Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
Reviews types of stimulants including decongestants, side effects and effects on sports performance.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Reviews types of stimulants including decongestants, side effects and effects on sports performance.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Mood stabilizers are medicines that treat and prevents highs(mania) and lows(depression). They also help to keep the mood from interfering with work, school or social life.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss Neurohumoral Transmission.
B. Explain role of GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin and Dopamine in neurohumoral transmission.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
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a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.
1. Epilepsy, Seizure, Convulsion
2. Causes & Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
3. Classification and Choice of antiepileptics
4. Antiepileptics Mechanism of action of , Adverse effects, Drug interactions, General guidelines for use.
5. Recommendation to Antiepileptics and pregnancy according to RCOG 2016, SIGN 2017 guidelines
6. Treatment of status epilepticus according to American Epilepsy Society 2016 guidelines
Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that cause a dose-dependent depression of the CNS function, inducing sedation, sleep, and unconsciousness with increasing dose. Agents in this class of drugs include benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, barbiturates, and melatonin agonists. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs affect GABAergic transmission, increasing the inhibition of neuronal excitability, with the exception of melatonin agonists, which act on hypothalamic melatonin receptors. Sedative-hypnotic drugs are used as anxiolytics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Common side effects result from excessive CNS depression and include confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics is associated with a risk of dependence.
Mood stabilizers are medicines that treat and prevents highs(mania) and lows(depression). They also help to keep the mood from interfering with work, school or social life.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss Neurohumoral Transmission.
B. Explain role of GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin and Dopamine in neurohumoral transmission.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.
1. Epilepsy, Seizure, Convulsion
2. Causes & Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
3. Classification and Choice of antiepileptics
4. Antiepileptics Mechanism of action of , Adverse effects, Drug interactions, General guidelines for use.
5. Recommendation to Antiepileptics and pregnancy according to RCOG 2016, SIGN 2017 guidelines
6. Treatment of status epilepticus according to American Epilepsy Society 2016 guidelines
Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that cause a dose-dependent depression of the CNS function, inducing sedation, sleep, and unconsciousness with increasing dose. Agents in this class of drugs include benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, barbiturates, and melatonin agonists. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs affect GABAergic transmission, increasing the inhibition of neuronal excitability, with the exception of melatonin agonists, which act on hypothalamic melatonin receptors. Sedative-hypnotic drugs are used as anxiolytics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Common side effects result from excessive CNS depression and include confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics is associated with a risk of dependence.
Second generation atypical anti-psychotic used for mental disorders more extensively for bipolar disorder. have very low side effects than other SGA Medications
Depression (also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how we feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working.
Depression is a common illness worldwide, with an estimated 3.8% of the population affected, including 5.0% among adults and 5.7% among adults older than 60 years. Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression
According to the CDC, the leading cause of TBI is falls, particularly for young children and adults over 65. Other common causes of TBI include accidental blunt force trauma, motor vehicle accidents, and violent assaults. If you have had a TBI, rehabilitation (or rehab) will be an important part of your recovery
Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they feel.
Mental health stigma can be divided into two distinct types: social stigma is characterized by prejudicial attitudes and discriminating behaviour directed towards individuals with mental health problems as a result of the psychiatric label they have been given. In contrast, perceived stigma or self-stigma is the internalizing by the mental health sufferer of their perceptions of discrimination (Link, Cullen, Struening & Shrout, 1989), and perceived stigma can significantly affect feelings of shame and lead to poorer treatment outcomes (Perlick, Rosenheck, Clarkin, Sirey et al., 2001).
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
We're now in twenty first century and social media is an important aspect of our lifestyle where we spend lots of time with our friends either chatting, reading post or posting up a new photo or sharing thought. Researchers recently explores that excessive use of social media leads to Narcissism and this presentation will answer you , Do social media and other Networking sites lead to Narcissism ?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Pharmacho therapy and Psychopharmacology Note
1. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
1 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the effects of drugs on mood, sensation, thinking and behavior.
