The methodological stages presented in embodied Artificial Intelligence are given. Systematically we broaden the concept AI so finally we can approach systems related to Artificial Life.

1. Lecture II: Embodied Artificial Intelligence as first stage
towards Artificial Life
Krzysztof Pomorski1,2
1: Faculty of Electronics, Computer Science and Telecommunications
Department of Telecommunications
AGH
2: Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw kdvpomorski@gmail.com
March 13, 2018
Krzysztof Pomorski1,2
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2. Overview
1 Human intelligence
2 Humanistic definition of intelligence
3 Artificial Intelligence
4 Turing idea
5 Philosophy in approach towards robotic design
6 Braitenberg vehicles
7 Concept of emergence and embodiment
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3. Human intelligence
Human intelligence is the intellectual prowess of humans, which is marked
by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and
self-awareness.
Through their intelligence, humans possess the cognitive abilities to learn,
form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the
capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems,
make decisions, retain information, and use language to communicate.
Intelligence enables humans to experience and think.
Note that the definition and characteristics of human intelligence are
interpreted differently by individuals depending on their culture.
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4. Your own defintions of intelligence
Please give your own definition of AI.
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5. Humanistic definition of intelligence
1 ”The ability to use memory, knowledge, experience, understanding,
reasoning, imagination and judgement in order to solve problems and
adapt to new situations.” AllWords Dictionary, 2006.
2 ”The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. The American
Heritage Dictionary, fourth edition, 2000”
3 ”The ability to learn, understand and make judgments or have
opinions that are based on reason”- Cambridge Advance Learners
Dictionary, 2006
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6. Types of intelligence:
Linguistic intelligence: People high in linguistic intelligence have an
affinity for words, both spoken and written.
Logical-mathematics intelligence: Is logical and mathematical ability,
as well as scientific ability. Howard Gardner believed Jean Piaget may
have thought he was studying all intelligence, but in truth, Piaget was
really only focusing on the logical-mathematical intelligence.
Spatial intelligence: The ability to form a mental model of a spatial
world and to be able to maneuver and operate using that model.
Musical intelligence: Those with musical Intelligence have excellent
pitch, and may even be absolute pitch.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to solve problems or to
fashion products using one’s whole body, or parts of the body. For
example, dancers, athletes, surgeons, craftspeople, etc.
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7. Types of intelligence:
Interpersonal intelligence: The ability to see things from the
perspective of others, or to understand people in the sense of
empathy. Strong interpersonal intelligence would be an asset in those
who are teachers, politicians, clinicians, religious leaders, etc.
Intrapersonal intelligence: A correlative ability, turned inward. It is a
capacity to form an accurate, veridical model of oneself and to be
able to use that model to operate effectively in life.
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8. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence
displayed by machines, in contrast with the natural intelligence (NI)
displayed by humans and other animals.
In computer science AI research is defined as the study of ”intelligent
agents”: any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chance of success at some goal.
Colloquially, the term ”artificial intelligence” is applied when a machine
mimics ”cognitive” functions that humans associate with other human
minds, such as ”learning” and ”problem solving”.
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9. [as by R.Pfeiffer]
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10. Machines with finite vs infinite memory
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11. Idea of Turing machine
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12. Basic idea of Turing machine
Above is a very simple representation of a Turing machine. It consists of
an infinitely-long tape which acts like the memory in a typical computer,
or any other form of data storage. The squares on the tape are usually
blank at the start and can be written with symbols. In this case, the
machine can only process the symbols 0 and 1 and ” ” (blank), and is thus
said to be a 3-symbol Turing machine.
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13. Atomic operations - Turing machine
There are just six types of fundamental operation that a Turing machine
performs in the course of a computation. It can:
read (i.e. identify) the symbol currently under the head
write a symbol on the square currently under the head (after first
deleting the symbol already written there, if any)
move the tape left one square
move the tape right one square change state halt.
Classical Turing machine can mimic any operation of classical computer.
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14. Decimal and hexadecimal number system
12510 = 1 × 102
+ 2 × 101
+ 5 × 100
. (1)
12510 = 1 × 26
+ 1 × 25
+ 1 × 24
+ 1 × 23
+ 1 × 22
+ 0 × 21
+ 1 × 20
= 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 1111012. (2)
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15. Figure: Software vs hardware ... , Rene Descartes
Mindbody dualism: body as extensible substance [ciao jako substancja
rozciga]+ thinking substance [brain]. Concept of humanoid robots was
affected by it before Rodney Brooks invention.
