Frankfinn Aviation presentation

AVIATION
PRESENTATION
SUBMITTED TO:-
MRS. SAVITRI
RAWAT
SUBMITTED BY:-
MAYASAR AHMAD
BATCH:- B1

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank you, almighty God, for the blessings and
grace that I needed forever.
Firstly, I would like to thank Frankfinn, for
granting me an opportunity to complete this
assignment.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to
my trainer Mrs. Savitri Rawat, Her guidance,
motivation, and immense knowledge helped me to
prepare my assignment.
I specially thank my friends who were there to help
and a great source of inspiration throughout my
assignment.

Contents
-Current Affairs In Aviation Industry.
-Aircraft parts and their functions :-
- cockpit
- cargo
-exterior part
- interior part
- slide raft
- cabin inter communication system
- passenger service unit
- jump seat
•

-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of UNM pax with
required documents
-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of VVIP’s pax
with required documents
-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of Expectant
mother pax with required documents
-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of Mother with
infant pax with required documents
-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of Deportee pax
-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of WCHR pax
-Embarkation and disembarkation procedure of Blind pax with
required documents

-Emergency equipments used in emergency situations:-
- Smoke hood
- Oxygen bottle
- Fire extinguisher
- Fire axe
- Asbestos gloves
- Oxygen mask
- Megaphone
- ELT
- Life jacket
-Cabin crew routine for an international flight
-Comparison between Airbus A380 and Boeing 747
-Case Study

Current Affairs In Aviation Industry
China unveils world’s largest amphibious
aircraft.
26 July 2016

 China has completed the production of the world’s
largest amphibious aircraft dubbed as the AG600.
 It was unveiled by the state-owned Aviation
Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) in the
southern port city of Zhuhai.
 Key Features of AG600-
 The massive seaplane is far larger than any other
plane built for marine take-off and landing.
 The aircraft has a maximum take-off weight of
53.5 tonnes and is around the size of a commercial
plane Boeing 737.

 It has a maximum range of 4,500 km and is
intended for fighting forest fires and
performing marine rescues.
 It will be used for fighting forest fires and
performing marine rescues. Besides, it will
wean off China’s dependence on foreign
aviation firms for amphibious aircrafts.
 It could potentially be used to display
China’s ability to conduct a variety of
operations in the disputed South China Sea.

Union Cabinet approves Air Services
Agreement between India and Mozambique
20 July 2016

 The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the
Air Services Agreement between India and
Mozambique.
 Presently there is no Air Services Agreement
between both countries.
 In order to promote the air connectivity between
them, the two sides had initiated the process of
consultation in 2011 to finalize the text of Air
Services Agreement.
 The draft text of the Air Services Agreement
(ASA) was finalized in consultation with Union
Ministry of Finance, Union Ministry of External
Affairs and Union Ministry of Law & Justice.

 Features of the Agreement-
 Each party will designate multiple Airlines.
 The designated Airline of each party can
enter into cooperative marketing arrangements
with the designated carriers of same party,
other party and that of a Third party.
 The designated airlines of either countries
will be able establish offices in the territory of
other country for the promotion and sale of air
services.

The designated airlines of the two countries
will have fair and equal opportunity to
operate the agreed services on specified
routes.
 It also has provisions for revocation or
suspension of operating authorization,
principles governing operations of agreed
services, commercial opportunities, safety
and security related clause.

Union Cabinet approves signing of
Air Services Agreement between
India and Lao
3 August 2016

 The Union Cabinet has given its approval for
signing of new Air Services Agreement (ASA)
between India and Lao People’s Democratic
Republic (Lao PDR).
 Decision in this regard was taken in the union
cabinet meeting chaired by the Prime Minister
Narendra Modi in New Delhi.
 Key Facts ASA is the basic legal framework for
any air operation between the two countries
Under the agreement, the designated airlines of
the two countries will have equal and fair
opportunity to operate the agreed air services on
specified routes.

 The Agreement is expected to spur greater
investment, trade, tourism and cultural
exchange between two countries and also
bring developments in the civil aviation
sector.
 It will provide enabling environment for
seamless and enhanced air connectivity by
providing commercial opportunities to
carriers of both sides ensuring greater safety
and security.

