The document discusses fugitive emissions, which are unintentional releases from leaking equipment. It identifies the main sources of fugitive emissions as pumps, valves, flanges, and storage tanks. Methods for measuring fugitive emissions include using portable gas detectors and calculating emissions using average emission factors, screening ranges, EPA correlations, or unit-specific correlations. The document also discusses techniques for controlling fugitive emissions, such as implementing leak detection and repair programs and modifying equipment by adding seals, closed vent systems, or making designs sealless.

1. Fugitive Emissions
Gaurav Singh Rajput
@gauravkrsrajput

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Fugitive Emissions
 Unintentional releases, such as those due
to leaking equipment, are known as fugitiv
e emissions
 Can originate at any place where equipme
nt leaks may occur
 Can also arise from evaporation of hazard
ous compounds from open topped tanks

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Fugitive Emissions
Sources
Pumps and Valves
Tanks
Measurement
Calculation
Prevention

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Relief valves
18%
Flanges
3%
Pumps
27%
Drains
1%
Compressors
8%
Valves
43%
Agitatorseals Loadingarms
Compressorseals Meters
Connectors Open-endedlines
Diaphrams Polishedrods
Drains Pressurereliefdevices
Dumpleverarms Pumpseals
Flanges Stuffingboxes
Hatches Valves
Instruments Vents

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pumps and Valves
 70% of process plant fugitive emissio
ns are from pumps and valves
 Measurement of fugitive emissions wil
l require some level of knowledge of
pumps and valves

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pump Packing

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Centrifugal Pump

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pump and Motor Assembly

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Pumps and Flanges

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Gate Valve

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Globe Valve

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Gate Valve

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Globe Valve

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Sources
Check Valve

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Sources: Butterfly Valves

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Flanges

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Sources of Fugitive Emissions
Flanges

21. Piping Systems
 One line diagrams
 Valves
 Pumps
 Pipes
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22. Tanks
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23. Tanks
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24. Tanks
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25. Tanks
Fugitive Emissions
 Tanks are designed to reduce fugitive emi
ssions
 Floating roof tanks are typically used for v
ery large diameter tanks where a fixed roo
f construction becomes expensive to supp
ort and for products where vapor emission
s become an issue
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Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
There are six basic tank designs
 Fixed roof
 vertical or horizontal
 least expensive
 least acceptable for storing liquids
 emission are caused by changes in
 temperature
 pressure
 liquid level
(a) Typicalfixed-rooftank.

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Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
 External floating roof
 open-topped cylindrical steel shell
 steel plate roof that floats on the surface of the liquid
 emission limited to evaporation losses from
 an imperfect rim seal system
 fittings in the floating deck
 any exposed liquid on the tank wall when liquid is wit
hdrawn and the roof lowers
 Domed external floating roof
 similar to internal floating roof tank
 existing floated roof tank retrofitted with a fixed roof to b
lock winds and minimize evaporative loses

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External Floating Roof Tanks
(b) Externalfloatingrooftank(pontoon
type).
(d) D om ed externa l floating roof tank.

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(c) Internal floating roof tank.(c) Internal floating roof tank.
Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
 Internal floating roof
 permanent fixed roof with
a floating roof inside
 evaporative losses from
 deck fittings
 non-welded deck sea
ms
 annular space betwee
n floating deck and th
e wall

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Fugitive Emissions from Storage Ta
nks
 Variable vapor space
 expandable vapor reservoirs to accommodate v
olume fluctuations due to:
 temperature
 barometric pressure changes
 uses a flexible diaphragm membrane to provide
expandable volume
 losses are limited to:
 tank filling times when vapor displaced by li
quid exceeds tank’s storage capacity

31. Measuring Fugitive Emissions
Instruments
 Portable gas detector
 Catalytic bead
 Non-dispersive infrared
 Photo-ionization detectors
 Combustion analyzers
 Standard GC with flame ioni
zation detector is most com
monly used
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Measuring Fugitive Emissions
Approach
 Average emission factor approach
 Screening ranges approach
 EPA correlation approach
 Unit-specific correlation approach

33. Measuring Fugitive Emissions
 What factors can impact fugitive emission
measurement?
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Average Emission Factor Approach
EFWFTOC A TOC
ETOC = TOC emission rate from a component (kg/hr)
FA = applicable average emission factor for the component (kg/hr)
WFTOC = average mass fraction of TOC in the stream serviced by the component
Table10.9
Averageemissionfactorsforestimatingfugitiveemissions
Equipmenttype Service
TOCemissionfactor
(kg/hr/source)
SOCMI Refinery
Marketing
Terminal
Valves Gas
Lightliquid
Heavyliquid
0.00597
0.00403
0.00023
0.0268
0.0109
0.00023
1.3x10-5
4.3x10-5
-
Pumpseals Gas
Lightliquid
Heavyliquid
-
0.0199
0.00862
-
0.144
0.021
6.5x10-5
5.4x10-4
-

