This paper presents the operations of digital circuits based on FPGA. The long term of FPGA is field programmable gate array. FPGA is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing hence field programmable . The operations of logic circuits such as logic gates, flip flop and 7 segment are tested using quartus II software and DE2 115 and DE1 FPGA development kits in this paper. Particularly, there are three main portions such as implementation of schematic diagram, designing of the vhdl program, the connection of the control panel and displaying the result of logic circuits on FPGA kit. The operations of combinational circuits are tested by designing the VHDL programs. And then the operations of sequential circuits are observed and displayed the results of them by illustrating the schematic diagrams. San San Naing | Ni Ni San Hlaing | Cho Thet Nwe "FPGA Based Digital Logic Circuits Operation for Beginners" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26372.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26372/fpga-based-digital-logic-circuits-operation-for-beginners/san-san-naing
Interrupts allow external events to suspend and later resume processes running on a computer. They improve processor utilization by allowing the operating system to interrupt running processes to respond to external events like user input or I/O device completion. There are different types of interrupts including program-generated, timer, I/O, and hardware failure interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU saves its context and executes an interrupt handling routine that calls the appropriate interrupt service routine to handle the interrupt before resuming the original process.
The document discusses instruction execution in a computer processor. It describes how a processor executes instructions by fetching them from memory using the program counter. The instruction is placed in the instruction register and decoded by the control unit. The control unit then selects components like the ALU to carry out operations. Common components involved in instruction execution are the program counter, memory address register, instruction register, memory buffer register, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and accumulator. The execution cycle involves fetching the instruction from memory address, decoding it, and then executing the instruction.
The document discusses stacks, subroutines, and the 8085 microprocessor. It provides the following key points:
1. The stack is an area of memory used for temporary storage of information in LIFO (last in first out) order, growing backwards into memory with the stack pointer register defining the bottom.
2. Subroutines allow groups of instructions to be called from different locations to avoid repetition. The 8085 uses CALL to redirect execution to a subroutine and RTE to return to the calling routine.
3. Data can be passed to subroutines through registers or memory locations. Proper subroutines only enter at the start and exit at the end, with a single entry point
The document discusses code generation from intermediate code represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). It describes algorithms for constructing a DAG from basic blocks of code and generating optimal machine code from the DAG. Specifically:
1) It presents an algorithm to construct a DAG from basic blocks by creating nodes for variables, operators, and constants and connecting them based on the operations.
2) It explains that the DAG can be used to detect common subexpressions and eliminate unnecessary assignments.
3) An algorithm is provided to generate machine code from the DAG by rearranging operations to obtain an optimal computation sequence.
4) Labeling algorithms are introduced to number nodes in a tree to minimize register usage during code generation
This document introduces algorithms and the process of program development. It defines an algorithm as a precise list of instructions that terminates after a finite number of steps to solve a problem. It discusses methods of specifying algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Properties of algorithms include being finite, unambiguous, and having a defined sequence of execution and input/output. The steps of program development are stated as understanding the problem, planning instructions, coding the program, running and debugging it. Flowcharting guidelines and common symbols are provided. Sample exercises demonstrate writing programs to calculate simple formulas.
This document discusses the basic concepts of computer architecture and organization. It describes the components of a basic computer including the CPU, memory, and I/O. It explains instruction formats, addressing modes, and the operation of a hardwired control unit. The control unit uses a sequence counter, instruction register, and decoders to generate control signals for instruction fetch, decode, and execution cycles. Interrupts are handled through an interrupt service routine stored in memory.
A process represents a program in execution and goes through various states like new, ready, run, and terminate. It has a minimum of 4 states. A thread is a path of execution within a process and provides parallelism by dividing a process into multiple threads. Threads share resources like memory and code with peer threads but have their own program counters and stacks. Threads provide improved performance over processes as they have lower overhead and faster context switching.
The document discusses interrupts in the 8085 microprocessor. It describes how interrupts work, including the different types of interrupts, how interrupt requests are handled, and the interrupt acknowledge process. It also covers interrupt masking, vectored interrupts, and the interrupt structures in 8085 systems.
