Jaguar Cars and Land
Rover – Pune
Mercedes-Benz PassengerCars – Chakan
Fiat Automobiles – Ranjangaon Pune
Volkswagen Group Sales India Private
Limited o Volkswagen – Chakan o
Audi AG – Aurangabad o Škoda
Auto – Aurangabad
Chinkara Motors – Karlekhind Alibag
Premier Automobiles Limited – Pimpri Chinchwad
Honda Siel Cars India – Tapukara
BMW India – Chennai
Ford India Private Limited – Maraimalai Nagar
Hyundai Motor India Limited – Sriperumbudur
Mitsubishi– Tiruvallur
Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited o
Nissan MotorIndia Private Limited – Oragadam
o Renault India Private Limited – Oragadam
Two wheelers
Hero MotoCorp – Dharuhera, Gurgaon
India Yamaha Motor – Faridabad
Honda – Manesar
Suzuki – Gurgaon
TVS Motors – Nalagarh, Mysore
Mahindra & Mahindra – Pithampur
Bajaj Auto – Waluj Aurangabad,Chakan
KTM Sportmotorcycles – Chakan
Vespa Scooters – Baramati Pune
Kinetic Engineering – Ahmednagar, Pune
Royal Enfield – Chennai
India Yamaha Motor– Greater Noida

8. Commercial Vehicles
TAFE Tractors – Parwanoo
Tata Motors – Jamshedpur
Volvo Buses India Private Limited – Hoskote
Force Motors Private Limited – Pithampur
Eicher Motors – Pithampur
MAN Trucks India – Akurdi Pune
Mercedes-Benz Buses India – Chakan
Piaggio Vehicles – Baramati Pune
AshokLeyland – Ennore, Hosur
About Electric Vehicles
During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation
infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an electric transportation
infrastructure. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that the electricity they
consume can be generated from a wide range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and
renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power, and wind power or any combination of those.
An electric vehicle (EV),also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric
motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist, those that are
directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally
from an externalpower source,and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator,such as
an internal combustion engine (a hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell. Electric vehicles
include electric cars, electric trains, electric lorries, electric aeroplanes, electric boats, electric
motorcycles and scooters and electric spacecraft. Proposals exist for electric tanks, diesel submarines
operating on battery power are,for the duration of the battery run, electric submarines, and some of the
lighter UAVs are electrically-powered.
Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among
the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation
that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal combustion engine (ICE) is the
dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles but electric power has remained commonplace in other
vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain with some
form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such as the Toyota Prius.
The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-In Electric Vehicle.
Electric motor
The power of a vehicle electric motor, as in other vehicles, is measured in kilowatts (kW). 100
kW is roughly equivalent to 134 horsepower, although most electric motors deliver full torque over a
wide RPM range, so the performance is not equivalent, and far exceeds a 134 horsepower (100 kW)
fuel-powered motor, which has a limited torque curve.

9. Usually, direct current (DC) electricity is fed into a DC/AC inverter where it is converted to
alternating current (AC) electricity and this AC electricity is connected to a 3-phase AC motor. For
electric trains, DC motors are often used.
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation from high performance electrical motors has been claimed to be
associated with some human ailments, but such claims are largely unsubstantiated except for extremely
high exposures. Electric motors can be shielded within a metallic Faraday cage, but this reduces
efficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, while it is not conclusive that all electromagnetic radiation
can be contained.

10. Mechanical
Electric motors are mechanically very simple. Electric motors often achieve 90% energy
conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output and can be precisely controlled.
They can also be combined with regenerative braking systemsthat have the ability to convert movement
energy back into stored electricity. This can be used to reduce the wear on brake systems (and
consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the total energy requirement of a trip. Regenerative braking is
especially effective for start-and-stop city use.
They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal combustion
engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This removes the need for gearboxes
and torque converters.
Electric vehicles provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise and
vibration than internal combustion engines. While this is a desirable attribute, it hasalso evoked concern
that the absence of the usual sounds of an approaching vehicle poses a danger to blind, elderly and very
young pedestrians. To mitigate this situation, automakers and individual companies are developing
systems that produce warning sounds when electric vehicles are moving slowly, up to a speed when
normal motion and rotation (road, suspension, electric motor, etc.) noises become audible.
Energy efficiency
Electric vehicle 'tank-to-wheels' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal combustion
engine vehicles. Energy is not consumed while the vehicle is stationary, unlike internal combustion
engines which consume fuel while idling. However,looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of electric
vehicles, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most
countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.
It is worth noting that well-to-wheel efficiency of an electric vehicle has far less to do with the
vehicle itself and more to do with the method of electricity production. A particular electric vehicle
would instantly become twice as efficient if electricity production were switched from fossil fuel to a
wind or tidal primary source of energy. Thus when "well-to-wheels" is cited, one should keep in mind
that the discussion is no longer about the vehicle, but ratherabout the entire energy supply infrastructure
- in the case of fossil fuels this should also include energy spent on exploration, mining, refining, and
distribution.