According to Chaplin (1975)- Psychopharmacology refers to the use of drugs in the treatment of mental disorder.
According to Rebber (1987)- Psychopharmacology refers to any forms of psychotherapy that treats behavioral and
mental disorders with the help of drugs and chemicals.
Actually psychopharmacology is the science of determining which drugs alleviate which disorders and why they do
so. The drugs which is used for the treatment of mental disorder is called psychoactive drugs or psychotropic drugs.
Psychoactive drugs/Psychotropic drugs interact with particular target sites or receptors found in nervous system
to induce widespread change in physiological or psychological functions.
Psychotropic medication: Medications that affects psychic function, behavior or experience
Neurotransmitter: A chemical that is stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
Receptor: Molecules situated on the cell membrane that are binding sites for neurotransmitters
Drug Action: The specific interaction between drugs and receptors is referred to as “drug action”, (It is also called
Pharamacodynamics).
Drug Effect: The widespread change in physiological or psychological function is referred to as “drug effect”.
Efficacy - Ability of a drug to produce a response as a result of the receptor or receptors being occupied.
Potency - Dose required to produce the desired biologic response.
Loss of effect - desensitization (rapid decrease in drug effect), tolerance (gradual decrease in the effect of a drug at a
given dose), can lead to being treatment refractory.
Pharmacokinetics How the Body Acts on the Drug? 1) Absorption 2) Distribution 3) Metabolism 4) Elimination
1) Absorption is the movement of a drug into the bloodstream. Absorption involves several phases.
Route of Administration: i) Oral ii) Topical Dermal iii) Dosage form (tablet, capsule, or solution) iv) Intravenous
therapy v) Intramuscular injection vi) Eternal nutrition. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as
mistakenly considered the intravenous administration.
2) Distribution Amount of drug found in various tissues, especially the intended ones. Psychiatric drugs must pass
through blood-brain barrier. Factors effecting distribution are -
i) Size of organ (larger requires more) ii) Blood flow (more, greater concentration) iii) Solubility (greater, more
concentration) iv) Plasma Protein (if bound, slower distribution, stays in body longer) v) Anatomic Barriers (tissues
surrounding)
3) Metabolism Process by which the drug is altered and broken down into smaller substances (metabolites) that are
usually inactive. Lipid-soluble drugs become more water soluble, so they may be more readily excreted. Most
metabolism is carried out in the liver.
4) Elimination
Clearance: Total amount of blood, serum, or plasma from which a drug is completely removed per unit time.
Half-life: Time required for plasma concentrations of the drug to be reduced by 50%.
Only a few drugs eliminated by kidneys (lithium). Most excreted in the liver
– excreted in the bile and delivered to the intestine
– may be reabsorbed in intestine and “re-circulate” (up to 20%)
Concept of Half Life of Drugs
The duration of action of a drug is known as its half-life. This is the period of time required for the concentration or
amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half. We usually consider the half-life of a drug in relation to the
amount of the drug in plasma. A drug's plasma half-life depends on how quickly the drug is eliminated from the
plasma. A drug molecule that leaves plasma may have any of several fates. It can be eliminated from the body, or it
can be translocated to another body fluid compartment such as the intracellular fluid or it can be destroyed in the
blood. Both of these pharmacokinetic parameters are important in determining the half-life of a drug. The symbol to
represent the half-life of drug is t½.
2. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
2 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants
5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
1. NEUROLEPTICS /ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS
Indications:
– These are also called major tranquilizers and neuroleptics.
– They are used in the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses particularly when accompanied by
increased psychomotor activity.
– Selected agents are used as antiemetics in the treatment of intractable hiccoughs and for the control of
tics and vocal utterances in Tourette’s disorder.