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Screening Ranges Approach
 Leak/ No-leak approach
 more exact than the average emissions
approach
 relies on screening data from the facility, r
ather than on industry wide averages
EFNFNTOCGGLL ( )( )
TOCemissionrateforanequipmenttype
FG = applicableemissionfactorforsourceswithscreeningvaluesgreaterthan
orequalto10,000ppmv(kg/hr/source)
NG = equipmentcountforsourceswithscreeningvaluesgreaterthanorequalto
10,000ppmv
FL = applicableemissionfactorforsourceswithscreeningvalueslessthan
10,000ppmv(kg/hr/source)
NL =equipmentcountforsourceswithscreeningvalueslessthan10,000ppmv

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EPA Correlation Approach
 Predicts mass emission rates as a function of
screening values for a particular equipment ty
pe
 Total fugitive emissions = sum of the emissio
ns associated with each of the screening valu
es
 Default-zero leak rate is the mass emission ra
te associated with a screening value of zero

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EPA Correlation Approach
Table10.11
EPAcorrelationsforestimatingfugitiveemissions
Equipment type TOCleakratefromcorrelation*
(kg/hr/unit)
Default-zero
emissionrate
(kg/hr/unit)
SOCMI Refinery
Gasvalves 1.8x10-6
SV0.873
- 6.6x10-7
Liquidliquidvalves 6.41x10-6SV0.797 - 4.9x10-7
Valves(all) - 2.29x10-6
SV0.746
7.8x10-6
Light liquidpumps 1.90x10-5
SV0.824
- 7.5x10-6
Pumpseals(all) - 5.03x10-5
SV0.610
2.4x10-5
Connectors 3.05x10-6
SV0.885
- 6.1x10-7
Connectors - 1.53x10-6
SV0.735
7.5x10-6
Flanges - 4.61x10-6SV0.703 3.1x10-7
Open-endedlines - 2.20x10-6
SV0.704
2.0x10-6

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Unit-Specific Correlation Approac
h
 Most exact, but most expensive method
 Screening values and corresponding mass
emissions data are collected for a statistic
ally significant number of units
 A minimum number of leak rate measure
ments and screening value pairs must be
obtained to develop the correlations

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Controlling Fugitive Emissions
 Modifying or replacing existing equipment
 Implementing a leak detection and repair
(LDAR) program

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Equipment Modification
Equipment type Modification
Approximate
control
efficiency
(%)
Pumps Sealless design 100
Closed-vent system 90
Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid maintained
at a higher pressure than the pumped fluid
100
Compressors Closed-vent system 90
Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid maintained
at a higher pressure than the pumped fluid
100
Pressure-relief
devices
Closed-vent system varies
Rupture disk assembly 100
Valves Sealless design 100
Connectors Weld together 100
Open-ended lines Blind, cap, plug or second valve 100
Sampling
connections
Closed-loop sampling 100

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Equipment Modification
Magnetic Drive Pump

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LDAR Programs
 Designed to identify pieces of equipment t
hat are emitting sufficient amounts of mat
erial to warrant reduction of emissions thr
ough repair
 Best applied to equipment types that can
be repaired on-line or to equipment for wh
ich equipment modification is not suitable

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Emissions Estimation from Storage Tanks
L LLT S W 
LT = total losses, kg/yr
LS = standing storage losses, kg/yr
LW = working losses, kg/yr
The standing storage losses are due to breathi
ng of the vapors above the liquid in the storag
e tank
L VWKKS VVES365
VV = vapor space volume, m3
WV = vapor density, kg/m3
KE = vapor space expansion factor, dimen
sionless
KS = vented space saturation factor, dime
nsionless
365 = days/year
W
MP
RTV
V VA
LA

MV = vapor molecular weight
R = universal gas constant, mm Hg-L/EK-mo
l
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid su
rface temperature,
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature
, EK
K
T
T
P P
P PE
V
LA
V B
A VA
 


  
)TV = daily temperature range, EK
)PV = daily pressure range,
)PB = breather vent pressure setting range,
PA = atmospheric pressure,

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Emissions Estimation from Storage Tanks
K
PHS
VA VO


1
10053.
HVO = vapor space outage, ft = height of a cylinder of tank diameter, D,
whose volume is equivalent to the vapor space volume of the tank
L MPQKKW VVANP00010.
Q = annual net throughput (tank capacity (bbl) times annual turnover rate), bbl/yr
KN = turnover factor, dimensionless
for turnovers > 36/year, KN = (180 + N)/6N
for turnovers # 36, KN = 1
where N = number of tank volume turnovers per year
KP = working loss product factor, dimensionless
for crude oils = 0.75
for all other liquids = 1.0

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Fugitive Emissions from Waste,
Treatment and DisposalI = important S = secondary N = negligible or not applicable
Surface Wastewater treatment plants Land
Pathway impoundments Aerated Non-aerated treatment Landfill
Volatilization I I I I I
Biodegradation I I I I S
Photodecomp. S N N N N
Hydrolysis S S S N N
Oxidation/red’n N N N N N
Adsorption N S S N N
Hydroxyl radical N N N N N