Interrupts allow external events to suspend and later resume processes running on a computer. They improve processor utilization by allowing the operating system to interrupt running processes to respond to external events like user input or I/O device completion. There are different types of interrupts including program-generated, timer, I/O, and hardware failure interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU saves its context and executes an interrupt handling routine that calls the appropriate interrupt service routine to handle the interrupt before resuming the original process.
The document discusses instruction execution in a computer processor. It describes how a processor executes instructions by fetching them from memory using the program counter. The instruction is placed in the instruction register and decoded by the control unit. The control unit then selects components like the ALU to carry out operations. Common components involved in instruction execution are the program counter, memory address register, instruction register, memory buffer register, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and accumulator. The execution cycle involves fetching the instruction from memory address, decoding it, and then executing the instruction.
The document discusses stacks, subroutines, and the 8085 microprocessor. It provides the following key points:
1. The stack is an area of memory used for temporary storage of information in LIFO (last in first out) order, growing backwards into memory with the stack pointer register defining the bottom.
2. Subroutines allow groups of instructions to be called from different locations to avoid repetition. The 8085 uses CALL to redirect execution to a subroutine and RTE to return to the calling routine.
3. Data can be passed to subroutines through registers or memory locations. Proper subroutines only enter at the start and exit at the end, with a single entry point
The document discusses code generation from intermediate code represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). It describes algorithms for constructing a DAG from basic blocks of code and generating optimal machine code from the DAG. Specifically:
1) It presents an algorithm to construct a DAG from basic blocks by creating nodes for variables, operators, and constants and connecting them based on the operations.
2) It explains that the DAG can be used to detect common subexpressions and eliminate unnecessary assignments.
3) An algorithm is provided to generate machine code from the DAG by rearranging operations to obtain an optimal computation sequence.
4) Labeling algorithms are introduced to number nodes in a tree to minimize register usage during code generation
This document introduces algorithms and the process of program development. It defines an algorithm as a precise list of instructions that terminates after a finite number of steps to solve a problem. It discusses methods of specifying algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Properties of algorithms include being finite, unambiguous, and having a defined sequence of execution and input/output. The steps of program development are stated as understanding the problem, planning instructions, coding the program, running and debugging it. Flowcharting guidelines and common symbols are provided. Sample exercises demonstrate writing programs to calculate simple formulas.
This document discusses the basic concepts of computer architecture and organization. It describes the components of a basic computer including the CPU, memory, and I/O. It explains instruction formats, addressing modes, and the operation of a hardwired control unit. The control unit uses a sequence counter, instruction register, and decoders to generate control signals for instruction fetch, decode, and execution cycles. Interrupts are handled through an interrupt service routine stored in memory.
A process represents a program in execution and goes through various states like new, ready, run, and terminate. It has a minimum of 4 states. A thread is a path of execution within a process and provides parallelism by dividing a process into multiple threads. Threads share resources like memory and code with peer threads but have their own program counters and stacks. Threads provide improved performance over processes as they have lower overhead and faster context switching.
The document discusses interrupts in the 8085 microprocessor. It describes how interrupts work, including the different types of interrupts, how interrupt requests are handled, and the interrupt acknowledge process. It also covers interrupt masking, vectored interrupts, and the interrupt structures in 8085 systems.
This document describes the features and pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit processor that operates on a 5V power supply. It has 40 pins, including an 8-bit multiplexed address and data bus. The pin functions described include the address bus (A8-A15), data bus (AD0-AD7), control signals like RD and WR, status signals like IO/M and S0-S1, power supply pins VCC and VSS, interrupt pins like TRAP and INTR, externally initiated signals like INTA and RESET, serial I/O signals SOD and SID, and clock signals X1, X2, and CLK OUT.
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. It is used in embedded systems to make decisions. The AVR ATmega8 is an 8-bit microcontroller based on Harvard architecture. It has 8KB of flash memory, 512B of EEPROM, and 1KB of SRAM. It contains peripherals like timers, PWM channels, ADC, and serial interfaces. The ATmega8 comes in PDIP and TQFP packages and uses three registers - DDRx, PORTx, and PINx - to communicate with its I/O ports.
This document provides an overview of the chapters and content covered in a textbook on computer organization and architecture. The chapters cover digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming and instruction sets, control units, processor design, pipelining and parallel processing, arithmetic, input/output, and memory organization. Key concepts discussed include logic gates, boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, buses, arithmetic and logic operations, and memory.