World’s first 3D printed plane
THOR unveiled by Airbus
6 August 2016

 The world’s first 3D-printed aircraft THOR
was unveiled by European aerospace
company, Airbus at the International
Aerospace Exhibition held in Schoenefeld,
Germany.
 The THOR is short for Test of High-tech
Objectives in Reality.
 It resembles a large, white model airplane but
is windowless.

 Key features of THOR-
 THOR has just 3 parts.
 It is lighter, faster and cheaper.
 It is windowless small pilotless propeller aircraft.
 It weighs 21 kilo grams and less than 4 metres long.
 All it parts (except the electrical elements) are 3D
printed from a substance called polyamide.
 THOR’s inaugural flight was conducted near
Hamburg, Germany in November 2015.
 Aerospace companies like Airbus and Boeing already
are using 3D printing technology to make parts for
their huge passenger jets A350 and B787 Dream
liner.

 About 3D printing technology 3D printing is a
process of making 3D (three dimensional) solid
objects from a digital file with extreme precision.
 This technology is also termed additive
manufacturing as the 3D printed object is created us
additive processes i.e. by laying down successive
layers of manufacturing material on each other until
the entire object is created.
 This technology has limitless possibilities and can
create almost anything with just raw material and a
computer generated model.

 Policy paralysis and a slowing economy a poor
combination: India’s growth in FY2014/15 could possibly
dip below 9%. This is a rate of expansion that most
economies would envy, but it falls short of the Government’s
own targets and of the growth needed to achieve the
Government’s employment generation and poverty
alleviation objectives.
 Air India monopolising government attention. With no
solution in sight, it is actually creating the problem: Air
India has limited capability to operate new routes,
meanwhile blocking private carriers from doing so. As has
happened so many times before, the only winners in this
scenario are the foreign airlines from whom Air India is
being “protected”.

 Government needs to focus on industry viability and
safety: Rather than focusing on micro issues, the Ministry
of Civil Aviation’s objective should be to create an
environment which recognizes and supports industry
viability and competitiveness. The sector must be in a
position to operate safely and efficiently, delivering
sustained and reasonable profits and covering its cost of
capital.
 Traffic is expected to continue to grow strongly, but
financial recovery will be slow: Banks have become a
critical pillar of the aviation sector.

 Poor government policy means airports also face
financial challenges: Meanwhile, private and state-
owned airport operators continue to struggle. The
operators of Delhi and Mumbai Airports have
invested USD5 billion in modernising these facilities
but the revenue collection has been less than
expected due to the economic regulator not
permitting a dual-till framework, while the Supreme
Court ordered both airports to cease collection of
Airport Development Fees from passengers, pending
approval by the Airports Economic Regulatory
Authority.

 India is poised to be among the top five aviation
nations in the world in the next 5 years.
 The Indian Aviation Industry is exploring
opportunities to improve connectivity and is
also looking at enhancing the number of Indian
carriers to various countries.
 At the recently concluded International Civil
Aviation Negotiation (ICAN) Conference, it
was stated that in the next 5 years domestic air
traffic will touch around 160-180 million
passengers a year, and the international traffic
will exceed 80 million passengers a year.

 Though Demographics, Slow transit through
road and rail infrastructure, Increasing Business
and Leisure Travel and Government Policy
remains the growth drivers but High aviation
fuel (ATF) price, Hugh Debt Burden, Poor
Infrastructure, Regional Connectivity and
Excess Capacity has been seen as speed
breakers to this sector.
 Passengers carried by domestic airlines during
January 2015 were 73.30 lakhs as against 69.36
lakhs during the corresponding period of
previous year thereby registering a growth of
10.06%.

The current situation of the market is far from
healthy. 2014-15 estimates a loss of $28 billion.
This decline in the sector has been due to a
number of causes, some of them mentioned below:
• Lack of foreign investment due to stoppages by law. Lack
of foreign investment robs the industry of easy capital,
experience and expertise in the sector.
• Excessive taxation on various aspects of the industry, such
as aircrafts, fuel, aircraft bases, airport charges, air
navigation charges, maintenance charges etc. Heavy
taxation makes expansion and maintenance difficult.
• ATF(aviation fuel) amounts for about 48% of an airlines
costing. Subsidisation and reduction/removal of taxes may
help in reviving the industry.