– Antipsychotic drugs are divided in to two categories: Typical Neuroleptics and Atypical Neuroleptic
Antipsychotic Drugs:
Examples of First generation or Conventional
antipsychotics or Typical Neuroleptics:
1-Phenothiazines (Thorazine, Prolixin)
2-Thioxanthene (Navane)
3-Butyrophenones
4- Dibenzoxazepines (Loxitane)
5-Haloperidol (Haldol)
SideEffects: Appeared Movement Related disorders
which is called Extrapyramidal Symptoms.
Examples of Second generation or Novel antipsychotics
or Atypical Neuroleptics:
1-Clozapine (Clozaril)
2-Risperidone (Risperdal)
3-Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
4-Quetiapine (Seroquel)
5-Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Side Effects: A-Positive Side Effects: delusions,
Hallucinations, disorganiged speech and behavior.
B-Negative Side Effects: Flat affect, Poverty of speech,
Loss of directions
Side effects of antipsychotics:
– Anticholinergic
effects such as dry
mouth, blurred
vision, constipation,
urinary retention
– Nausea
– Skin rash
– Sedation
– hypotension
– Photosensitivity
– Hormonal effects
– ECG Changes
– Reduction of seizure
threshold
– Hypersalivation
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): They are related to movement disorder and related to typical Neuroleptics.
1-Pseudoparkinsonism: Rigidity, Tremor in hand and leg, sad facial expression, mask like face, loss of spontaneous
movements and some time show rabbit syndrome. Cognitive symptoms involve impaired thinking ability
2-Akinesia: Slow movement or This is loss of standard motor functions or slowness that causes impaired movement
of muscle and plainly “without movement” or “without much movement”. It can be caused by paralysis, that is
temporary and also from being in a coma. It might disturb all or only a portion of the body.
3-Akathisia: An often distressing sense of inner restlessness or patients typically complain of feeling of restless.
Obvious sign of restlessness includes continual foot-tapping, marching, pacing or shuffling. Patients might also rock
back and forth while sitting or standing. Other symptoms include continually shifting body weight from one leg to
another.
Dystonia: Series of uncontrollable contractions in eye, back, tongue and muscles
Oculogyric crisis: A prolonged involuntary upward deviation of the eyes.
Tardive dyskinesia: Irregular, repetitive involuntary movements of mouth, face, and tongue, including chewing,
tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering of the lips, and rapid eye blinking. Abnormal finger movements are
common.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: NMS typically consists of muscle rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, and
cognitive changes such as delirium.
Hyperglycemia and diabetes: high blood sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in
the blood plasma.
2. ANXIOLYTICS DRUGS
Indications:
o These are also called Antianxiety Agents and minor tranquilizers.
o These are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, anxiety symptoms, acute alcohol withdrawal,
skeletal muscle spasms, convulsive disorders (an uncontrolled shaking of the body), and sedation.
3. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
3 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
o These drugs are used to treat people who have a high level or prolonged state of anxiety that is strong
enough to incapacitate them, or at least cause them difficulty in carrying out many activities of daily
life.
Famous Anxiolytics:
Benzodiazepines
• The most important and widely used class of antianxiety drugs. The first Benzodizepines were released in the
early 1960s.
• Gitlin(1996), Roy-Byrne & Cowley (2002) have reported that one problem with this drug is patients can
become psychologically and physiologically dependent on them.
• They also reported that benzodiazepines are enhancing the activity of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid: It is
an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Side effects:
- Drowsiness, confusion,
lethargy
- Tolerance
- Physical & psychological
dependence
– Blurred Vision
– Depression and lack
of energy
– Memory loss
– Slow reflexes and
slurred speech
– Impaired thinking
– Nausea & vomiting
Buspirone
• It is completely unrelated to the benzodiazepines and released since the early 1960s.
• Gitlin(1996), Roy-Byrne & Cowley (2002) have cleared that it act in complex ways on serotonergic
functioning rather than on GABA.
• Buspirone relieves anxiety by increasing serotonin in the brian as the SSRI.
• Buspirone is slow drug and it takes about two weeks to start working on Anxiety.