11. Types of Batteries
Previously banks of conventional lead-acid car batteries were commonly used for EV propulsion. Then
later the 75 watt-hour/kilogram lithium ion polymer battery prototypes came. The newer Li-poly cells
provide up to 130 watt-hour/kilogram and last through thousands of charging cycles.
Efficiency
Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced have been quantified in
different ways. Plug-in all-electric and hybrid vehicles also have different consumption characteristics.
Range
Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries compared to the
fuel of internal combustion engined vehicles. Electric vehicles also often have long recharge times
compared to the relatively fast process of refuelling a tank. This is further complicated by the current
scarcity of public charging stations. "Range anxiety" is a label for consumer concern about EV range.
Lead- Acid Battery Li-ion Polymer Battery

12. Charging
Grid capacity: If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid electricity it would
increase the demand for generation and transmission, and consequent emissions. However, overall
energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher efficiency of electric vehicles
over the entire cycle.
Stabilization of the grid: Since electric vehicles can be plugged into the electric grid when not in use,
there is a potential for battery powered vehicles to even out the demand for electricity by feeding
electricity into the grid from their batteries during peak use periods (such as mid-afternoon air
conditioning use) while doing most of their charging at night, when there is unused generating capacity.
This vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection has the potential to reduce the need for new power plants, as
long as vehicle owners do not mind their batteries being drained during the day by the power company
prior to needing to use their vehicle for a return-commute home in the evening.
Furthermore, our current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing shares of
variable-output power sources such as windmills and PV solar panels. This variability could be
addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged, or possibly even discharged.
Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery charging stations, much like gas/petrol
stations today. Clearly these will require enormous storage and charging potentials, which could be
manipulated to vary the rate of charging, and to output power during shortage periods, much as diesel
generators are used for short periods to stabilize some national grids.
Heating of electric vehicles:In cold climates, considerable energy is needed to heat the interior of a
vehicle and to defrost the windows. With internal combustion engines, this heat already exists as waste
combustion heat diverted from the engine cooling circuit. This process offsets the greenhouse gases
external costs. If this is done with battery electric vehicles, the interior heating requires extra energy
from the vehicles batteries. Although some heat could be harvested from the motor(s) and battery, their
greater efficiency means there is not as much waste heat available as from a combustion engine.
However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery electric vehicles can be
preheated,or cooled, with little or no need for battery energy, especially for short trips.
Newer designs are focused on using super-insulated cabins which can heat the vehicle using the
body heat of the passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a driver delivers only
about 100 W of heating power. A reversible AC-system, cooling the cabin during summer and heating
it during winter, seems to be the most practical and promising way of solving the thermal management
of the EV. Ricardo Arboix introduced (2008) a new concept based on the principle of combining the
thermal-management of the EV-battery with the thermal-management of the cabin using a reversible
AC-system. This is done by adding a third heat-exchanger,thermally connected with the battery-core,
to the traditional heat pump/air conditioning system used in previous EVmodels like the GM EV1 and
Toyota RAV4 EV. The concept has proven to bring severalbenefits,
such asprolonging the life-span of the battery aswell asimproving the performance and overall energy-
efficiency of the EV.

13. About Hybrid Electric Vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain with some
form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such as the Toyota Prius.
The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-In Electric Vehicle.
Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is
delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. Early
prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles.
In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive
train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a
connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added
together. Almost all manufacturedmodels are of this type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and
for more information.
In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted
into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge
a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full
mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are
commercially available, because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing.
Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
Ford Escape Hybrid the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on
E85(ethanol).
In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles
that use distinct energy sources or input types ("fuels") using the same engine to be hybrids, although
to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps
more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:
Some electric trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and overhead electrical power
depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In principle, this could be combined with a battery
subsystemto create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have
been announced.
Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank — typically gasoline and
ethanol, or methanol, or biobutanol.
Bi-fuel vehicle:Liquified petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from petroleum or diesel and
cannot be used in the same tanks,so it would be impossible to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system.
Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. While the duplicated tanks
cost space in some applications, the increased range and flexibility where (LPG or NG) infrastructure is
incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase.
Some vehicles have been modified to use anotherfuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to
run on autogas (LPG) and diesels modified to run on waste vegetable oil that has not been processed into
biodiesel.
Power-assist mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also included (see
Motorized bicycle).

