I do not have enough context to answer those specific questions. The document provided is a summary of key events in the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of Turkey, but does not include details to answer your questions directly. Please provide the question you intended to ask about the given document.

1. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 After periods of internal problems and weak rulers ottoman
empire appeared to be ready to collapse.
 incapable sultans created opportunity for power struggles
between Janissary commanders, religious experts, and
rival minsters
 Provincial Officials and the Ayans (Land-owning elite)
conspired together and cheated tax $$$ from sultan.
 Took $$$ from already impoverished peasantry.

2. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 Riots led by artisans began springing about the empire.
 Less need for local artisans. Ottoman Merchants become
dependent on European counter parts. No bueno
 Because of the lack of internal order, Ottomans lose the
Northern Balkans in Eastern Europe.
 Austrian Hapsburg dynsaty (Ottoman rulers) are overthrown
in Hungary

3. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
 Main threat to Ottoman empire survival are… the
RUSSIANS!
 Military setbacks and Russian Advancements in the black sea
pressure Ottomans
 Weak alliances with Christian powers further emphasize disorder
in the Ottoman Empire.
 Uprisings in Serbia(1804) break out and are quelled in a few
years at a large cost.
 Greece revolts against Ottomans in 1820, independence in 1830.
Serbian independence in 1867
 Balkan wars from Ch.23

4. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 O.E. beats the odds and survived into the 20th century
because of two reasons
 Divisions between European Powers.
 Multiple nations in Europe feared another power would gain to
much territory out of O.E. land.
 In response Britain Supported the O.E. to prevent Russian
control of Istanbul

5. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Large part of survival was social reform within O.E.
 Two factions in O.E. politics, those wanting changes more
akin to Europe and those wanting to change to previous
precedents from early O.E
 Think Conservatives vs. Liberals
 First printing press arrives in O.E. territory in 1727

6. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Sultan Selim III takes power
 Selim III pushed for bolder reforms.
 His main efforts were focused at reforming the army and
administration
 Angered Janisarry Corp. Selim was killed in a Janissary
revolt in 1807.

7. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Following Selim’s failure Mahmud II triumphed in reforms
 Mahmud created a secret army with help of European
advisors in 1826
 Janissary uprising in Istanbul, all were slaughtered by the
new secret force.
 Made Tanzimat reforms to further westernize O.E.
Established Diplomatic corps on western lines

8. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Reform and Survival
 Tanzimat Reforms(1839-1876) introduce western education,
telegraph lines, and railways.
 New constitution created based on European prototypes.
 Artisans suffer further because of the removal of import taxes
that protected local producers.
 Rights for women debated but never were changed

9. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 Tanzimat Reforms did allow the O.E. to resist western
aggressors, but created social problems.
 Western educated bureaucrats and officers began seeing
sultanate as barrier to more radical reforms
 New western elite clashed with Ulama and the
Ayan(conservatives)

10. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 Sultan Abdul Hamid responds to growing westernized
population by returning to a despotic absolutism government.
 During his reign he nullifies the newly set constitution.
 Retains certain freedoms such as the freedom of press
 Despite all his acts against westernization Hamid pushed for
westernization in military arms and techniques
 Established railways and more telegraphs with German aid.

11. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 Abdul Hamid’s rule came to an end after an almost bloodless
military coup in 1908.
 Turkish intellectuals and politicians whom were exiled formed the
Ottoman society For Union and Progress in Paris in 1889
 O.S.F.U.P.P. wanted to resume far reaching reforms and bring the
1876 constitution back into effect
 Sultan was overthrown and created as a religious position

12. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman
Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
 The new elite officers began to quarrel among themselves in
factional fighting.
 People most affected by the decision to overthrow Sultan were
the people of the fertile crescent in Arabia.
 Arabians wanted less Turkish power ruling over them, but were
further subjugated.
 Unfortunately their time was limited before WW I

13. Questions for Candy!
 What territories did the Ottomans lose?
 What happened to position of Artisans?
 Printing press introduced?
 Describe Mahmud’s reforms.
 What did Abdul Hamid do to stop westernization?
 What finished the Ottoman Empire?