This document discusses different types of viscometers used to measure viscosity. It describes single point viscometers like the Ostwald viscometer that are suitable for Newtonian fluids and measure viscosity at a single shear rate. Multipoint viscometers like the cup and bob viscometer can measure viscosity at various shear rates and are required for non-Newtonian fluids to obtain the entire viscosity curve. The document explains key viscometers like the Ostwald, cup and bob, cone and plate, and their working principles based on equations like Poiseuille's law.
This presents all the topics related to Viscosity definition, formula, units, types, and viscometers, types of viscometers and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
A detailed topic on viscometers.
Different types of viscometers are explained in it. A clear representation of working with the diagrams of each viscometer.
Rotational Viscometers,
The viscometers that used to measure the viscosity using retarding force due to the viscous drag.
typers and sub-types, advantages,disadvantages,working of different rotational viscometers.
1.cup and bob viscometer,
2.cone and plate viscometer,
plug flow development, etc.
Chapter: Rheology
4th semester B.Pharm.
Physical Pharmacuetics,
B.pharm, As per the PCI semester syllabus,
!THIS SLIDE IS SIMPLIFIED BULLETINS, USE THIS SLIDE AND REFER MORE RESPECTIVE TEXTBOOKS!.
THANK YOU:
This presents all the topics related to Viscosity definition, formula, units, types, and viscometers, types of viscometers and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
A detailed topic on viscometers.
Different types of viscometers are explained in it. A clear representation of working with the diagrams of each viscometer.
Rotational Viscometers,
The viscometers that used to measure the viscosity using retarding force due to the viscous drag.
typers and sub-types, advantages,disadvantages,working of different rotational viscometers.
1.cup and bob viscometer,
2.cone and plate viscometer,
plug flow development, etc.
Chapter: Rheology
4th semester B.Pharm.
Physical Pharmacuetics,
B.pharm, As per the PCI semester syllabus,
!THIS SLIDE IS SIMPLIFIED BULLETINS, USE THIS SLIDE AND REFER MORE RESPECTIVE TEXTBOOKS!.
THANK YOU:
A modern viscometer is a device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. It works by applying a shear force to the fluid and measuring the resulting torque. The torque is then converted into a viscosity value using a calibration equation. Modern viscometers are highly accurate and can measure viscosity over a wide range of values. They are commonly used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals to ensure the consistency and quality of their products.
A viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities that vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a special type of viscometer. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A modern viscometer is a device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. It works by applying a shear force to the fluid and measuring the resulting torque. The torque is then converted into a viscosity value using a calibration equation. Modern viscometers are highly accurate and can measure viscosity over a wide range of values. They are commonly used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals to ensure the consistency and quality of their products.
A viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities that vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a special type of viscometer. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Name : SOURABH TARAKESHWAR CHAUHAN
Class : S.Y.B pharm
Roll no : 18
Division : A
Subject : Physical pharmaceutics – Ⅱ
College: Shree D.D. Vispute college of Pharmacy and research
center, gate no-04, vichumbe, new Panvel.
3. Determination of viscosity:
In case of Newtonian systems the rate of shear is directly
proportional to the shearing stress.
Therefore, single point viscometer i.e. the equipment that works
at a single rate of shear, is sufficient.
For evaluation of Non-Newtonian fluids multipoint viscometers
are required, because the apparent viscosity is to be determined at
a several of rates of shear to get entire consistency curve.
4. Viscometer
Single point
At a single rate of
shear one point on
the curve
Equipment:
Ostwald viscometer,
Falling sphere
viscometer
Application:
Newtonian Fluids
Multipoint
Several rates of shear
many points on the
curve
Equipment:
Cup and bob
Cone and plate
Application:
Non Newtonian fluids &
Newtonian Fluids
5. •CAPILLARYVISCOMETER
•Also known as U-tube viscometers, capillary
viscometers include the Ostwald and
Ubbelohde variations.
•They’re straight-forward and simple to use,
consisting of a U-shaped glass tube with two
bulbs (one higher and one lower).
•Fluid passes from the higher bulb to the lower
bulb through a capillary, and viscosity is
measured by timing how long it takes the
fluid to pass through the tube
6. Introduction:
These viscometers are suitable for
only Newtonian systems.
Principle:
Capillary Viscometer based on Poiseuille’s law. This method of
measurement, Measures time taken for defined quantity of fluid to flow
through a capillary with known diameter and length. It is then
compared with time required to flow by a liquid of known viscosity
(usually water) .
The viscosity of unknown liquid can be determined by using equation:
η1/η2= ρ1t1/ ρ2t2
7. η1/ η2= RELATIVE VISCOSITY OF LIQ.
The above eq. is based on POISEUILLE’S LAW for liq.
flowing through capillary tube
η= π r⁴tΔP/ 8lV
Where, r = radius of inside capillary t= time flow
ΔP=Pressure under which liq. Flow
L= length of capillary
V= Volume of fluid flowing
This e.q can also be written as
η= KtΔP
8. Capillary Viscometer
Ostwald viscometer Suspended level
viscometer
Couette type Or revolving
cup type or Mac Michael
viscometer
Searle type or revolving
bob type or stormer
viscometer
9. •OSTWALD’S VISCOMETER:
•Ostwald’s viscometer also known as U-tube viscometer
•A device which is used to measure the viscosity of the
liquid with a known density. This device is named after
“Wilhelm Ostwald
Working & Principle:
The viscometer is filled with liq. Upto bulkA through 1 st arm.
Then suck the liq. Through 2 nd arm to upper point C of the bulk B .
Now allow the liq. To pass from upper marked C to lower marked D.
And note the time of flow from upper marked C to lower marked D.
Now the viscosity of liq. Can be calculated by using formula;
η1/η2= ρ1t1/ ρ2t2
10.
11. FORMULA:
Viscous drag on body = force responsible for the
downward movement, thus :
3пηdv = п/6d³g x Ps– P1
where,
D = diameter of the sphere
g = acceleration due to gravity v = terminal velocity
Ps = density of sphere P1= density of liquid by
rearranging formula :
η = d²g ( Ps – p1 ) / 18v
12. •CUPAND BOB VISCOMETER:
•This is a multipoint viscometer and belongs to the category of rational viscometer.
•It is consist of two coaxial cylinders of different diameters.
•The outer cylinder forms the cup into which the inner cylinder or bob is fixed
centrally.
•The torque set up in the bob is measured in terms of angular deflection Q of a
13. Couette type Or
revolving cup type or
Mac Michael viscometer
Searle type or
revolving bob type or
stormer viscometer
TYPES
14. COUETTE TYPE VISCOMETER
•In this the cup is rotated and the viscous drag on the
bob produced by the liquid results in a torque which
is proportional to the viscosity of the liquid.
•Example:
MacMichael viscometer
15. SEARLE TYPE VISCOMETER
•In searle type viscometer, the bob is rotated while the cup is
held stationary. Examples: Stormer viscometer &Brookfield
viscometer
•FORMULA
η=kv w/v
Where
Kv =instrument constant
W=weight in gram
V=rpm generated due to w
16. •CONEAND PLATE VISCOMETER
•Acone-plate is precise torque meter which driven as discrete
rotational speed.
•The torque measuring system which consist of a calibrated
beryllium copper spring connecting the driven mechanism to rotating
cone, sense of resistance to rotation caused by
presence of sample fluid between the cone and stationary flat plate