The document discusses interrupts in computers. It defines interrupts as events external to the currently executing process that cause process suspension so it can be resumed later. Interrupts allow I/O devices to get CPU attention asynchronously. The document contrasts interrupt handling with polling and describes hardware/software, masked/non-masked, and vectored/non-vectored interrupt types. It also explains interrupt processing, including interrupt acknowledgement and use of interrupt vectors and tables.
Coprocessors were introduced in the 1970s to offload floating-point arithmetic operations from main processors. A coprocessor is a specialized circuit that performs tasks like floating-point operations faster than the main processor. Coprocessors extend capabilities and increase processing speed. They are used for tasks the main processor cannot perform directly, like trigonometric or logarithmic functions. Coprocessors interface with the main processor via instruction monitoring or command registers, and perform calculations to aid the main processor. Common coprocessors include the 8087, 80287, and 80387 which added floating-point support to processors like the 8086, 80286, and 80386 respectively.
Instruction codes and computer registersSanjeev Patel
The document discusses instruction codes and computer registers. Instruction codes are made up of an opcode and address that tell the computer what operation to perform. Computer registers store important data and instructions, including the program counter, address register, instruction register, temporary register, data register, accumulator, input register, and output register. These registers perform functions like holding memory operands, instructions, temporary data, addresses, and input/output characters.
The document discusses algorithms and their building blocks. It defines an algorithm as a collection of well-defined, unambiguous and effectively computable instructions that return a proper output. The three building blocks of algorithms are identified as sequence, selection, and iteration. Sequence refers to a series of actions performed in order. Selection allows a program to choose between different actions or conditions. Iteration allows a block of code to be repeated while a condition is true. Pseudocode and flowcharts are introduced as common ways to express algorithms and illustrate the control flow and logic of a program.
The document discusses pipelining in computer processors. It explains that pipelining allows for multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously by dividing the instruction process into stages. Each stage completes a part of the instruction in parallel. This allows for increased instruction throughput compared to non-pipelined processors. However, pipelining can introduce different types of hazards like data hazards, structural hazards, and instruction hazards if the dependencies between instructions are not addressed properly.
Embedded systems and their applications in our daily routineAsad Qayyum Babar
Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have micro-controller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This presentation on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries and in automation systems. So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples.
Few of these Examples of Embedded Systems were discussed in this presentation, if you learn embedded systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let’s get started with these Examples of Embedded Systems.
The 8086 microprocessor has an architecture that separates it into a Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory and handles address calculation on the buses. The EU decodes and executes instructions using its 16-bit ALU. The 8086 has 16 general purpose registers including 4 data registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and segment/pointer registers. It also contains a flag register for storing status flags. The 8086 can queue up to 6 bytes of upcoming instructions to improve performance.
Development tools for microcontrollers include text editors, assemblers, compilers, simulators, debuggers, linkers, and integrated development environments (IDEs). Text editors allow creating and editing programs and files. Assemblers generate executable code from assembly language programs. Compilers perform the same function for high-level languages like C, which are easier for developing complex programs. Simulators run programs on PCs without hardware. Debuggers help eliminate bugs by pinpointing error locations. Linkers combine separate code modules into a single executable. IDEs integrate necessary tools like editors, compilers and debuggers into a single package.
Here are the key components of a temperature controller system using an 8085 microprocessor:
- 8085 microprocessor - Acts as the central processing unit to control the system.
- ADC interface board - Contains an ADC (analog to digital converter) which converts the analog temperature sensor output to digital for the microprocessor. Also interfaces the ADC to the microprocessor bus.
- Temperature sensor (e.g. thermistor) - Measures the temperature of the plant and provides an analog output to the ADC.
- Relay and driver circuit - Switches power to the heating element on/off under microprocessor control to regulate temperature.
- Supporting hardware - Includes memory (ROM, RAM), I/
CPU REGISTERS
what is cpu registers
types of cpu registers
function of cpu registers
explanation of cpu registers
categories of cpu registers
5 major categories of cpu registers
The 8085 microprocessor uses several addressing modes to specify the operands in instructions. These include implied, immediate, direct, register, and register indirect addressing modes. Implied addressing mode does not specify operands as they are implicit in the instruction. Immediate addressing mode embeds the operand in the instruction itself. Direct addressing directly specifies the memory location of the operand. Register addressing uses register operands. Register indirect addressing specifies the operand address using a register pair like the HL register.
