7. INTRODUCTION
BLOOD SUPPLY OF NECK OF FEMUR
(1)An extracapsular arterial ring located at the base of femoral
neck
(2)Ascending cervical branches of the extracapsular arterial
ring of the surface of the femoral neck known as retinacular
arteries)
(3)The arteries of the ligamentum teres
8. INTRODUCTION
BLOOD SUPPLY OF NECK OF FEMUR
⢠The extracapsular arterial ring is formed posteriorly by a large branch of
the medial femoral circumflex artery and anteriorly by branches of the
lateral femoral circumflex artery
⢠The ascending cervical arteries can be divided into four groups
(Anterior, Medial, Posterior, and lateral) based on their relationship with
femoral neck.
Lateral group provides most of the blood supply to the femoral head and
neck
⢠The artery of ligamentum teres is a branch of the Obturator or the
Medial femoral circumflex artery ( Only a small amount of femoral head
9. INTRODUCTION
FRACTURE NECK OF FEMUR
⢠Commonly seen in elderly women â low energy falls
⢠Very low incidence in younger patients â high energy trauma
⢠Mechanism of injury:
âLow energy trauma â Direct or Indirect
âHigh energy trauma â MVA or fall from heights
âCyclical loading-stress fractures
âInsufficiency fractures â osteoporosis or osteopenia
10. FRACTURE NECK OF FEMUR IS AN
UNSOLVED FRACTURE, WHY??
⢠Elongated position of femoral neck in joint capsule
⢠Absence of cambium layer of periosteum, periosteum is replaced by retinaculum,
which is a reflected part of capsule
⢠Fracture heals without external callus, almost heals entirely from intramedullary
endosteal callus
⢠Peculiar blood supply of the head of femur
⢠Intracapsular callus formed will get washed by synovial fluid.
⢠Intracapsular hemorrhage following fracture neck of femur causes tamponade effect
and obliterate retinacular vessels and fuerther decrease blood supply to head
11. REVASCULARIZATION OF THE HEAD
OCCURS FROM;
⢠The areas of the femoral head that remains viable
⢠Vascular ingrowth from the distal fragment
⢠Capillary ingrowth from distal fragment( Itâs a slow process and occurs
when the fixation is rigid and stable)
13. CLASSIFICATION â PAUWELâS
⢠Angle subtended by the fracture to the horizontal
⢠More the angle, more the shearing forces, more the instability
15. CLINICAL FEATURES
⢠H/o trauma â High or low energy
⢠Non ambulatory (except in impacted and stress fractures)
⢠Pain over the groin
⢠Deformities â external rotation of the limb with shortening
⢠Tenderness â on hip ROM, axial compression and over the groin,
Scarpaâs triangle
⢠In low energy fracture â h/o LOC, syncopal attacks, chest pain, prior hip
pain (pathological #)
⢠Preinjury ambulatory status â determinant of treatment
17. RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
⢠Plain radiograph of pelvis with both hip joint â AP view, with
15 deg of internal rotation of the limb
⢠Cross table lateral view of proximal femur of fracture side
⢠CT scan â undisplaced femoral neck fractures
⢠MRI â imaging of choice in delineating non-displaced or
occult fractures
â Bone scans and CT scan is reserved for those who have
contraindications for MRI
22. TREATMENT
⢠Goals of the treatment are:
âMinimize patient discomfort
âRestoration of hip function
âEarly stable fixation of fracture or prosthetic replacement
âAllow rapid mobilization
⢠Early bed to chair mobilization - to avoid risks and
complications of prolonged recumbence (Venous stasis, DVT,
Pulmonary Embolism, poor pulmonary toilet, atelectasis,
pressure sores)
23. TREATMENT
⢠Preoperative skin traction â below knee traction
âImmobilization of limb gives pain relief
âReduce the risk of further soft tissue injury
âHelps to maintain reduction
âEasier intraoperative fracture reduction
⢠Use is contraversial
24. TREATMENT
⢠Non-operative treatment â can be employed in
undisplaced fractures; in patients with severe medical
comorbidities
âGood results have been reported from some studies
âAdvantage: surgery can be avoided
âDisadvantage: Greater risk of fracture displacement
âHence there is no role of non-operative in treatment of fracture
neck of femur
27. TREATMENT - SURGICAL
⢠Displaced fractures
⢠In young patients: urgent reduction and internal fixation and
capsulotomy
âMultiple screw fixation â 3 cannulated cancellous screws in
inverted triangular configuration
âSliding hip screw or dynamic hip screw
âAngled blade plates
29. TREATMENT - SURGICAL
⢠Displaced fractures
⢠In elderly patients:
â High functional demand and good bone quality: Total hip
replacement
â Low functional demand and poor bone quality: Hemiarthroplasty
â Severely ill, demented, bedridden patients: non-operative
31. COMPLICATIONS
⢠Non-union: if the fracture has not united by 3months
â5% in undisplaced and 25% in displaced fracture
âIn elderly: arthroplasty
âIn young patients: proximal femoral osteotomy
⢠Osteonecrosis: avascular necrosis of femoral head
â10% in undisplaced and 30% in displaced fractures
âEarly without x-ray changes: core decompression
âLate with x-ray changes: arthroplasty in elderly;
osteotomy/arthrodesis/arthroplasty in younger patients
32. COMPLICATIONS
⢠Fixation failure: poor reduction/fixation; osteoporotic bone
⢠Prosthetic dislocation and prosthetic loosening
⢠Prominent hardware: due to fracture collapse and screw
backout
⢠Others: complications of prolonged recumbence, infection