The market share of Indian carriers as on February
2016 in the domestic aviation market.

CRASHES
 Pakistani passenger jet exploded in mid air
during thunderstorm killing all 127 people on
board on 20 April 2012.
 32-year-old former British Airways Jet crashed
three miles from airport
 Pilot made mayday call to report fuel tank had
caught fire
 Airline had just resumed operations after 11
years due to financial difficulties
 Company boss blocked from leaving country as
criminal investigation is launched

 Sukhoi SU95 crashed Near Jakarta,
Indonesia on 9th May, 2012.
 37 passengers, 6 crew and 2 Sukhoi officials
were onboard. All the 45 people onboard
were killed.
 The plane vanished from radar screens and
lost contact with ground controllers after
about 30 minutes of flight.

Aircraft parts and their
functions

Cockpit
A cockpit or a flight deck is the area,
usually near the front of an aircraft,
from which the pilot controls the
aircraft.
• Most modern cockpits are enclosed,
except on some small aircrafts, and the
cockpits on large airlines are also
physically separated for the cabin.
•The cockpit of an aircraft contains
flight instruments on an instrumental
panel, and the controls that enable the
pilot to fly the aircraft.

CARGO
Usually provided on the underside of the aircraft for
storage of passengers baggage and fright.
Cargo compartments on aircraft come in four types:-
• Class A :- pressurized, not compartmentalized and
within easy reach of the cabin attendants. Think closets,
gallery storage, etc.
• Class B :- pressurized, reachable by crew, but
compartmentalized. Fluffy rides here.
• Class C :- Pressurized or not, compartmentalized,
have a fire suppression system. Passenger luggage is
usually placed in a non-pressurized class C
compartment.
• Class D :- Not pressurized, compartmentalized,
generally do not have fire suppression system. This is
where the mail goes along with other paying cargo,
spare parts the airline is lugging back and forth, etc.
Not all aircraft have all four types of cargo areas, but
most decent jets will have a B and C class.

EXTERIOR PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT
• FUSLAGE :- it is a central body portion of a plane designed to carry fuel, passengers,
freight and mail. The part of the aircraft which is streamlined, and the wings and the tails
are attached to it. It is made of duralumin i.e., an alloy of aluminum, nickel and cobalt.
• COCKPIT :- a cockpit or flight deck is an area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from
which the pilot controls the aircraft. It is the place from where the aircraft is controlled on
ground as well as in air.
• CABIN:- An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which passengers travel, often
just called the cabin. The portion of enclosed airplane intended for transporting passengers
or freight.
• WINGS :- the part of the plane that provide lift and supports the weight of the plane, its
passengers, crew and cargo while the plane is in the air.
• FLAPS :- the movables portion of the wings closest to the fuselage. These are controlled
surfaces installed on the trailing edge of a wing and used to increase the amount of the lift
generated by the wing at slower speeds.

• AILERONS :- ailerons are the hinged control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the
wing of a fixed - wing aircraft. The ailerons are used to control the aircraft in roll.
• RUDDER :- the rudder is one of the three primary flight control surfaces found on an
airplane. It is a movable surface hinged to the fixed surface that is located at the rear of the
aircraft called the vertical stabilizer, or fin. The rudder controls movement of the plane
about its vertical axis and causes the airplane nose to move to the right or left and point in a
different direction.
• HORIZONTAL STABLIIZER :-this is the horizontal part of the tail assembly, the wings
at the rear of the aircraft’s fuselage. It balances the lift forces generated by the main wings
further forward on the fuselage. The stabilizer usually contains the elevator.
• CHOKS :- It is located underneath the plane, it allows the plane to land and supports it
while it is on the ground. It also has the mechanism to reduce and absorb the shock of
landing to acceptable limits.
• SPOILER :- spoilers are small, hinged plates on the top portion of wings. Spoilers can be
used to slow an aircraft, or to make an aircraft descend, if they are deployed on both wings.
Spoilers can also be used to generate a rolling motion for an aircraft, if they are deployed on
one wing.