This document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It defines microcontrollers as small computers capable of performing specific tasks, like in appliances. Microcontrollers contain a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, timers and other peripherals on a single chip. They are classified as either microcontroller units (MCU) or microprocessor units (MPU) depending on whether external components are needed. Common microcontroller components and their functions are described, along with factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application.
1) Data transfer instructions move data between processor registers and memory without changing the data. Common instructions include load, store, move, exchange, input, and output.
2) Data manipulation instructions perform arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operations on data to provide computational capabilities. Examples include add, subtract, multiply, divide, and, or, xor.
3) Program control instructions alter the program flow by branching, jumping, calling subroutines, handling interrupts, and returning from subroutines. Status bits track results of operations.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to control electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in various sizes based on their word length and internal bus width, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They also differ based on their memory architecture and instruction set. A microcontroller allows easy programming to control devices in embedded systems and provides advantages like low cost, small size, and flexibility.
An FPGA is described as a reconfigurable integrated circuit containing an array of logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document discusses an FPGA's architecture, including configurable logic blocks and routing resources. It also provides VHDL code for an 8-bit ALU implementation on an FPGA, including a process to handle data display on an LCD screen.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
This document describes the features and pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit processor that operates on a 5V power supply. It has 40 pins, including an 8-bit multiplexed address and data bus. The pin functions described include the address bus (A8-A15), data bus (AD0-AD7), control signals like RD and WR, status signals like IO/M and S0-S1, power supply pins VCC and VSS, interrupt pins like TRAP and INTR, externally initiated signals like INTA and RESET, serial I/O signals SOD and SID, and clock signals X1, X2, and CLK OUT.
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. It is used in embedded systems to make decisions. The AVR ATmega8 is an 8-bit microcontroller based on Harvard architecture. It has 8KB of flash memory, 512B of EEPROM, and 1KB of SRAM. It contains peripherals like timers, PWM channels, ADC, and serial interfaces. The ATmega8 comes in PDIP and TQFP packages and uses three registers - DDRx, PORTx, and PINx - to communicate with its I/O ports.
This document provides an overview of the chapters and content covered in a textbook on computer organization and architecture. The chapters cover digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming and instruction sets, control units, processor design, pipelining and parallel processing, arithmetic, input/output, and memory organization. Key concepts discussed include logic gates, boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, buses, arithmetic and logic operations, and memory.
The document discusses interrupts in computers. It defines interrupts as events external to the currently executing process that cause process suspension so it can be resumed later. Interrupts allow I/O devices to get CPU attention asynchronously. The document contrasts interrupt handling with polling and describes hardware/software, masked/non-masked, and vectored/non-vectored interrupt types. It also explains interrupt processing, including interrupt acknowledgement and use of interrupt vectors and tables.
Coprocessors were introduced in the 1970s to offload floating-point arithmetic operations from main processors. A coprocessor is a specialized circuit that performs tasks like floating-point operations faster than the main processor. Coprocessors extend capabilities and increase processing speed. They are used for tasks the main processor cannot perform directly, like trigonometric or logarithmic functions. Coprocessors interface with the main processor via instruction monitoring or command registers, and perform calculations to aid the main processor. Common coprocessors include the 8087, 80287, and 80387 which added floating-point support to processors like the 8086, 80286, and 80386 respectively.
Instruction codes and computer registersSanjeev Patel
The document discusses instruction codes and computer registers. Instruction codes are made up of an opcode and address that tell the computer what operation to perform. Computer registers store important data and instructions, including the program counter, address register, instruction register, temporary register, data register, accumulator, input register, and output register. These registers perform functions like holding memory operands, instructions, temporary data, addresses, and input/output characters.
The document discusses algorithms and their building blocks. It defines an algorithm as a collection of well-defined, unambiguous and effectively computable instructions that return a proper output. The three building blocks of algorithms are identified as sequence, selection, and iteration. Sequence refers to a series of actions performed in order. Selection allows a program to choose between different actions or conditions. Iteration allows a block of code to be repeated while a condition is true. Pseudocode and flowcharts are introduced as common ways to express algorithms and illustrate the control flow and logic of a program.