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16. Figure: Strategy of robotic design was affected by Rene Descarates [as presented
by Pawel Mroczkowski, UAM 2014].
In radical version of embodied AI there is no seperation between software
and hardware. However in practical technical design such seperation is
existing.
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17. Figure: Spinoza monism: one substance as combination of hardware and
software=human body [by KP and Pawel Mroczkowski, UAM 2014]
Concept of programmable matter???
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18. Figure: Example of programmable matter.
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19. Programmable matter
Programmable matter is a term originally coined in 1991 by Toffoli and
Margolus to refer to an ensemble of fine-grained computing elements
arranged in space.
Their paper describes a computing substrate that is composed of
fine-grained compute nodes distributed throughout space which
communicate using only nearest neighbor interactions.
In this context, programmable matter refers to compute models similar to
cellular automata and lattice gas automata.
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20. Practical examples of AI
Technical examples of systems with AI:
1. Humanoid robot
2. Vacuum cleaner
3. Google tools ...
4. Automatic car ...
5. Cyberfish
5. Intelligent telecommunication systems ...
... many others
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21. Problems to be tackled ...
1. Schedule of buses in the city ...
2. Optimal planning of lectures at the university
3. Travelling salesman problem
4. Detection of sound.
5. Detection of symbols in the image ...
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22. [as by R.Pfeiffer]
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23. [as by R.Pfeiffer]
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24. [as by R.Pfeiffer]
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25. Role of evolution in shaping morphology of agents
[as by R.Pfeiffer]
Why plants have no brain???
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26. [as by R.Pfeiffer]
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27. Krzysztof Pomorski1,2
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28. Krzysztof Pomorski1,2
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29. Krzysztof Pomorski1,2
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30. Figure: Robotic autonomous vacuum cleaner
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31. Figure: Cyberfish
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32. Concept of Braitenberg vehicle
Figure: Braitenberg vehicle
Generalized cognitive particle having sensors + motor system + sensors
generating social force
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33. Complex behaviour of Braitenberg vehicles
It can be interpreted as liking or dislinking source of light.
www.youtube.com/watchv=86ohmWIze4Y&feature=youtu.be
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34. Concept of social force
3rd Newtonian principle is not valid!!! Nevertheless many concepts as
known from N body problem in gravitation can be applied.
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35. [from ”Adaptability and Diversity in Simulated Turn-taking Behaviour” by
Hiroyuki Iizuka and Takashi Ikegami,2003 ]
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36. Feedback between single agent and enviroment
[from ”Adaptability and Diversity in Simulated Turn-taking Behaviour” by
Hiroyuki Iizuka and Takashi Ikegami,2003 ]
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37. Emergence of complex patterns
Emergence of complex patterns in Braitenberg vehicles during artificial evolution [from ”Adaptability and Diversity in Simulated
Turn-taking Behaviour” by Hiroyuki Iizuka and Takashi Ikegami, 2003 ].
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38. Principle of embodied AI (Science 2007, R.Pfeiffer et al.)
Broaden view is given by tube.switch.ch/videos/9d73741c .
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39. Network of connections as in marine traffic
Graph theory, network science, econophysics, telecommunication ... .
Number of agents tend to infinity ... and we have probability distributions
...
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40. Network of connections as by planes in traffic
Figure: Network of air traffic at given instant of time
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41. Network of connections - GEO satellites
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42. [by R .Pfeiffer]
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43. References
Rofl Pfeifer, Josh Bongard, How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence
Definition of natural intelligence, arXiv:0706.3639v1, 2007
http://www.alanturing.net
Nils J. Nilsson, The quest for artificial intelligence: a history of ideas and achievements, Cambridge University Press,
Stanford University
http://www.shanghailectures.org
John W. Romanishin et al., ,3D M-Blocks: Self-reconguring Robots Capable of Locomotion via Pivoting in Three
Dimensions, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2015
Adaptability and Diversity in Simulated Turn-taking Behaviour by Hiroyuki Iizuka and Takashi Ikegami,2003
https://arxiv.org/pdf/nlin/0310041.pdf
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