INTERIOR PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT
 AISLE :- A passage between two sections of seats, comprising of horizontally placed
rows that is located from the nose to the tail of the aircraft without any obtrusion.
 BULKHEAD :- Partitions or walls in the fuselage to make compartments for different
purposes.
 DOGHOUSE :- A cupboard placed on the floor of the aircraft on casters, usually behind
the large row of seats in every zone of the plane used for storage purposes.
 OVERHEAD :- Medium sized compartments placed along the sidewall of the aircraft,
fitted with a door meant for stowage of the carry-on baggage of the passenger during the
flight.
 EMERGENCY EXITS :- Doors and windows used specially in case of emergency
besides being used as normal exits.
 GALLEY :- The ‘kitchen’ of the aircraft is called the galley.
 LAVATORY :- All lavatory are similar in design, though size and contour may vary
depending on its location.

SLIDE RAFT
•An evacuation slide is an inflatable slide used to
evacuate an aircraft quickly. An escape slide is
required on all commercial aircraft where the door sill
height is such that, in the event of an evacuation,
passengers would be unable to step down from the
door uninjured.
•Escape slides are packed and held within the door
structure inside the slide bustle, a protruding part of
the inside of a door that varies in size depending on
both the size of the aircraft and the size of the door.
•If a rapid evacuation is required and the doors are
opened while ‘armed’, the opening of the door pulls
the slide raft out of the bustle. Great effort is involved
in pushing the door open sufficiently to free the slide
from the bustle.

CABIN INTERCOMMUNICATION SYTEM
The cabin intercommunication system is a core
digital cabin management system used in all
Airbus aircraft. The system controls and displays
cabin functions for passengers and crew. These
include cabin lighting, cockpit/cabin
announcements, door status indication,
emergency signals, non-smoking/fasten seatbelt
signs, smoke detectors, cabin temperature,
water/waste tank capacity and various other cabin
functions, some of which are critical for safety.
The system consists of a central computer, the
director, the director interface board, one or more
flight attendant panels and a data network for
audio transmission in the cabin.

PASSENGER SERVICE UNIT
In a passenger service unit, particularly in a
passenger cabin of an aircraft, comfort and
service elements such as reading lamp, a flight
attendant call button, a loudspeaker an air
nozzle, an oxygen mask and generator, optical
display elements, are integrated into a service
column. The column is positioned in the lateral
area of a seat to which the column is allocated.
Due to passenger service unit, a passenger
sitting in a seat can access the service functions
comfortably without disturbing any neighbor.
Feeder lines in between a main supply line and
the passenger service columns are flexible to
facilitate the mounting or placement of the
column A complement to a passenger seat.

JUMP SEATS
In an aircraft, jump seats – which are officially
termed as auxiliary crew stations – can be
located in cockpits or passenger cabin. The
passenger cabin jump seats are used by the
cabin crew, especially during take-off and
landing.
These jump seats are normally located near
emergency exits so that flight attendants can
quickly open the exit door for an emergency
evacuation. The passenger jump seats usually
fold out of the way when not in use to keep
aisles, workspace and emergency exits clear.
An oxygen mask is provided for each station.
There can be extra jump seats depending on the
airlines.

Embarkation and disembarkation procedure
of UNM PAX with required documents

UNM Passenger
 Unaccompanied
minor.
 A passenger who is
below the age of 18
travelling alone is
classified as
unaccompanied
minor (UNM).

Procedure for Embarkation/
Disembarkation of an UNM
 This passenger is boarded first and deplaned last.
 The ground staff hands over the minor to the crew
who is in charge of the section where UNM is seated.
 Emergency procedures such as fastening of seats
belts, usage of oxygen mask is told to UNM.
 Crew gives toys, books to UNM to keep them
occupied.
 The UNM is to be served first.
 UNM is accompanied with assistant.
 The seat of UNM is closer to the galley.