14. Parallel hybrid
In a parallel hybrid vehicle, the single electric motor and the internal combustion engine are
installed such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. In contrast to the power
split configuration typically only one electric motor is installed. Most commonly the internal
combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches.
For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the
gear box is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed.
Mild parallel hybrid
These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide autostop/start
features and to provide extra power assist during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration
phase (aka regenerative braking).
On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda CR-Z, Honda Accord
Hybrid, Mercedes Benz S400 Blue-HYBRID, BMW 7-Series hybrids, General Motors BAS Hybrids
and Smart-for-two with micro hybrid drive.
Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
Typical passenger car installations include the Toyota Prius, the Ford Escape,Ford Fusion, the
Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h and CT200h.
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: anelectric motor and an internal
combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power
splitter, which is a simple planetary gear set. The ratio can be from 0–100% for the combustion engine,
or 0–100% for the electric motor, or anything in between, such as 40% for the electric motor and 60%
for the combustion engine. The electric motor can act as a generator charging the batteries.
Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a second electric
motor/generator on the output shaft (connected to the wheels). In cooperation with the "primary"
motor/generator and the mechanical power-split this provides a continuously variable transmission.
On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum
power is required, for example to overtake, the electric motor is used to assist. This increases the
available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In
most applications, the engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary reducing curbside
emissions.
Fuel consumption and emissions reductions
The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional
internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These
savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:
1. Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine
sized more for average usage ratherthan peak power usage.A smaller engine can have less internallosses
and lower weight.
2. Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy,especially in stop-andgo
traffic typical of the city driving cycle.

15. 3. Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This
regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity,
depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator;
Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle
Environmental impact of electric vehicles
Due to efficiency of electric engines as compared to combustion engines, even when the
electricity used to charge electric vehicles comesfrom a CO2-emitting source,such asa coal- or gasfired
powered plant, the net CO2 production from an electric car is typically one-half to one-third of that from
a comparable combustion vehicle.
Electric vehicles release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated. In
addition, it is generally easier to build pollution-control systems into centralised power stations than
retrofit enormous numbers of cars.
Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine vehicle,
whether it is at rest or in motion. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe CO2 or pollutants such as NOx,
NMHC, CO and PM at the point of use.
Electric motors don't require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful for
submarines.
While electric and hybrid carshave reducedtailpipe carbon emissions, the energy they consume
is sometimes produced by means that have environmental impacts. For example, the majority of
electricity produced in the United States comes from fossil fuels (coal and natural gas), so use of an
electric vehicle in the United States would not be completely carbon neutral. Electric and hybrid cars
can help decrease energy use and pollution, with local no pollution at all being generated by electric
vehicles, and may someday use only renewable resources, but the choice that would have the lowest
negative environmental impact would be a lifestyle change in favour of walking, biking, use of public
transit or telecommuting. Governments may invest in research and development of electric cars with
the intention of reducing the impact on the environment, where they could instead develop pedestrian-
friendly communities or electric mass transit.
Environmental impact of hybrid car battery
Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding
the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today most hybrid car batteries are one of two
types: 1) Nickel metal hydride, or
2) Lithium ion; both are regarded as more environmentally friendly than lead-based batteries
which constitute the bulk of petro car starter batteries today. There are many types of batteries. Some
are far more toxic than others. Lithium ion is the least toxic of the three mentioned above.

16. The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type
currently used in hybrids—are much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium. However,
nickel-based batteries are known carcinogens, and have been shown to cause a variety of teratogenic
effects.
The Lithium-ion battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in hybrid
electric vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development. In addition to its smaller size and lighter
weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver performance that helps to protect the environment with
features such as improved charge efficiency without memory effect. The lithium-ion batteries
are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and
can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel–metal hydride battery cell while
simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well. The batteries also produce higher
output (boosting vehicle power), higher efficiency (avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and
provides excellent durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to
the life of the vehicle. Additionally, use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the overall weight of
the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30% better than petro-powered
vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO2 emissions helping to prevent global warming.
Raw materials increasing costs
There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the
manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is required to
fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems in hybrid propulsion
systems. Neodymium is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength
magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.
Nearly all the rare earth elements in the world come from China, and many analysts
believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire
supply by 2012. In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare earth elements have resulted in an
unknown amount of supply.
A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern
Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia are currently under development; however, the
barriers to entry are high and require years to go online.

