This document provides an overview of functional anatomy and the musculoskeletal system. It discusses the key structures including bones, joints, muscles, planes of movement, and anatomical terminology. Bones provide structure, protection and movement. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton along the midline and appendicular skeleton in the limbs. Synovial joints allow movement and are connected by ligaments and tendons. Muscles have three main functions - movement, posture and heat production - and are either skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of striated muscle fibers that run from origin to insertion points.

1. Functional Anatomy
Level 3 PE

2. What should you know
• Names of Bones and Joints
• Types of Synovial Joints and Names of joints
• Names of Muscles
• Muscle Actions
• How muscles work
• Types of Contractions

3. Anatomical Terms: Planes and
Movement Technology
• In order to avoid confusion when describing various body
movements and positions of the musculoskeletal system, standard
anatomical terminology is used.
• Medial – towards the midline or middle of the body
• Lateral – towards the side of the body – away from the middle
• Superficial – any feature that is closer to the surface of the body
• Deep – any feature that is further away from the surface of the body.
• Proximal and Distal – refers to the limbs. Proximal means closer to
the point where the limb attaches to the body, Distal means further
away from the point of attachment.
• Superior – A position towards the head
• Inferior – A position away from the head
• Prone – Lying face down
• Supine – Lying face up
• Anterior – on the front of the body
• Posterior – on the back of the body

5. Planes of the Body

6. The Skeletal System: An
Overview
• Human body consists of 206 bones
• Functions of the bones:
• Support
• Protection
• Movement
• Storage of Minerals
• Blood Cell Production
• Ligaments: Cords of thick, strong fibres that connect bone to
bone
• Tendons: Cords of thick, strong fibres that connect muscle to
bone.

8. Divisions of the
Skeleton
• The skeleton is divided into 2
parts: Axial and Appendicular.
• Axial = all the bones that are
grouped along the midline of
the body – Spinal Column,
Skull, Chest.
• Appendicular = appendages –
pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle
and arms and legs (126 bones)

9. Vertebral
Column
• Divided into 5 sections
• 7 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• Scrum (5 fused)
• Coccyx (4 fused)

10. Joints and Movements of the
Body
• Joints are where two bones meet.
• Held together by ligaments and essential for movement, as
muscles need to pass over them for contraction to occur.
• The type of joint will determine hoe moveable the bones are.
• Fibrous joints – immoveable
• Cartilagenous – partly moveable
• Synovial – Freely moveable – these are the joints that we are
concerned with in relation to movement.

11. Structure of a Synovial Joint

13. SynovialJoints

15. Joint Movements

16. The Muscular System: An
Overview
• The muscles have 3 main functions:
• Movement
• Posture
• Production of body heat
• Three Types of muscles:
• Voluntary – Skeletal muscles
• Cardiac Muscle – Involuntary
• Smooth Muscle - Involuntary

17. Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

18. • Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle
cells (fibers) often running all the way from origin, where the
muscle attaches to a usually stationary bone, across a joint to
insertion, where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves
on contraction of the muscle. The fibers are bound together
by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and
nerves. Skeletal muscle cells are often called striated muscle
cells due to the hundreds of parallel, striated myofibrils in
each cell.