 The airlines take the details of UNM
and who is going to receive him/her.
 The ground staff hands over the UNM
to the crew and documents also
handed over to them.
 And if they have any problem or
allergy from something they take it
and crew have to check it.
 When they reach the destination the
crew hands over the UNM to ground
staff and they hand over them to the
person who is going to receive him in
that destination as the detail given.

of VVIP’S pax with required documents

Disembarkation of an VVIP’s
 This passenger is boarded last and deplaned first.
 Very often extra security accompanies the flights in
which these passengers are travelling.
 special menus, extra crew are sometimes provided on
these flights.
 The passengers who falls into these categories are:
Presidents
Prime ministers
Royal visitors
Governors or cabinet ministers

of EXPECTANT MOTHER pax with required
documents

Disembarkation of an expectant mothers
 The expectant mothers can travel without
doctor’s certificates till 28 weeks.
 28-32 weeks she need to carry fit to fly
certificate from the treating doctor.
 32-36 weeks she need to carry fit to fly
certificate from the treating obstetrician
stating numbers of weeks also.
 In case of complication pregnancy she also
has to meet airline doctor get MEDA from
airline doctor mentioned fit to fly and she
also has to fill indemnity BOND.

of MOTHER WITH INFANT pax with
required documents

Disembarkation of an mother with infant
 They are usually seated on the carrycot
seats, the carrycot/bassinet should be
placed soon after take-off & removed
when the craft starts its descent to the
destination.
 The infant should be on the mother’s lap
during take-off and landing, they should
also advised to feed the infant at this time.
 Extra amenities like Napkins, disposable
diapers, feeding bottles and baby bottle
should be offered.

of DEPORTEE pax with required documents

Disembarkation of the deportee
 These are boarded last and deplaned last.
 A person with invalid immigration
documents or one who is being sent back to
his country of origin because of some
legal/security matters is a deportee.
 Often in latter case he/she is accompanied by
extra security.
 These passengers are usually seated near the
galley area, where cabin crew can observe
them in flight.
 They are not permitted to deplaned at transit
halts.

of BLIND pax with required documents

Disembarkation of an blind pax
 Blind passenger along with dog or with
any other assistance will board first and
deplaned last.
 A trained dog may be carried in the cabin
in case a passenger who is dependent
upon it.
 The dog has to properly harnessed,
restrained and muzzled.

of wheelchair pax with required documents

ARRIVALAND CHECKING-IN AT THE
AIRPORT
The traveler arrives at the airport either by
personal vehicle, transit vehicle or by taxi
and makes his/her way to the check-in
counter. In some cases the customer service
agent of the air carrier or other individual
will provide assistance.
Passengers who require wheelchair
services are encountered, personnel shall
actively assist the passenger with the check-
in service and notify the airline company
regarding the follow up service matters.

MOVING TO THE DEPARTURE GATE
When a customer is checking in, the
personnel shall ask whether wheelchair
service is required? Whether the customer
has his own wheelchair? Whether the
customer has an escort?
Is the passenger does not have a
wheelchair, the ground staff shall take the
wheelchair provided by the airport to the
check-in counter.
Assist the passenger to sit on the
wheelchair and arrange for him/her to wait
in the outside waiting area for custom
checks.

BOARDING THE AIRCRAFT
After passing the customs, take the lift to
boarding gate for boarding.
Before boarding, the ground staff shall notify
the flight attendants of the number of
wheelchair passengers and the seats.
After being informed, the ground staff shall
arrange enough personnel to assist the
wheelchair passengers to board the aircraft
according to the above mentioned assistance
level definition.
Embark into the aircraft first.
Cabin crew must go out of their way to make
the flight pleasant and comfortable.

STOWING THE WHEELCHAIR
•Once the traveler has been transferred out of
his/her own wheelchair, it is either stowed on
board or taken to an area where it can be
prepared for stowage in baggage compartment.
•In this case it is either transported to an elevator
in the terminal or carried down the exterior stairs
of the loading bridge.
•Wet cell batteries are disconnected and removed
from the powered wheelchairs, then placed in
specially designed box.
•Wheelchairs are usually put into heavy plastic
bags, specially designed for the purpose, and
positioned in a cargo container.