17. COMMERCIAL ANALYSIS
The report broadly covers topics on:
• Market opportunity
• Target customers
• Barriers to adoption
• Conclusions
The analysis presented in the report was done with primary and secondary research,including
interviews with executives from major automotive OEMs, clean-tech start-ups,dealers, and energy
companies, as well as a survey of nearly 1008 current vehicle owners in India.
The study was carried out across 17 countries covering 13,500 respondents. To this qualitative and
quantitative data, was applied Deloitte‘s Demand Driven Analytics Methodology.
MARKET OPPORTUNITY
– distinctive styling
– improving speed
– torque characteristics
– will make EV usage a satisfying experience
Further
– rapid rise of fuel prices
– desire to be on par with the rest of the world in terms of emission
would facilitate the growth of the EV market.
TARGET CUSTOMERS
• ―potential first movers‖
• ―might be willing to consider‖
• category are from urban locations
• consisting of both genders
• EVs are considered within the reach of the middle-class customer in most other
markets, the manufacturers selling EVs in India would have to target the uppermiddle
or rich customers

18. Consumer Segmentation Profiles for Electric Vehicles
In India
• Potential first movers 59%
• Might be willing to consider 34%
• Not likely to consider
In China
07%
• Potential first movers 50%
• Might be willing to consider 43%
• Not likely to consider 07%
BARRIERS TO EVADOPTION
They are:
• Battery charge time
• Expected purchase price after government incentives
• Acceptable price premium
• Range anxiety
• Fuel prices
Acceptable battery charging time
– 8 hours 24%
– 4 hours 27%
– 2 hours to 30 minutes 49%
Expected purchase price after government incentives
In INR lakh
– <4 32%
– 4 to 7 33%
– 7 to 9 12%

19. In India, 76% of the total population surveyed would expect an electric vehicle to travel up to
320 kilometres per charge before they would consider purchasing one. This indicates a gap in
expectations versus current EV range capabilities in India
While fuel price increase may not be the only factor that drives customers to buy EVs,it is a
fact that they have a mental benchmark of 130-150% of the current fuel prices that will make them
reconsider EVs.
Electricalvechicle scenario in india
―Is India Ready for a Green Drive‖ from ―The Journal ofAIMA (All India Management Association)
Indian Management”, Vol.51 Issue Dated 6 June 2012.
This article is about the current motto ‗GO GREEN‘ which is followed by all leading economies. It has
a brief description about US President Obama‘svision of targeting One million Electric carson US road
by 2015.
It tells us about the various departments of Government of India formed for promotion and adoption of
Electric Vehicles.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has been the front runner formed for promotion and
adoption of Electric Vehicles.
In November 2010, the ministry formulated The Alternative Fuels for Surface Transportation
programme under which 20% subsidy was provided t manufacturers.
Dr. Manmohan Singh announced an apex body, the National Council for Electric Mobility (NCEM),
the key objective of the NCEM is to provide sustainable electric mobility to make electric vehicles a
viable alternate vehicle by ensuring adequate support infrastructure for sufficient dissemination of
electric vehicles.
The Union Budget propped full exemption from basic customs duty and a concessional rate of excise
duty on batteries imported by electric vehicles manufacturers.
All this developments highlights the growing emphasis of Indian Government on encouraging the
growth of electric vehicles.
It also tells about the current nascent stage of Indian market with Mahindra Reva being the only player
in the electric vehicles market, it was able to sell 5000 cars since 2001 till 2011 with nearly 50%

