The civil aviation industry in India has undergone rapid transformation since liberalization. It has grown from a government-owned industry to one dominated by private airlines. Domestic passenger traffic has increased by 20% annually and is expected to reach 150-180 million by 2020. The top airlines are Jet Airways, IndiGo, SpiceJet and Air India. While Jet Airways and Air India have the largest fleets, IndiGo has the highest passenger and seat occupancy rates due to its low-cost strategy. The industry is regulated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation and other laws and organizations that focus on safety, security, and facilitating growth of the aviation sector.
An insight study of Aviation, Automobile, and Leather Industry of INDIA. Brief but precise information about INDIA as an economy in various defined sectors and how it is coming on the world platform and competing with global players.
Aviation as an industry is structurally extremely unattractive. It is very difficult to make profit in this industry. The industry is, weighed down by regulations, and influenced by several uncontrollable factors. The combined effect of these factors is historically the industry has never earned a rate of return above its investors’ capital; in fact, it has destroyed more money than it has created. The main objective of the paper is to highlight the major characteristics of the industry. Factors such as cost of oil or security have direct impact on operational effectiveness and risk management of an airline company. Factors such as natural disasters or health emergencies and socio-political culture of a country too affect the financial health of the industry. The paper deals with the Indian Civil Aviation Industry. This paper is a theoretical review. by providing some suggestions.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
6. ‘Indian Civil Aviation’ completes 100 years in the year 2011. On February 18, 1911, the first commercial plane flew in India between Allahabad and Naini carrying mails. To commemorate this milestone, ‘the year 2011-12’ is being declared and celebrated as the “Civil Aviation Centenary Year”. With the liberalization of the Indian aviation sector, aviation industry in India has undergone a rapid transformation. From being primarily a government-owned industry, the Indian aviation industry is now dominated by privately owned full service airlines and low cost carriers. With high growth and stability, India is having high trade and commerce activities the air traffic has increased by almost 20%.
7. Aviation Industry in India has the highest requirement of aircrafts globally. Thought current contribution of aviation to GDP is less than 1%, it is expected to double within next 5 years. Airlines have proved to be one of the most reactive industries and percussions of any event that happens in a country are instantaneously reflected in the airlines
10. At the time of independence, nine air transport companies were carrying both air cargo and passengers. These were Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air service of India, Deccan Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways, Orient Airways and Mistry Airways. After partition Orient Airways shifted to Pakistan. The inaugural flight of Air India International Ltd took off on June 8, 1948 on the Mumbai-London air route The Government nationalized nine airline companies vide the Air Corporations Act, 1953. Accordingly it established the Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC) to cater to domestic air travel passengers and Air India International (AI) for international air travel passengers. A third government-owned airline, Vayudoot, which provided feeder services between smaller cities, was merged with IAC in 1994. In April 1990, the Government adopted open-sky policy and allowed air taxi- operators to operate flights from any airport, both on a charter and a non charter basis and to decide their own flight schedules, cargo and passenger fares To support the growth of the airline industry the Government in 1994-95 permitted direct import of aviation turbine fuel (ATF) under the special import license scheme.
11. In 1994, the Indian Government, as part of its open sky policy, ended the monopoly of IA and AI in the air transport services by repealing the Air Corporations Act of 1953 and replacing it with the Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 1994. Private operators were allowed to provide air transport services. Foreign direct investment (FDI) of up to 49 percent equity stake and NRI (Non Resident Indian) investment of up to 100 percent equity stake were permitted through the automatic FDI route in the domestic air transport services sector. By 1995, several private airlines had ventured into the aviation business and accounted for more than 10 percent of the domestic air traffic. These included Jet Airways Sahara, NEPC Airlines, East West Airlines, ModiLuft Airlines, Jagsons Airlines, Continental Aviation, and DamaniaAirways Today, Indian aviation industry is dominated by private airlines and these include low cost carriers such as GoAir, SpiceJetetc, who have made air travel affordable.
14. Fleet size of major domestic airlines in india are as below:
15.
16. The air passengers have been growing at a constant rate. Indian aviation industry ranks 4th in the worldafter USA, China, and Japan in terms of domestic passenger volume The civil aviation sector witnessed a slowdownin passenger traffic during 2008 due to a sharp rise in fuel prices coupled with global economic slowdown. India’s domestic passenger growth is expected to grow at the rate of 9%-10% to reach a level of 150-180 million passengers by 2020. It is also estimated that travel of international passenger to and from India would go to 50 million by the year 2015.
