Fundamentals of ice 1 by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
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This document discusses the fundamentals of internal combustion engines. It provides a brief history of internal combustion engines, including contributions from inventors such as JJ Lenoir, Nicolas Otto, and Rudolf Diesel. It also describes different types of internal combustion engines such as reciprocating engines and Wankel rotary engines. The document outlines key engine components, systems, and definitions.
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The document summarizes Stirling and Ericsson cycles and their applications. It discusses that a Stirling engine converts heat energy to mechanical power using a fixed quantity of working fluid and external combustion. The ideal Stirling cycle consists of two isothermal and two constant volume processes. Applications mentioned include using solar Stirling engines for pumping water in rural areas and recovering low-grade waste heat. The Ericsson cycle also consists of two isothermal and two constant pressure processes. Both cycles are applied in engines with Stirling engines having advantages like ability to use various heat sources but also disadvantages like high costs.
Presentation2
The KSTPS generates electricity and was proposed in 1973. It initially had two 110MW units and has since expanded with additional larger units. Key components of the plant include the coal handling plant, boiler, ash handling plant, turbine, electrostatic precipitator and other equipment. The document discusses the design of the units, site selection considerations, and advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants. It also provides an introduction and details about induction motors, including their construction, operation, types and applications.
Lecture 3
Thermodynamics II course taught at air university Islamabad by Sijal Ahmed Memon.
Otto and diesel cycle analysis
Meet the Engineer 2015
Here are the presentations from Productiv's 4th Meet the Engineer event, supported by the Automotive Council and the UK's Advanced Propulsion Centre.
The event included 21 'pecha kucha' style technology pitches from SME Technology Developers representing a range of early stage through to production ready Automotive innovations.
The event was host to an audience of OEMs and Tier 1s, including Jaguar Land Rover, Ford, Tevva Motors, Alexander Dennis, Optare, Caterpillar, Schaefller and many more.
Thank you to all the Technology Developers for delivering high quality and engaging pitches. Thank you to the audience for listening and engaging with the presenters in the networking and exhibition sessions.
If you'd like to learn more about the event, connect with one of the speakers, or talk about your technology industrialisation and proving production challenges then please get in touch with us.
The Proving Factory, Gielgud Way, Coventry CV2 2SA
enquiries@productivgroup.co.uk | +442476 309 291
www.productivgroup.co.uk
INDUSTRIA TRAINING PRESENTATION ON REGIONAL WORKSHOP OF UPSRTC.pptx
The UPSRTC workshop in Agra maintains and repairs roadway buses for Uttar Pradesh. The workshop has several sections for engine maintenance and repair, including the engine section, differential gear section, gear box section, and clutch section. The presentation described key engine parts like the cylinder block, piston, flywheel, crankshaft, and camshaft. It also provided specifications for the Tata TC 1312 engine model used in the buses, including the number of cylinders and bore size. The differential gear section houses gears that allow the average angular velocity of connected parts, while the clutch section contains mechanisms for transmitting rotation between rotating shafts.
Synchronous motor & Alternators application
This document provides information about a group presentation on 3-phase synchronous motors and alternators. It discusses the application of 3-phase synchronous motors in precision speed applications like fans and air blowers. It then describes the construction of a 3-phase alternator, which has a stationary armature winding in its stator and a rotating magnetic field in its rotor created by direct current in the rotor winding. Key parts of the alternator include the stator frame, stator core containing winding slots, and the rotor with its field winding supplied by a separate exciter.
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines, Construction, Operation, Types, Specification Of Electrical Machines, Different Failure Modes Of Electrical Machines, Failure Modes And Root Causes In Rotating Electrical Machines
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Organic rankine cycle for exhaust waste heat recovery of a disel engine
Organic rankine cycle for exhaust waste heat recovery of a disel engine
INDUSTRIA TRAINING PRESENTATION ON REGIONAL WORKSHOP OF UPSRTC.pptx
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Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines
More from Rana Saif Khan
Fuels basic by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
Gasoline is a liquid fuel obtained from crude oil through fractional distillation. It is a dark liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. During fractional distillation, hydrocarbons with lower boiling points are separated at the top of the distillation tower. Different hydrocarbon fractions obtained from crude oil are used as various fuels based on their boiling points and number of carbon atoms. Properties like boiling point, density, viscosity and heating value of fuels increase with increasing molecular size and carbon atoms.
Fuels basic
Gasoline is a liquid fuel obtained from crude oil through fractional distillation. It is a dark liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. During fractional distillation, hydrocarbons with lower boiling points are separated at the top of the distillation tower. Different hydrocarbon fractions obtained from crude oil are used as various fuels based on their boiling points and number of carbon atoms. Properties like boiling point, density, viscosity and heating value of fuels increase with increasing molecular size and carbon content.