ON-BOARD SERVICES
Once in an aircraft seat, responsibility
to provide service to the passenger rests
with the flight attendants.
They will reposition the passenger, if
requested, help with eating (e.g. :-
opening packages, cutting food etc.), but
not feeding, transfer the passenger to an
on-board wheelchair, and push him or her
to the lavatory and stow and retrieve
carry-on baggage.
On-board services do not include
assistance with the lavatory.

DISEMBARKTION PROCEDURE
On arriving at the destination, the traveler goes
through the reverse procedure, to his or her
departure, leaving the aircraft last rather than first.
Travelers with manual wheelchairs receive their
own wheelchairs at the aircraft door.
Users of powered wheelchairs must wait for them
to be re-assembled.
They may request to have the chair brought to the
aircraft door, or can retrieve it at or near the
baggage collection area.
After the aircraft departs the airport, notify the
destination airport for relevant information for
follow up service.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN
EMERGENCIES

Smoke hood
•A smoke is a protective device similar in concept to a
gas mask. A translucent airtight bag seals around the
head of the wearer while an air filter held in the mouth
connects to the outside atmosphere and is used to
breathe. Smoke hoods are intended to protect victims of
fire from the effects of smoke inhalation.
•Smoke hoods present on aircraft, also called as
protective breathing equipments (PBEs), typically
generate oxygen from anywhere from 30 seconds to 15
minutes.
•When oxygen supply ends, the hood will start deflating
and must be removed to avoid suffocating.
•Pre-flight check :- correct location

OXYGEN BOTTLE
 Oxygen may be classified as an element,
a gas, and a drug. Oxygen therapy is the
administration of oxygen at
concentrations greater than that in room
air to treat or prevent in the blood).
 Pre-flight check: Correct location, secured
with strap, Mask should be available,
Needle on the pressure gage should be in
green zone.

FIRE AXE
Fire axe has a pick-shaped pointed poll. It is often
decorated in vivid colors to make it easily visible
during an emergency. Its primary use is for
breaking down doors and windows.
They are provided to obtain emergency access to
areas and parts of the airplane which are not easily
accessible e.g., electrical or ceiling panels. The
handle is insulated to protect against electric
shock.
Most fire axes are along the lines of a hatchet size,
ranging between 16” and 20” long with a hatchet
or tomahawk sized head.
Pre-flight check :- usually in the cockpit secured
with a strap.

ASBESTOS GLOVES
Asbestos gloves are made out of asbestos AMC
40 quality with inside white flannel lining. It is
stitched with 3ply Kevlar thread. They are
suitable for 250 to 300 degree temperature.
These gauntlet type gloves are kept in the flight
deck and/or in the cabin to protect the user
against the fire/heat. They can also be used to
handle hot or sharp objects.
Furthermore they will provide protection from
evaporative cooling at the portable fire
extinguisher nozzle during discharge.
Pre-flight check :-usually in the cockpit.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Fire extinguisher is a chemical product and when sprayed on
the fire comes out in the form of foam/vapor, envelopes the
origin of the fire-cutting its oxygen supply in the process to
extinguish it. At the same time, the sprayed chemical reduces
the temperature and produces a reinforced and obviously a
better effect.
Each fire extinguisher cylinder normally has one handle, two
levers, one quantity gauge with an indicator and a spraying
nozzle.
Each cylinder lasts for 6 to 8 seconds only upon continuous
use. Extreme care must be exerted to ensure that the content is
not wasted and at the same time, the fire is extinguished
completely.
Pre-flight check :- correct location, secured with a strap,
safety pin intact. Needle on the pressure gauge should be
1500-2000 PSI. Check the expiry date.

OXYGEN MASK
An oxygen mask consists of a yellow, soft silicone
facial cup with the white elastic bands for securing
the mask to the passenger’s face. This band is
adjustable by pulling two ends looped through the
facial cup.
On most pressurized aircraft, if the cabin pressure is
lost when the cabin altitude is above 14000 feet,
compartments containing the oxygen mask will open
automatically, either above or in front of the
passenger and crew seats.
While the oxygen masks are being used the
passengers are not allowed to move from the seats. In
case of fire, the oxygen mask may not deploy as it
can increase the fire.