20. domestic sales. Reva is a very well established player globally and currently sells in about 24 countries
and is looking to begin distribution in 40-50 countries by 2012.
It is seen that electric vehicles are becoming popular among women and students who don‘t have
stringent commuting requirements. It is predicted that once the supportive government policies are
formulated the market for these vehicles would become developed. India has a maximum market
potential owing to an established auto component infrastructure, low manufacturing and R&D costs,
mechanical hardware availability, high urban congestion and the presence of a large domestic market.
Price positioning is the main concern for electric and hybrid vehicles, owing to the expensive battery
costs. Reva is priced at a price point which is comparable to other petrol-driven budget hatch back (A
segment) cars while similarly Toyota Prius is positioned in a price category which falls in the luxury
segment. The high price combined with the low consumer awareness and environmental sensitivity is
leading to the big question on whether India is ready for such vehicles.
In fact,most manufacturers are planning to launch vehicles in other countries or have launched already
launched electric cars globally like Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi iMiEV. However, they are playing it
safe in India by watching the government moments and would eventually target Indian market only if
the policies formulated under NCEM for Electric mobility are favourable.
Besides infrastructure is also another concern for electric vehicles in India. Since these cars can run
approximately 80km on one charge,they are recommended for short distance as charging infrastructure
is not developed in the country. There have been initiatives under which BSES in Delhi established
charging ports in 50 locations across its sub-stations in the city. Likewise in Bengaluru, parking spaces
in mall and offices have been equipped with charging points for electric cars. However it is important
to develop rapid charging stations which can provide quick charging in lesser time.
The key challenge here is that for a developing country like India where we are struggling to deal with
problem of electricity shortage,do we have enough resourcesto build charging infrastructure for electric
vehicles. Also it is difficult to assess in the long run, if we are trying to reduce the carbon footprint by
decreasing the fuel-driven vehicles, or on the contrary are we burning more coal in the thermal stations
to generate the required electricity for charging these vehicles. As per statistics in India, transport
contributes to 7 percent of total green house gas emissions while electricity contributes to 35 percent.
Customer perception and out look further pose the challenge of product acceptability in India. Electric
vehicles are perceived to be under power vehicles at higher cost. The cars can only cover short distance
of about 80 km per charge and hence the value proposition for electric vehicles as a first car is also
currently non-existent as compared to petrol vehicle.

21. The whole phenomenon of electric vehicles have picked up in recent years owing to the increasing oil
prices and pressure on developed nations to reduce the carbon footprint. Globally smart cities are being
developed which are focused on promoting electric vehicle usage. Indian government is also planning
four smart cities in Manesar, Shendra, Changodar and Dahej to be built along the dedicated freight
corridor. These cities are being designed in association with Japanese firms like Hitachi, Mitsubishi and
Toshiba and would b based on successful models of Japanese cities Kitakyushu, Toyota City and
Yokohoma.
Smart cities are going to be built under the main objective of 3-Rs: recycle, reuse and reduce. It would
focus on promoting energy efficient facilities with networking function along with environmentally
friendly public transportation system and personal vehicles.
By 2020, India‘s population in cities is expected to grow manifold to a staggering 200 million while
population is expected to grow by five times as compared to 2010. With this tremendous growth has
emerged a very critical issue of keeping air and noise pollution in urban areasundercontrol. It is desired
to have 3 lakh electric vehicles on the roads by 2020, including three-wheelers,cars and scooters which
could result in a reduction of over 16 lakh metric tons of population by 2020, savings of over Rs.3, 700
crore in foreign exchange and significant health costs savings.
Hybrid cars are a likely future direction that cars in India will take now that the Government is
considering norms for hybrid cars in India. At the moment, there is only the Toyota Prius that‘s on sale
India at a price point of Rs. 30 lakh that is a true hybrid.
Recently, the Government said it is considering framing norms to convert existing petrol and diesel cars
to petrol-electric and diesel-electric hybrid vehicles. This would achieve two things – one, lower
pollution levels in congested cities and two, increase in fuel economy would technically mean savings
for the car buyer.
But by how much do hybrid cars really improve fuel economy and are there any considerable savings
when it comes to long-term running costs? That‘s something to ponder about.
Although these two cars are not strictly comparable, let‘s for a moment put them together to compare
notes – given that both cars are imports. Let‘s see how a Toyota Prius compares with entry-level Audi
A4 1.8 petrol, both priced around Rs. 29 lakh.
The Toyota Prius is powered by a 1.8 litre petrol engine that puts out 98 bhp of power, coupled with a
35 bhp electric motor, making the car good for a total power output of 134 bhp. The Prius ―hybrid
synergy drive‖ system can power the car on only the electric motor, only the petrol motor or both
together depending on the driving conditions. For city speeds up to a range of about 30 km, the car can
drive on electric power alone. When speeds go above 40 kmph, the petrol motor kicks in, and when
peak acceleration is required the car uses both motors for maximum power.
It is because of this hybrid combination that despite good performance, the car gives a phenomenal
mileage of 22 kmpl in the city.