20. Since the beginning of 2010, the Indian aviation industry has been on a revival path, with passenger numbers growing by 18 per cent against the previous year. And for 2011, the growth is forecast to be around 20 per cent, backed by a possible 9 per cent growth in the Indian economy. Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines recently increased their fuel surcharge by up to Rs 200 to recover the extra outgo, as public oil marketing companies promptly increased aviation turbine fuel (ATF) prices to minimise their under-recoveries due to subsidies given on other fuels. According to estimates by global aviation consulting firm Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA), airlines could end the financial year 2010-11 with a combined net profit of $300 million. However, this calculation was made when oil prices were under control. Jet Airways, for the first six months of the current financial year, reported a net profit of Rs 16 crore compared with a net loss of Rs 468 crore in the previous fiscal. SpiceJet, during the same period, reported a net profit of Rs 65 crore against a full-year net profit of Rs 61 crore in 2009-10.
21. Similarly, Kingfisher Airlines and Air India drastically cut down their losses due to better cost management and improvements in yield. Kingfisher, during April-September 2010, reported a net loss of Rs 418 crore versus a full-year net loss of Rs 1,647 crore in 2009-10. Though the profit and loss figures for Air India are not available, the national carrier during April-November 2010 recorded revenue of Rs 7,250 crore compared with a revenue of Rs 5,911 crore during the same period of the previous year, an increase of 22.6 per cent. And notwithstanding its huge debt burden, Air India in November 2010 reported perhaps for the first time in recent times a cash profit of Rs 21.66 crore due to significant improvement in efficiency.
25. Air India has the largest share of the fleet as expected. Jet Airways has the second largest fleet share but Kingfisher manages to catch up with it in terms of passenger share The success of low cost strategy of Indigo Air can be seen in its passenger share which matches upto Kingfisher and Jet despite having a much smaller fleet
30. The air transportation operations in India are governed under The Aircraft Act, 1934 The Aircraft Rules, 1937 The Air Corporation Act, 1953 The Air Corporation Act, 1953, The International Airports Authority Act, 1971, The Carriage by Air Act, 1972, The Tokyo Convention Act, 1975, The Anti-Hijacking Act, 1982, The National Airports Authority Act, 1985, The Airports Authority of India Act,1994 The Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act, 1994.
31. Ministry Of Civil Aviation Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for formulation and implementation of national policies and programmes in the civil aviation sector. The Ministry also oversees the development and regulation of civil aviation in the country. Functions relating to Railway Safety, including enquiries into serious railway accidents are also performed by this Ministry. Ministry of Civil Aviation has following separate organizations for monitoring and regulating the civil aviation sector:- i) Directorate General of Civil Aviation; and ii) Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
32. Functions of Ministry of Civil Aviation a)To ensure aviation safety, security b) Effective regulation of air transport in the country in the liberalized environment c) Safe, efficient, reliable and widespread quality air transport services are provided at reasonable prices d) Flexibility to adapt to changing needs and circumstances e) To provide all players a level-playing field f) Encourage Private participation g) Encourage Trade, tourism and overall economic activity and growth h) Security of civil aviation operations is ensured through appropriate systems, policies, and practices
33. The Ministry of Civil Aviation has the following public sector undertakings/companies/autonomous bodies under its administrative control:- National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) Airports Authority of India (AAI) Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited (PHHL) Indira Gandhi RashtriyaUranAkademi (IGRUA)
34. National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL):- is a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 and has the functions and responsibilities of providing safe, efficient, adequate, economical and properly coordinated international air transport services. It has been set up after the merger of Air India and Indian Airlines in 2007. This merger aims to create the largest airline in India. The name of the new airline is Air India and its logo is Maharaja. NACIL is carrying its operations under two operating permits, viz., NACIL-A and NACIL-I. It has following wholly owned subsidiaries, namely, Hotel Corporation of India Limited, Air India Charters Limited (AICL), Air India Engineering Services Ltd (AIESL); Air India Air Transport Services Limited (AIATSL); and Alliance Air. Airports Authority of India (AAI) :- was constituted in 1995 for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure, both on the ground and air space of the country. It aims at providing world class airport services for efficient operation of air transport in the country. It manages 127 airports, which include 16 international airports, 8 customs and 79 domestic airports and 24 civil enclaves at defence airfields. It controls the entire Indian airspace of 2.8 million square nautical miles.
35. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited (PHHL):- was established in 1985 as the country's national helicopter company for providing helicopter support services to the Oil Sector; operate scheduled/non-scheduled helicopter services in inaccessible areas and difficult terrains; as well as provide charters for promotion of travel and tourism. It has a well balanced fleet of 35 helicopters consisting of Bell 206L4, Bell 407, Dauphin SA 365N & AS 365N3 and Mi-172, which are most appropriate for multi-farious jobs. It is the only aviation company in India being awarded ISO 9001:2000 certification for its entire gamut of activities. Indira Gandhi RashtriyaUranAkademi (IGRUA):- was established by the Government with the objective of improving the flying training standards in civil aviation and to impart line oriented flying training of international standards. It has been set up at Fursatganj in Rai Bareilly District of Uttar Pradesh. It is equipped with modern and sophisticated trainer aircraft, flight simulators, computer based training system, runway with modern navigational and landing aids and its own airspace. It is manned by highly qualified flying and ground instructors, with long experience in the field of aviation and flying training.
36. Directorate General of Civil Aviation Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)is the regulatory body responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for the enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. The regulations are in the form of the Aircraft Act,1934; the Aircraft Rules,1937; the Civil Aviation Requirements; and the Aeronautical Information Circulars. The DGCA is headed by the Director General of Civil Aviation. It has its headquarters in New Delhi. Following Directorates exist under DGCA:- i) Directorate of Regulations and Informationii) Directorate of Air Transportiii) Directorate of Airworthinessiv) Directorate of Air Safetyv) Directorate of Training and Licensingvi) Directorate of Aerodrome Standardsvii) Directorate of Flying Trainingviii) Directorate of Flight Inspectionix) Directorate of Research & Developmentx) Directorate of Administration
37. Functions of DGCA Registration of civil aircraft; Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India and grant of certificates to such aircrafts; Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers; flight engineers; and air traffic controllers; Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of other operational personnel such as flight dispatchers and cabin crew; Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures; Carrying out amendments to the Aircraft Act, the Aircraft rules and the Civil Aviation requirements for complying with the requirements of International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO); Granting approval to aircraft maintenance, repair and manufacturing organizations; Rendering advice to the Government on matters relating to air transport including bilateral air services agreements; on ICAO matters and on all technical matters relating to civil aviation;
38. DGCA and Airlines DGCA, under the provisions of Rule 134 of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 grants permission to persons to operate an air transport service to, within and from India. The air transport services offered are the: Scheduled Air Transport Services (Passenger)(Civil Aviation Requirements Section 3 Series 'C' Part II) Non- Scheduled Air Transport Services (Passenger) (Civil Aviation Requirements Section 3 Series 'C' Part III) Air Transport Services (Cargo)(Civil Aviation Requirements Section 3 Series 'C' Part IV) Non-Scheduled Air Transport Services (Charter Operation)(Civil Aviation Requirements Section 3 Series 'C' Part V) These permits are equivalent to the Air Operator's Certificate required to be granted by ICAO member States in accordance with the provisions of Annex 6. Permits for any other special type of operation can be granted subject to the applicant showing satisfactory capability to undertake the type of operations.
39. Guidelines for Obtaining a Permit Air Transport Circular 1 of 1997 gives the procedure to be followed for grant of the permits and the various requirements which an applicant has to fulfill for obtaining the permit. The issuance of a permit is dependent upon the applicant demonstrating an adequate Organisation, method of control and supervision of flight operations, training programme and maintenance arrangements consistent with the nature and extent of the operations specified.
40. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANT OF PERMIT TO OPERATE SCHEDULED PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES. A Scheduled Operator's Permit can be granted only to: a citizen of India; or a company or a body corporate provided that: i) it is registered and has its principal place of business within India; ii) its chairman and at least two-thirds of its directors are citizens of India; and iii) its substantial ownership and effective control is vested in Indian nationals.
41. Commencement of Scheduled International Air Services by a Foreign Airline The airline shall, in accordance with the provisions of the air services agreement, be formally designated either through diplomatic channels or by the aeronautical authorities of the country whose Government have concluded the Agreement with the Government of India. A copy of the letter designating the airline shall be submitted to the office of the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). The designated airline shall, in accordance with the provisions of the bilateral air services agreement, obtain the approval of the competent authorities for the tariffs to be charged on the agreed services operated on the specified route(s) The designated airline shall file their proposed flight schedule with the office of the DGCA for approval, at least 30 days prior to the commencement of the agreed services. The flight schedule should contain information relating to the type of service and its frequency, the type of aircraft to be used and the flight timings. The flights shall be operated only after the schedule has been approved by DGCA.