The document discusses pipelining in computer processors. It explains that pipelining allows for multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously by dividing the instruction process into stages. Each stage completes a part of the instruction in parallel. This allows for increased instruction throughput compared to non-pipelined processors. However, pipelining can introduce different types of hazards like data hazards, structural hazards, and instruction hazards if the dependencies between instructions are not addressed properly.
Embedded systems and their applications in our daily routineAsad Qayyum Babar
Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have micro-controller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This presentation on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries and in automation systems. So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples.
Few of these Examples of Embedded Systems were discussed in this presentation, if you learn embedded systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let’s get started with these Examples of Embedded Systems.
The 8086 microprocessor has an architecture that separates it into a Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory and handles address calculation on the buses. The EU decodes and executes instructions using its 16-bit ALU. The 8086 has 16 general purpose registers including 4 data registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and segment/pointer registers. It also contains a flag register for storing status flags. The 8086 can queue up to 6 bytes of upcoming instructions to improve performance.
Development tools for microcontrollers include text editors, assemblers, compilers, simulators, debuggers, linkers, and integrated development environments (IDEs). Text editors allow creating and editing programs and files. Assemblers generate executable code from assembly language programs. Compilers perform the same function for high-level languages like C, which are easier for developing complex programs. Simulators run programs on PCs without hardware. Debuggers help eliminate bugs by pinpointing error locations. Linkers combine separate code modules into a single executable. IDEs integrate necessary tools like editors, compilers and debuggers into a single package.
Here are the key components of a temperature controller system using an 8085 microprocessor:
- 8085 microprocessor - Acts as the central processing unit to control the system.
- ADC interface board - Contains an ADC (analog to digital converter) which converts the analog temperature sensor output to digital for the microprocessor. Also interfaces the ADC to the microprocessor bus.
- Temperature sensor (e.g. thermistor) - Measures the temperature of the plant and provides an analog output to the ADC.
- Relay and driver circuit - Switches power to the heating element on/off under microprocessor control to regulate temperature.
- Supporting hardware - Includes memory (ROM, RAM), I/
CPU REGISTERS
what is cpu registers
types of cpu registers
function of cpu registers
explanation of cpu registers
categories of cpu registers
5 major categories of cpu registers
The 8085 microprocessor uses several addressing modes to specify the operands in instructions. These include implied, immediate, direct, register, and register indirect addressing modes. Implied addressing mode does not specify operands as they are implicit in the instruction. Immediate addressing mode embeds the operand in the instruction itself. Direct addressing directly specifies the memory location of the operand. Register addressing uses register operands. Register indirect addressing specifies the operand address using a register pair like the HL register.
This document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It defines microcontrollers as small computers capable of performing specific tasks, like in appliances. Microcontrollers contain a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, timers and other peripherals on a single chip. They are classified as either microcontroller units (MCU) or microprocessor units (MPU) depending on whether external components are needed. Common microcontroller components and their functions are described, along with factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application.
1) Data transfer instructions move data between processor registers and memory without changing the data. Common instructions include load, store, move, exchange, input, and output.
2) Data manipulation instructions perform arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operations on data to provide computational capabilities. Examples include add, subtract, multiply, divide, and, or, xor.
3) Program control instructions alter the program flow by branching, jumping, calling subroutines, handling interrupts, and returning from subroutines. Status bits track results of operations.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to control electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in various sizes based on their word length and internal bus width, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They also differ based on their memory architecture and instruction set. A microcontroller allows easy programming to control devices in embedded systems and provides advantages like low cost, small size, and flexibility.
An FPGA is described as a reconfigurable integrated circuit containing an array of logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document discusses an FPGA's architecture, including configurable logic blocks and routing resources. It also provides VHDL code for an 8-bit ALU implementation on an FPGA, including a process to handle data display on an LCD screen.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
This document discusses Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), including their history, components, applications, and advantages. FPGAs allow logic functions to be programmed in the field after manufacturing and consist of configurable logic blocks, input/output blocks, and a routing matrix. They are used widely in embedded systems, consumer electronics, communications, and more due to their flexibility, short development times, and ability to be updated in the field. FPGAs provide advantages over traditional ICs like long-term availability, field updates/upgrades, extremely short time to market, and massively parallel processing capabilities.