22. Now,look ata regular petrol sedan like the Audi A4 with a 1.8 litre motor putting out better performance
of 168 bhp. It has better top-end performance no doubt, but when it comes to pollution levels at slow
city speeds and on fuel economy the Audi A4 loses out, as the petrol motor is always running, while the
Prius can run on electric power alone as needed. The Audi A4 has a fuel-efficiency rating of 13 kmpl,
giving only about 11 kmpl in the city, half that of the Prius.
Long-term running costs are more expensive
So straight away,running costs should be half right? Not quite. The Prius uses far more technology and
hence has expensive maintenance. Also the battery packs in the Prius need replacing after a few years,
which would cost at least Rs. 2.5 lakh to replace. And that negates all the savings on fuel cost that one
would have saved because of better overall fuel efficiency.
However, the reason to buy a hybrid is not just running cost or fuel cost – it is more to do with the
environment. With a hybrid you pollute just half as much as you would with a regular petrol engine, not
to mention consuming less fuel, which in its own waygoes to saving the planet. That‘sone of the reason
celebrities have been lapping up hybrids like the Prius – it gives to bragging rights about caring for the
environment.
Petrol-electric hybrid vs CNG conversion:Pros and cons
Thursday, February 21, 2013 by Roshun Povaiah
The government recently said it is framing norms to convert petrol and diesel cars to petrol-electric or
diesel-electric hybrids. And one company, Revolo, is readywith a kit that can be retrofitted in any petrol
or diesel car,but costs about Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 80,000.
During the Auto Expo we came across some interesting gizmos, and one of them was the Revolo hybrid
solution, that promised to turn any car,petrol or diesel, into an electric hybrid.
About Revolvo
Revolo is a plug-in parallel hybrid technology that can be retrofitted in both existing and new cars.
This technology has been designed and engineered by KPIT Cummins and the product will be
manufactured through a joint venture (JV)of Rs. 100 crore (initial) betweenBharatForge Ltd and KPIT
Cummins. As part of the joint venture, KPIT Cummins will license the hybrid technology while Bharat
Forge will provide manufacturing, assembly & integration to the JV.
The idea of Revolo first occurred to a young KPIT Cummins engineer Tejas Khsatriya in 2008when he
was stuck in Mumbai traffic en route to Pune.
KPIT Cummins sanctioned a team of four engineers for the project, which was kept separate from
CREST, the researchanddevelopment centre atKPITCummins. It took 2 yearsof researchanda budget
under USD2 million to evolve the idea through trial and error andseveralfailures, including the inability
of the system to withstand sudden surge in power when breaks were applied.
The research and development team studied the firing pattern of internal combustion engines and
identified the weak spots that lead to fuel wastage and finally created a technology that can convert a

23. passenger car to a hybrid that is environmentally friendly, cheap, fuel-efficient and at the same time
offers good performance.
Revolo is designed to work in typical stop-and-go city traffic and allows cars to cruise at about 30 km/h
in the third gear without straining the engine.
Latest Developments: KPIT Cummins continues the road tests of pilot vehicles as well as consumer
trials with results so far having validated the pre-announced performance results. The team has further
reduced the overall weight of the solution, improved on the durability and standardized many
components across multiple vehicle platforms. Construction at the assembly and manufacturing plants
continues. It is expected to be operational by July 2011.
The company will test various vehicles, including passenger cars, with engines sizes between 800 cc
and 2,500 cc.
Production of limited hybrid kits is planned to start by first half of 2011-12. The commercial production
would begin in 2012-13.
Intrigued? We were too and decided to checkout how the system works.The Revolo system, from KPIT
Cummins, is a parallel hybrid solution. What it does is connect an electric motor in parallel with your
engine. The electric motor runs off a stack of batteries that are charged by plugging into a household
electric socket. The motor provides ―boost‖ to the regular petrol or diesel engine, reducing the effort
of the engine. In effect,it claims to increase ―in-city‖ mileage by about 35% (and this is apparently
ARAI certified).
Now,if you look at CNGcars(which are essentially dual-fuel hybrids running on either petrol or CNG),
the cost of converting a petrol car to a CNG car works out to almost the same as that of converting a
petrol car to a petrol-electric hybrid.
Which one of these systems should you pick? We take a look at the pros and cons of both, comparing a
Maruti Alto fitted with the Revolo hybrid system and one fitted with a sequential CNG system.
Revolo petrol-electric system
The petrol-electric hybrid system from Revolo (a KPIT Cummins offering) uses an electric motor
coupled with the petrol engine through a drive-belt connected to the crankshaft pulley. The electric
motor draws power from a battery pack (two 12V batteries) in the boot or from a single Lithium ion
battery. This battery pack can be charged overnight from a standard household socket and it also gets
recharged when the car is moving – especially during braking.
Pros of the petrol-electric system
Revolo claims an additional fuel efficiency of 35% compared to a regular petrol Alto in the city. Given
the city mileage of about 17 kmpl for a regular Alto one can get about 23 kmpl using this system. This
would result in savings of up to 30% on fuel bills per year. Running costs would come down by 30%
overall, given that electricity to charge the system is nearly 1/10th
the cost.