Two stroke by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
Two stroke engines have advantages of being mechanically simpler without valves, lighter in weight, more compact, and provide quicker acceleration compared to four stroke engines. However, two stroke engines also have disadvantages like running hotter, lacking a dedicated lubrication system, being more polluting due to unburnt fuel exiting through the exhaust, and less fuel efficient resulting in higher fuel consumption. Two stroke engines can be either crankcase scavenged or loop scavenged.
Four stroke 3 by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
The document discusses four stroke engines, including the intake, compression, ignition/combustion, and exhaust strokes. It compares the processes and sequences of operation in diesel and gasoline engines. Ideal assumptions and real-world factors are outlined. The four main strokes are defined, and the Otto and Diesel thermodynamic cycles are described and compared using pressure-volume diagrams. Finally, gasoline and diesel engines are conclusively compared based on factors like size, cost, noise, and suitable applications.
Vapour power 4 by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
This document describes an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with feedwater heating. It has three key points:
1. It raises the temperature of feedwater before it enters the boiler using steam extracted from the turbine. This improves thermal efficiency.
2. The device that heats the feedwater is called a regenerator or feedwater heater. It can be an open or closed system and prevents deaeration of the feedwater.
3. Benefits include reduced steam flow, smaller equipment, easier turbine operation, and less erosion. Regeneration provides higher efficiency than reheating without the complexity and costs of reheating systems.
Nuclear 2 by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
There are two main types of nuclear reactors: thermal (slow) reactors and fast reactors. Thermal reactors have a large, heavy core and use moderators like graphite or water to slow neutrons, making them easier to control. Fast reactors have a smaller, more compact size and can breed fuel.
Nuclear fuel can be natural uranium, which contains the fissile U-235, or artificial fuel produced from fertile materials like U-238 or Th-232. Reactors are classified as burners, converters, or breeders depending on whether they only produce heat or can convert or breed more fuel. Breeder reactors are able to produce more fuel than they consume.
Reactors require effective
Steam power plants introduction by Rana Saifullah Khan
This document discusses power plants and their components. A power plant is an assembly of systems and subsystems that generate electricity through the conversion of another energy source. Power plants are classified based on their fuel source, prime mover, and duty. Common fuel sources include water, coal, fuel oil, peat, biofuel, geothermal, and others. The thermodynamic processes involved in power plants include the generation of high pressure steam via boiling water and using superheated steam to drive turbines that generate electricity. Steam tables and energy analysis are also important concepts discussed.
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Steam power plants introduction by Rana Saifullah Khan
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
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Fundamentals of ice 1 by RANA SAIFULLAH KHAN
- 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- 3. HISTORY OF ICE • JJ LENOIR (1860) PIONEER OF IC ENGINE • NICOLOUS OTTO & EUGEN LANGEN(1876) SI ENGINES • RUDOLF DIESEL(1897) CI ENGINES
- 7. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Wankel engines • 3 LOBE ROTOR WHICH IS DRIVEN ECCENTRICALLY IN A CASING & 3 VOLUMES ARE TRAPPED BETWEEN THE ROTOR AND THE CASING. THESE VOLUMES PERFORM INDUCTION, COMPRESSION, POWER & EXHAUST STROKES SEPERATELY. • SEAL WEAR & HEAT TRANSFER ARE PROBLEM AREAS ROTARY
- 8. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES BASIC FUNCTION RECIPROCATING ENGINES
- 9. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Advantages • MECHANICAL SIMPLICITY • IMPROVED THERMAL EFFICIENCY • DON’T NEED AUXILLARY EQUIPMENT • SHORT START AND STOP TIME • LOW INITIAL COST • EFFICENT PERFORMANCE Disadvantages • FUEL COST • WORKING FLUID ONLY LIQUID OR GASEOUS AT GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS • VIBRATION PROBLEMS
- 16. CRANK SHAFT & CYLINDER BLOCK
- 17. CONNECTING ROD & CAM SHAFT
- 18. DEFINATIONS ON ENGINE PARTS
- 19. DEFINATIONS ON ENGINE PARTS
- 20. ENGINE SYSTEMS
- 21. ENGINE SYSTEMS • COOLING SYSTEM • EXHAUSTSYSTEMS • LURICATION SYSTEMS • FUEL SYSTEM • IGNITION SYSTEMS • TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS • ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT
- 22. ENGINE PARTS
- 23. ENGINE PARTS
- 24. ENGINE PARTS
- 28. IGNITION
- 29. STROKES
- 30. STROKES
- 31. VALVES
- 32. DESIGN
- 33. POSITION & NO OF CYCLINDERS
- 34. AIR INTAKE
- 35. FUEL INTAKE
- 36. FUEL INTAKE
- 37. FUEL USED
- 38. COOLING METHOD
- 41. COMPARISION OF SI & CI ENGINES