Talking about Definition of Digital Circuit, How Digital Circuit Works, Types of Digital Circuit and Examples of Electronic Equipment using Digital Circuit.
Digital VLSI Design and FPGA ImplementationAmber Bhaumik
This document provides an overview of digital VLSI design and FPGA implementation training. The objective of the training is to provide exposure to VLSI engineering concepts and design methodologies relevant to industry needs. The training covers VLSI fundamentals, digital design, VHDL, FPGA implementation, and includes hands-on labs. Students will learn to design digital circuits using VHDL and will simulate and implement designs on FPGAs. After completing the training, students will be able to design any digital circuit using VHDL.
IRJET- Smart Monitoring System for Industrial Automation (IoT Based)IRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart monitoring system for industrial automation using IoT. The system allows users to efficiently control industrial machines and appliances over the internet. It uses a microcontroller, WiFi module, relays, LCD display, RFID reader and tags, and IR sensors. The microcontroller processes user commands received over WiFi. RFID tags are used to identify technicians and control machines. IR sensors count products manufactured. The system uploads production data to a web server via WiFi to allow remote monitoring of industrial processes and employee productivity.
VLSI is the process of integrating millions of transistors onto a single chip. It began in the 1970s with MOS integrated circuits and enabled complex semiconductor technologies. VLSI devices include microprocessors and memory chips. Advantages of VLSI include smaller circuit sizes, lower power consumption, and lower manufacturing costs of electronic devices. VLSI finds applications in data communication, wireless networks, computer systems, and automobiles. HDLs like VHDL and Verilog are used to design and simulate VLSI circuits. FPGA-based designs allow for reprogramming of circuits for different applications.
ENCRYPTION KEY GENERATION FOR DIGITAL CIRCUITS USING ANALOG CIRCUITSIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel method for generating encryption keys for digital systems using an analog circuit approach. The method uses Chua's circuit combined with a noise generator to produce random oscillations. These analog signals are converted to digital using an ADC and stored as an 8-bit binary key on an SD card. Simulations show the output key changes randomly after each interval, making it difficult to duplicate without the original circuit components. This hybrid analog-digital approach could generate secure encryption keys that are nearly impossible to reverse engineer.
FPGA Based Implementation of Electronic Safe LockIOSR Journals
Thispaper is based on design of an “Automatic Security System Using VHDL” providing
understandable and adequate operating procedure to the user. The operation is conducted by six different
modules. If any of the modules fails, the failed module can be replaced without affecting the activity of others.
The safety is ensured to the user by setting a secret code number which is the combination of three numbers, by
doing so, only the authorized users can unlock the safe. The paper finds its appositeness in big organizations,
military and banking sectors. Simulation through VHDL is quite generous and fiscal due to the reduction in
number of components. Important operation consideration is to not give any indication to the user that the
combination entered is incorrect until after the user has entered the all three numbers and pressed the OPEN
key. Otherwise, it is possible for a user to determine the combination in no more than 96 attempts, as opposed to
no more than 32,768 attempts
FPGA Based Implementation of Electronic Safe LockIOSR Journals
Abstract :Thispaper is based on design of an “Automatic Security System Using VHDL” providing understandable and adequate operating procedure to the user. The operation is conducted by six different modules. If any of the modules fails, the failed module can be replaced without affecting the activity of others. The safety is ensured to the user by setting a secret code number which is the combination of three numbers, by doing so, only the authorized users can unlock the safe. The paper finds its appositeness in big organizations, military and banking sectors. Simulation through VHDL is quite generous and fiscal due to the reduction in number of components. Important operation consideration is to not give any indication to the user that the combination entered is incorrect until after the user has entered the all three numbers and pressed the OPEN key. Otherwise, it is possible for a user to determine the combination in no more than 96 attempts, as opposed to no more than 32,768 attempts. Keywords –FPGA, FSM, LOCK, VHDL, XILINX
This document describes a digital IC tester circuit that uses universal gates (NAND and NOR gates) to test integrated circuits. The circuit contains LEDs, resistors, 7400 and 7402 ICs, toggle switches, and a battery. It works by using the NAND and NOR gates to test if digital ICs operate correctly based on input signals to the gates. The IC tester is low cost, portable, and can test a variety of digital components like logic gates, flip-flops, and counters. Creating the circuit provided hands-on experience in designing PCBs, soldering components, and troubleshooting circuits.