24. Also the system is quite compact and does not take up as much space as a CNG system would – there
is no big cylinder in the boot as the battery pack is small and can be fitted in one corner of the boot
saving space.
The system, once fully charged, can run much longer than a CNG system would as it also gets trickle
charged during the day when the car is running.
Cons of the Petrol-Electric System
The cost projection for installing such a system of between Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 80,000 is fairly high. You
need to drive over 2000 km a month to realize the benefits of the system. With this kind of driving you
would save about Rs 2,100 per month, making the system pay for itself by the third year of use.
However, in the fourth year, expect your savings to drop considerably, as you would need to spend
about Rs. 14,000 on new batteries. And this is a recurring cost every three to four years.
CNG-petrol dual fuel systems
With a CNGconversion, the carcan run on natural gasor petrol. Running it on CNGoften gives slightly
better fuel efficiency – in the case of the Alto about 22 km per Kg of CNG. With CNG prices at about
Rs. 40 per Kg, it is nearly Rs. 30 cheaper than petrol per litre.
Pros ofa CNG system
CNG conversion allows for pure CNG driving, without a drop of petrol being burned unlike the petrol-
electric system, where you only get a boost from the electric motor, but are still consuming petrol.
Therefore the savings (given the cost difference with petrol) are much higher. You realize the
investment in CNG much faster than you would with a petrol electric system.
CNG filling networks are quite widespread in about 35 cities now, which means much easier access to
gas. Electric charging points are not easily accessible unless you have a garage or easy access to a plug
point. It also takes about 5 minutes to tank up on CNG, while it takes about 8 hours for a fullcharge of
the batteries.
Cons ofa CNG system
The size of the CNG tank takes up almost the entire boot in an Alto, leaving no space for luggage. It
also is substantially heavier and takes its toll on the suspension of the car. When one travels out of

25. town this becomes an issue as CNG networks don‘t exist outside of major cities, forcing the driver to
drive on petrol and negate any savings.
HYPOTHESIS
By 2025, India‘s pollution in cities is expected to grow five times as compared to 2010. It
is desired to have 3 lakh EVs which could result in a reduction of over 16 lakh metric tons
of pollution by 2020, savings of over Rs.3,700 crore in foreign exchange and significant
health costs savings.
It is expected that the government will make regulations specific to financial, incentives
for manufacturers, parking and toll benefits to customers and research and development
grants to build next generation technologies.
The government will also form norms for promoting petrol-electric or diesel-electric
hybrids. We expect to see lots of Hybrid Vehicles on road within a short span. The
Revolvo Kit is meeting the current consumer‘s expectations hence it will be preferred by
consumers on a larger extent.

26. CONCLUSION
The perception of people towards EVs is still unsatisfactory as a major section of our
society is still unaware of various Alternative Technologies used in Automobiles.
The current EVs don‘t meet the consumer‘s expectations to a larger extent.
The Government Initiatives taken for the promotion of EVs is still in developing stage and
is up to papers, though various agencies have been formed and various plans have been
brought by them but still its implementation is not yet done.
The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with current vehicles on road,
so a change in consumer‘s behavior is important. They should gradually become more
conscious about the use of cleaner technologies.
Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric/Hybrid vehicles but still there
are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer‘s expectations such as
REVOLVO KIT.
Marketing of such products will really play an important role as a stepping foot towards
GREENER ENVIRONMET.
Various companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part of their
corporate social responsibilities.
Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is GREEN.
REFERENCES
 Wikipedia
 Google
 Research papers
 Tesla website
 Mentor ashish sir
 www.energy.gov
 https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicle-basics