42. Bureau of Civil Aviation Security BCAS is an attached office of the Ministry. It is a regulatory body and is responsible for laying down the standards of pre- embarkation security and anti-sabotage measures in respect of civil flights in India. The Bureau keeps a constant vigil and monitors the enforcement of the security measures. BCAS has four Regional Offices in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. The Following Acts provide power and authority to the BCAS AIRCRAFT ACT- 1934 AIRCRAFT RULES-1937 Tokyo Convention 1975 Act Anti-Hijacking Act 1982 Anti Hijacking Act 1994 (Amendments 1994) The Suppression of Unlawfull Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation Act 1982 The Suppression of Unlawfull Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation Act 1994 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
43. Open Air Policy Need for Open Skies Policy A recurring demand often voiced by interested parties is that, in order to promote Travel & Tourism, India should adopt an Open Skies policy. It is argued that the current policy restricts the access of foreign airlines. As a result potential tourists are not offered a choice of airlines or seats when travelling to India. This problem is exacerbated during the holiday season when it is difficult, if not impossible, to get a seat either into the country or out of it. It is argued, therefore, that India should adopt an Open Skies approach to any foreign carrier wanting to fly into India, which literally means allowing them unlimited service, capacity and points of call Meaning of ‘Open Skies’ Strictly speaking Open Skies means unrestricted access by any carrier into the sovereign territory of a country without any written agreement specifying capacity, ports of call or schedule of services. In other words an Open Skies policy would allow the foreign airline of any country or ownership to land at any port on any number of occasions and with unlimited seat capacity. There would be no restriction on the type of aircraft used, no demand for certification, no regularity of service and no need to specify at which airports they would land.
44. Indian Bilateral Treaties Almost 99 per cent of Members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) follow the system of negotiated bilateral treaties determining the aviation relations between two sovereign Contracting parties. The Bilateral Agreements also protect the different kinds of aviation Freedoms granted to contracting parties by specifying the reciprocal rights to be enjoyed by each. To increase connectivity between India and other countries and facilitate travel for passengers, India has entered into Air Service Agreements (ASA) with 100 countries till date. These bilateral Agreements provide the basic legal framework for operation of air services between the two contracting parties. The number of flights each country can operate and the destinations that could be served are also specified in these Agreements. The Open Skies agreement provides for open routes, capacity, frequencies, designations, and pricing, as well as opportunities for cooperative marketing arrangements, including bilateral codesharing with domestic Indian carriers
45. Government Initiatives on Promotion of Aviation Industry (i) The Foreign Direct Investment limit in Air Transport Services (Domestic Airlines) has been increased from 40% to 49% and is soon expected to be increased further. However, the NRI`s and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) have been allowed 100% FDI; (ii) Private scheduled carriers with five years experience in domestic sector and having fleet size of twenty aircraft permitted to operate on international routes; (iii) Liberal policy in the exchange of capacity entitlement / traffic rights paved the way for more foreign airlines to operate to / from India; (iv)Amendment of the various outdated provisions of Aircraft Rules to keep the provisions abreast with the international standards and developments in the civil aviation sector; (v) Tourist charter guidelines liberalized;
46. Government Initiatives on Promotion of Aviation Industry(Contd) (vi) Fleet expansion plans of Air India/Indian Airlines approved; (vii) Restructuring of Delhi and Mumbai airport and work on development of Greenfield airports at Bangalore and Hyderabad undertaken25; (vii) Up gradation/ expansion/ development of airports undertaken depending upon traffic potential, requirement of airline operators and need of air passengers.
48. Legal Aspects In India, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 is the main legislation for investigation and settlement of all industrial disputes. The Act enumerates the contingencies when a strike or lock-out can be lawfully resorted to, when they can be declared illegal or unlawful, conditions for laying off, retrenching, discharging or dismissing a workman, circumstances under which an industrial unit can be closed down and several other matters related to industrial employees and employers. The Act is administered by the Ministry of Labour through its Industrial Relations Division. The Division is concerned with improving the institutional framework for dispute settlement and amending labour laws relating to industrial relations. It works in close co-ordination with the Central Industrial Relations Machinery (CIRM) in an effort to ensure that the country gets a stable, dignified and efficient workforce, free from exploitation and capable of generating higher levels of output. Under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the Central Government is the appropriate Government for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes in regard to, the Indian Airlines, Air India, the Airport Authority of India and all air transport services..