MEGAPHONE
Megaphone magnify the intensity of voice and are
needed to guide the passengers in emergency situations
and for addressing in case of failure of the public
address system. These are detachable, battery operated,
independent units.
A built-in circular knob controls the magnitude of the
voice that could be adjusted to be free from feed-back
noise. A button, known as ‘press to talk’, on the
megaphone is to be pressed throughout entire
announcement.
These are powered by dry cells which are periodically
tested for usability by the engineering staff.
Pre-flight check :- correct location, secured with strap.
Press the button to hear the click sound.

EMERGENCY LOCATOR
TRANSMITTER (ELT)
Emergency locator transmitter (ELT), is a
tracking transmitter which aids in the detection
and location of boats, aircraft, and people in
distress.
The basic purpose of a distress radio beacon is
to help rescuers find the survivors within the
first 24 hours during which majority of
survivors can be saved. Modern ELTs operates
on 406 MHz .
With ELT’s, search and rescue teams may more
easily pinpoint the exact location of downed
aircraft. ELTs are now also enhanced by satellite
detection.

LIFE JACKET
Life jackets are synthetic material made vests which
have two chambers, purposefully made to provide
partial floatability at least in case of leakage of air from
one of the chamber.
All overseas flights are to carry life jackets on a
mandatory basis. Neatly folded life jacket is packed
inside a casing and one such pack is stowed under each
passenger seat. Children’s life jackets are also available
in smaller sizes.
The color of the jacket is intentionally made very
bright, so that these can be located easily from far.
Pre-flight check :- Randomly check under passenger
seats for the availability of life jacket.

Cabin crew routine for an
international flight

The job of the flight attendant begins even before a flight. It
includes preparation the day before the flight, the day of the
flight, during the flight and after the flight.
 first of all, the crew must attend a pre-flight briefing on the day
before each scheduled flight, to gather the relevant data on the
upcoming flight, such as its departure time, flight number and
route, model of the aircraft and every piece of equipment on it;
go through the roles each cabin crew play in emergency
situations. Draw up a plan of action for the entire crew in
handling incidents such as a hijack, etc.
 On the day of the flight, the crew must board 80 minutes in
advance to carry out pre-flight duties, namely to conduct safety
checks, prepare the cabin for the passengers and ensure all meals
and supplies are on board.

 The crew check all the equipments to make sure that they are
in working condition, including equipments controlled by the
passengers’ remote controls, such as reading light, attendants’
call button tray tables, etc. Special attention must be given to
the pre-flight safety checks, ensure that all emergency
equipment are fully functional.
 when the passengers board the plane the flight attendants
must be ready to greet them at the respective working
positions they are assigned. They must direct the passengers
to their seats and help with their carry-on baggage.

After all the passengers are on board, the cabin crew would
begin to demonstrate the safety equipment features and
procedures. This would be followed by the cabin safety check
routine like ensuring all the passengers’ seat belts are fastened,
their seat backs and tray tables are in full upright positions,
window shades are up , etc.
 Five minutes after the plane has taken off, the galley crew
would begin to make various announcements over the public
address system and start distributing newspaper, snacks and
serviettes to the passengers. For flights exceeding one and a
half hours, pre-meal beverages are served. That begins the meal
service, followed by a round of drinks, and another round.
Then, it would almost be time to clear the dining trays.

 By the time the plane descends, it is time to make a
final compliance check, remind passengers to fasten
their seat belts, return their seat backs and tray tables
to their upright locked position, draw up the window
shades. At the same time, the cabin crew would also
have to ensure that the overhead hand luggage storage
compartments are locked and the emergency exits are
cleared of luggage, so on and forth.
 After the plane has landed and the crew have sent off
every disembarking passenger at their assigned
positions, they would have to check through the cabin
to make sure that no luggage is left behind. Only after
that a flight is considered as complete.