• However it has several advantages over the older anti-anxiety drugs such as:
(i) Withdrawal effects are minimal (ii) Not addictive (iii) Not impair memory and attention
(iv) Not disturb motor co-ordination
3. HYPNOTICS DRUGS
Hypnotic drugs are regularly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders, with over 95% of insomnia
patients being prescribed hypnotics in some countries.
Hypnotic or soporific drugs is commonly known as sleeping pills.
The primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia/sleeplessness or surgical
anesthesia. This group is related to sedatives.
The term sedative describes drugs that serve to calm or relieve anxiety and the term hypnotic generally
describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep.
Brunton, Laurence Lazo, John, Parker, and Keith (2006) have reported that because these two functions
frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects.
Chemical class Generic
(trade) name
Medication Action on NT/
Receptor
Physiological
effects
Side effects
Benzodiazepines Alprazolam
Librium
Clonazepam
(Klonopin)
Clorazepate
(Traxene)
Diazepam
(Valium)
Lorazepam
(Ativan)
Oxazepam
(Serax)
Antianxiety:
Benzodiazepines
Binds to BZ
receptor sites on
the GABA
receptor complex,
increases receptor
affinity for GABA
Relief of
anxiety
Sedation
Dependency (with
long term use)
Confusion,
memory
impairment,
motor
incoordination
Buspirone (Buspar) Antianxiety:
Buspirone
5-HT agonist
D2 agonist
D2 antagonist
Relief of
anxiety
Nausea, headache,
dizziness
Restlessness
4. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
4 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
Indications:
They are used in the short term management of various anxiety states and to treat insomnia.
Selected agents are used as anticonvulsants and preoperative sedatives and to reduce anxiety associated
with drug withdrawal
Many hypnotic drugs are habit-forming and disturb the human sleep pattern.
A physician may suggest changes in the environment before and during sleep.
Category of Hypnotics:
1-Barbiturates: 2-Benzodiazipines: 3-Quinazolinones:
Butabarbital, Mephobarbita Estazolam, Quazepam Cloroqualone, Diproqualone
Barbiturates
• Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants.
• And they can produce a wide spectrum of effects: (i) Mild sedation (ii) Total anesthesia.
Benzodiazepines
• It can be useful for short-term treatment of insomnia.
• Their use beyond 2 to 4 weeks is not recommended due to the risk of dependence.
• It is preferred that benzodiazepines be taken intermittently and at the lowest effective dose.
• They improve sleep-related problems by shortening the time spent in bed before falling asleep, prolonging the
sleep time, and, in general, reducing wakefulness
Quinazolinones
Quinazolinones are also a class of drugs which function as hypnotic/sedatives.
Their use has also been proposed in the treatment of cancer.
Side Effects of Hypnotics/Sedative:
• Burning or tingling in the
hands, arms, feet, or legs
• Changes in appetite
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty keeping balance
• Dizziness
• Daytime drowsiness
• Dry mouth or throat
• Gas
• Headache
• Heartburn
• Impairment the next day
• Mental slowing or problems
with attention or memory
• Stomach pain or tenderness
• Uncontrollable shaking of a
part of the body
• Unusual dreams
• Weakness
4. ANTIDEPRESSANTS DRUGS
Indications:
– It is used in the treatment of sleep disorder, major depression, snoring, eating disorder, anxiety
disorder, alcoholism, schizophrenia or mental retardation, depressive phase of bipolar disorder and
depression accompanied by anxiety.
– These drugs elevate mood and alleviate other symptoms associated with moderate-to-severe
depression
– Antidepressants reduce symptoms of mood disorders primarily through the regulation of
norepinephrine and serotonin.
– Antidepressants can be used alone or in the combination with other medicines.
– Most antidepressants block the re-uptake of a neurotransmitter of one or more of the bioamines:
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine.