50. Taxation Domestic Airline Income Taxes Rates: For Domestic Airlines the effective tax rate is 30% and the tax rate with surcharge is 30% Attention must be given on the factor that if the taxable income is more than ` 1 million then a surcharge of 10% of the tax on income is levied Attention must also be given on the fact that all of the companies formed in India are regarded as Indian domestic companies, even in the case of ancillary units with mother companies in foreign countries
51. Foreign players income tax rates: For dividends 20% in case of non-treaty foreign companies and 15% for companies under the treaty based in United States For interest gains 20% in case of non-treaty foreign companies and 15% for companies under the treaty based in United States For royalties 30% in case of non-treaty foreign companies and 20% for companies under the treaty based in United States For technology based services in case of non-treaty foreign companies and 20% for companies under the treaty based in United States For other kinds of income and gains 55% in case of non-treaty foreign companies and 55% for companies under the treaty based in United States Attention must be given on levying inter corporate rates in case the holding is minimum Attention must be given on the fact that the sanctions of the tax authorities on tax withholding Attention must be given on the several of the tax treaties India signed with the other countries and also the various encouraging tax rates
52. Union Budget 2011 Increase in MAT rate from 18% to18.5%. Since most airline companies are reeling under huge accumulated losses, there should not be any immediate additional cash outflow on account of this change Reduction in surcharge from 7.5% to 5%. The reduction in effective corporate tax rate will not have an immediate impact on account of accumulated losses. Exemption from education cess and secondary and higher education cess presently available to aircrafts is being withdrawn A basic custom duty of 2.5% is being imposed on import of aircrafts for non scheduled operations. The exemptions from addiditional duty of customs(CVD) and special additional duty of customs (SAD) would continue
53. The rate of service tax on travel by air are being
55. Current Foreign Policy FDI up to 100 per cent is allowed under the automatic route for greenfield projects. For existing projects, FDI up to 100 per cent is allowed; while investment up to 74 per cent under the automatic route and beyond 74 per cent under the government route. FDI up to 49 per cent is allowed in the domestic airlines sector under the automatic route, but not by of foreign airline companies.
56. FDI in Civil Aviation Airports Greenfield projects - 100%, Automatic (b) Existing projects- 100% ,Automatic up to 74%, Government route beyond 74% Air Transport Services (a) Air Transport Services would include Domestic Scheduled Passenger Airlines; Non-Scheduled Air Transport Services, helicopter and seaplane services. (b) No foreign airlines would be allowed to participate directly or indirectly in the equity of an Air Transport Undertaking engaged in operating Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Air Transport Services except Cargo airlines. (c) Foreign airlines are allowed to participate in the equity of companies operating Cargo airlines, helicopter and seaplane services.
57.
58. Non-Scheduled Air Transport Service 74% FDI (100% for NRIs), Automatic up to 49% Government route beyond 49%
63. Future Trends Consolidation in aviation sector The rise in the number of alliances in aviation industry will help in further growth of aviation sector in India. Number of passengers is on the rise With passenger boardings expected to double by 2025, and aircraft operations expected to triple by the same time Price is paramount in selecting carrier: Due to the Internet and round-the-clock search capability, airfares are fully transparent to the public and travelers are choosing the lowest price option. Air travel is now a commodity business, and legacy carriers will have to adapt further to a low-cost/low-fare environment in order to survive
64. Growing Capacity: Indian carriers are placing orders for new aircraft for delivery in the coming period, without clear plans to retire older planes. They are also adding significant numbers of regional jets. The air taxi fleet is also expanding rapidly Oil prices are not expected to fall: The public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) have raised the prices of Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) by 3.5 per cent, in line with the rise in international oil prices. This is likely to trigger a marginal increase in airfares. Outsourcing: Private airlines are known to hire foreign pilots, get expatriates or retired personnel from the Air Force or PSU airlines, in senior management positions. Further, they outsource such functions as ground handling, check-in, reservation, aircraft maintenance, catering, training, revenue accounting, IT infrastructure, loyalty and programme management. Airlines are known to take on contract employees such as cabin crew, ticketing and check-in agents.
66. References http://india.gov.in (Government of India) http://www.bcasindia.nic.in/ (beaureau of Civil aviation security) http://dgca.nic.in/ (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) Wikipedia Ministry of Civil Aviation Various Journals