COMPARISON BETWEEN
AIRBUS A-380 AND BOEING
747

BOEING 747
The Boeing 747 is wide body commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft, often
referred to by its original nickname ‘Jumbo Jet’. The four – engine 747 uses a
double deck configuration for part of its length. It is available in passenger,
freighter and other versions. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the
passenger capacity record for 37 years.
Boeing designed the 747’s hump – like body to serve as a first class lounge or
extra seating and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by
removing seats and installing a front cargo door.
Boeing did so because the company expected supersonic airliners (development
of which was announced in the early 1960s) to render the 747 and other subsonic
airliners obsolete, while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would be robust
well into the future. The 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were
sold , but it exceeded critics' expectations with production passing the 1,000
mark in 1993. By November 2015, 1,519 aircraft had been built, with 20 of the
747-8 variants remaining on orders.

Airbus a-380
The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet
airliner manufactured by the European aircraft company Airbus. It is the
world's largest passenger airliner, and the airports at which it operates have
upgraded facilities to accommodate it. It was initially named Airbus
A3XX and designed to challenge Boeing’s monopoly in the large-aircraft
market. The A380 made its first flight on 27 April 2005 and entered
commercial service in October 2007 with Singapore Airlines.
The A380's upper deck extends along the entire length of the fuselage, with a
width equivalent to a wide-body aircraft. This gives the A380-800's cabin 550
square metres (5,920 sq ft) of usable floor space, 40% more than the next
largest airliner, the Boeing 747-8, and provides seating for 525 people in a
typical three-class configuration or up to 853 people in an all-economy
class configuration. The A380-800 has a design range of 8,500 nautical miles
(15,700 km), sufficient to fly nonstop from Dallas, USA to Sydney, Australia,
and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (about 900 km/h, 560 mph or 490 km
at cruising altitude).

CASE STUDY
On
Emirates Airline flight crash-lands
at Dubai airport on Wednesday 3rd
August 2016.

 A fire-fighter died when an Emirates airline
flight crash-landed at Dubai International
Airport on Wednesday, but all 300
passengers and crew were evacuated safely
from the aircraft, authorities said.
 Dramatic pictures and video posted on social
media, purportedly of the crash-landing,
showed a thick plume of black smoke rising
from the top of a burning aircraft on a
runway.

 Emirates chairman and chief executive Sheikh
Ahmed Bin Saeed Al Maktoum told a news
conference on Wednesday evening that a fire-
fighter at Dubai International died in the
operation to douse the flames that engulfed the
plane.
 All 282 passengers and 18 crew escaped the
aircraft safely, though four passengers suffered
minor injuries, Al Maktoum said, adding that it
was too early to say what caused the accident.
 However, he ruled out "anything in terms of a
security issue at this stage".

 The pilots and crew were the last to abandon
the aircraft, Al Maktoum said, praising the
"maximum level of professionalism they
have demonstrated".
 Dubai airport, which was closed following
the accident with all departures and arrivals
halted, re-opened at 6:30pm local time
(14:30 GMT), according to Dubai Airports.

 Flight EK521 was arriving in Dubai from
Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India.
 The 300 passengers and crew included 226
Indians, 24 Britons and 11 Emirati nationals.
 One passenger was quoted by local Indian
media as saying the flight came down suddenly
while landing and bounced upwards, with some
passengers suffering minor injuries before
escaping via the emergency escape chute,
according to the Deutsche Presse Agentur news
agency.

 The escaping passengers were then taken to
a corner of the tarmac where some were
being treated for their injuries, Kerala news
website Manorama Online quoted the
passenger as telling a local television
channel over the telephone.
 Alex Macheras, a London-based aviation
expert, told Al Jazeera that based on flight-
tracking information, the event was unusual.

CONCLUSION
After completing my aviation assignment I got to know
more about the Aviation industry and the aircraft’s both
exterior and interior parts including the emergencies on
board and how to handle unforeseen or emergency
situations. I also got know more about the crashes
occurred due to technical problems and other things,
the meal served and the galleys in the aircraft, cockpit
and pre-flight check. Last but not the least embarkation
and disembarkation of special passengers and the cabin
crew routine for international flights.

BIBLIOGRAPGHY
•www.skybary.aero
•www.cabincrewtrainning.com
•www.en.wikipedia.org
•www.google.com
•planes.axlegeeks.com

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