– The most important classes of antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Some Important Antidepressants:
Chemical
class
Generic (trade) name
TCAs Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Doxepin, Imipramine, Nortriptyline,
Protriptyline, Trimipramine
SSRI’s Citralopram, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Escitalopram, Paroxetine, Sertraline
MAOI Isocarboxazid, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine
Others Bupropion, Maprotiline, Mirtazapine, Trazodone, Nefazodone, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine
5. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
5 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
Effects of Antidepressants on neurotransmitters:
Medication Action on NT/ Receptor Physiological
effects
Side effects
TCAs Inhibit reuptake of serotonin
Inhibit reuptake of
norepinephrine(NE)
Block NE receptor
Block Ach receptor
Block histamine receptor
Reduce
depression
Relief of
severe pain
Prevent
panic
attacks
Sexual dysfunction
Sedation, weight gain
Dry mouth, constipation, blurred
vision, Constipation, Urinary
retention, hypotension,
Photosensitivity, Weight gain
SSRI’s Inhibit reuptake of serotonin Reduce
depression
Control
anxiety
Control
obsessions
Nausea, agitation, headache, sexual
dysfunction, Insomnia, Irritability,
Fatigue, Agitation, Weight loss,
Electric shock sensation, Fetal
Prematurity
MAOI Increase NE by inhibiting the enzyme
that degrades them. Increases levels of
NE and Serotonin in CNS
Reduce
depression
Control
anxiety
Sedation, dizziness, Sexual
dysfunction, Hypertensive crisis,
Headache, High blood Pressure,
REM REBOUND*
*In which the patient experiences extremely vivid dreams and nightmares
5. MOOD STABILIZING AGENTS
Mood stabilizers are medicines used in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
These drugs can help reduce mood swings and prevent manic and depressive episodes.
More recently, the concept of "mood stabilizer" has been defined in a wide-ranging manner to treat bipolar
disorder.
Indication:
Atypical antipsychotic used to treat “bipolar disorder," with antidepressants being considered as mood
destabilizers.
With all this competing terminology and the number of drugs for the treatment of bipolar disorder exploding,
the term "mood stabilizer" has become so confusing that regulatory authorities and some experts.
They suggest that it would be best to use another term for agents that treat bipolar disorder.
Rather than using the term “Mood stabilizers," some would argue that there are drugs that can treat any or
all of four distinct phases of bipolar disorder.
Thus, a drug can be “Mania-minded" and "treat from above" to reduce symptoms of mania and/or "stabilize
from above" to prevent relapse and the recurrence of mania.
Furthermore, drugs can be “Depression-minded" and "treat from below" to reduce symptoms of bipolar
depression and/or "stabilize from below" to prevent relapse and the recurrence of depression
Drugs Related to Mood Stabilizers:
Chemical class Generic (trade) name Uses
Antimanic Lithium carbonate (Camcolit,
Liskonum, Priadel, Lithonate, Litarex)
Prevention and treatment of manic episodes of
bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, major
depression
Anticonvulsants Clonazepam, Carbamazepine, Valporic
acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate
All stages of seizures
Calcium channel
blocker
Verapamil hypertension, bipolar mania, migraine headache
Antipsychotics Olanzapine, aripiprazole,
chlorpromazine, quetiapine, risperidone,
ziprasidone
Schizophrenia, bipolar mania
6. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
6 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
Side Effects:
Antimanic Anticonvulsants Calcium channel
blocker
Antipsychotics
Drowsiness, dizziness,
headache, Dry mouth,
thirst, Nausea/
vomiting, Fine hand
tremors, Hypotension,
Pulse irregularities,
Dehydration, Weight
gain
Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, Dry
mouth, thirst, Nausea/ vomiting, Fine
hand tremors, Hypotension, Pulse
irregularities, Dehydration, Weight
gain Weight gain, Alopecia (hair loss),
Blood dyscrasias, Risk of severe rash,
Decreased efficacy, Minimized by
treating in low doses & Give with food
Drowsiness,
Dizziness
Hypotension,
Bradycardia
(abnormally slow
heart rate),
Nausea,
Constipation
Drowsiness, Dizziness,
Dry mouth, Constipation,
Increased appetite,
Weight gain, ECG
changes, Extra Pyramidal
Symptoms,
Hyperglycemia &
diabetes
6. PSYCHOSTIMULANTS DRUGS
• A psychostimulant is a drug that produces a temporary increase in psychomotor activity or a temporary
improvement in physical functions or mental processes or both.
• A psychomotor activity is one that involves the coordination of motor skills with thought; for example,
throwing a baseball, brushing our teeth, etc.
• Psychostimulants are drugs that can improve our ability both physically and mentally during such activities.
• The most commonly used psychostimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamine,
Ecstasy, cocaine and methylphenidate.
• Stimulants have been used in medicine for many conditions including: Obesity, Sleep Disorder, Mood
Disorder, Impulse Control, Asthma, Nasal Congestion, Anesthetics
Indication:
• Drugs used to treat obesity are called Anorectics.
• Drugs used to treat sleep disorders such as excessive daytime sleepiness are called eugeroics.
• Stimulants are used in impulse control disorders such as ADHD and off label in mood disorders such
as Major Depressive Disorder to increase energy, focus and elevate mood.
• Psychostimulants are also called stimulants.
• They mainly consist of amphetamines (Dexedrine) and methylphenidates (Ritalin, Metadate and
Methylin), which are very similar in chemical structure to amphetamines.
• A stimulant refers to any mind-altering chemical or substance that affects the central nervous system
by speeding up the body’s functions, including the heart and breathing rates.
General Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants
• Increase in behavioral and motor activity
• Increase in alertness and disruption of sleep
• Pupil dilation, shift in blood flow from skin and organs to muscle, increased body temp.
• Increase in blood pressure and heart rate
• Increased O2 and glucose levels in the blood
• Side effects of anxiety, insomnia and irritability
• Effects synaptic action of dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine
Amphetamine or Dexedrine Pharmacological Effects
• First produced in 1937, used in WWII by Germans, British and Japanese. United States started using
amphetamine during the Korean War.
• Response intensity and duration varies at the type of drug, dose & route of administration
• Low dose: typical psychomotor stimulation
• Moderate dose: tremors, insomnia, agitation, increased respiration
• Continuous high doses: repetitive activity, aggression, delusions, anorexia
• Detectable in urine for 48 hours
Non-Amphetamine Behavioral Stimulants Methylphenidate or Ritalin
• Used in treatment of ADHD to calm hyperactivity and improve attention (prescribed in 90% of cases)
• Half-life ≈ 2-4 hours
7. Therapeutic Techniqes:PSM-415 Saturday, May 20, 2017
7 | P a g e Geetesh Kumar Singh, M.A.-IV SEM, Department of Psychology, DAV PG College (BHU), Varanasi - 221001 E-mail: g_ksingh007@yahoo.com
• Variable absorption rates, but generally a rapid onset with short duration (multiple administrations needed
over the course of a day)
• Increase attention, Increase inhibition (improve brake linings on the brain).
• Reduce hyperactivity
• Acts the same in adults.
• Small dose helps concentration, alertness.
• Higher doses become too hyper, lose concentration.
Side Effects of Psychostimulants:
--Abdominal pain
– Aggression
– Angina (sudden chest pain)
– Anorexia (eating disorder)
– Blood pressure and pulse changes
– Blurred vision
– Depression
– Dizziness
–Drowsiness
– Dry mouth
– Fever
– Hallucinations
– Headaches
– Heart palpitations
– Hypersensitivity
– Increased irritability
– Insomnia
–Involuntary tics and twitching
called Tourette’s syndrome
– liver problems & loss of appetite
--Mental/mood changes
– Moodiness & nausea
– Nervousness
– Psychosis
– Restlessness & Seizures
– Suicidal thoughts
– Unusual weakness or tiredness
– Violent behavior
– Vomiting
– Weight loss