Logic Gates (Physics Investigatory Project Class 11&12).pptxHemavarshini47
Easy and basic Logic Gates project for full marks in practicals and easy viva. NAND and NOR gates are explained and future of logic gates is explained.
Programmable logic controller performance enhancement by field programmable g...ISA Interchange
This document proposes designing a programmable logic controller (PLC) using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to improve performance. The FPGA implementation allows for parallel execution of logic compared to a typical microprocessor-based PLC. A GUI is developed in Visual Basic to program ladder logic into the FPGA by transmitting hex codes representing the logic. The proposed design architecture includes 4 rungs that can each contain up to 16 components. Simulation results demonstrate the FPGA-based PLC functioning for typical logic and alarm applications.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF D-FLIP FLOP USING CMOS, GDI, DSTC TECHNIQUESIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the performance of D-flip flops designed using CMOS, GDI, and DSTC techniques. D-flip flops were designed using each technique in a 45nm technology using Tanner EDA tools. Simulations were performed to analyze propagation delay and power consumption. The DSTC design had the lowest propagation delay of 70.733ns and power consumption of 1.4349uW, followed by the GDI design with 54.521ns delay and 1.1475uW power. The CMOS design had the highest delay of 93.5197ns and power consumption of 1.8856uW. Therefore, the DSTC technique provides the best performance for low power and high-
Iaetsd vlsi based implementation of a digitalIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of a digital oscilloscope using an FPGA development board. It provides a low-cost alternative to commercial oscilloscopes. The design has three main blocks - an ADC converter to digitize analog signals, an FPGA for processing and control, and a VGA display. It allows users to view and measure signals up to 80MHz. The FPGA handles tasks like buffering digital data, generating display signals for the monitor, and interfacing with a mouse for user input. The overall design aims to provide hobbyists and students with an affordable tool for circuit debugging and learning oscilloscope functionality.
Computer Interface for Electroluminescence (EL)Editor IJCATR
The goal of Computer aided device start from the physical description of integrated circuit devices, considering both the
physical configuration and related device properties and build the link between the broad range of physics and electrical behavior models
that support circuit design. Physics-based modeling of devices, is distributed and lumped form is an essential part of the IC process
development. It seeks to quantify the underlying understanding of the technology and abstract that knowledge to the device design level,
including extraction of the key parameters that support circuit design and statistical metrology [1][2]. IC development for more than a
quarter-century has been dominated by the MOS technology. In the 1970s and 1980s NMOS was favored owing to speed and area
advantages, coupled with technology limitations and concerns related to isolation, parasitic effects and process complexity. During that
era of NMOS-dominated LSI and the emergence of VLSI, the fundamental scaling laws of MOS technology were codified and broadly
applied [3]. It was also during this period that Computer Aided Device reached maturity in terms of realizing robust process modeling
(primarily one-dimensional) which then became an integral technology design tool, used universally across the industry [4]. At the same
time device simulation, dominantly two-dimensional owing to the nature of MOS devices, became the work-horse of technologists in
the design and scaling of devices [5]. The transition from NMOS to CMOS technology resulted in the necessity of tightly coupled and
fully 2D simulators for process and device simulations [6][7].
This document summarizes a report submitted by Amiyodyuti ganguly for their 5th semester diploma in electronics and communication from Dayananda Sagar Institute of Technology in Bangalore. The report discusses the history and development of microprocessors from early specialized designs like the CADC from 1968 used in aircraft, to early general purpose microprocessors like the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971. It covers the evolution of microprocessor designs from 4-bit to 8-bit to 16-bit and beyond, as well as the integration of additional components like floating point units and cache memory.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
The document describes the design of a compliant passive digital block for a read-only RFID tag. Key aspects include:
1) An asynchronous counter is used to generate timing signals for the digital block and derive the subcarrier frequency signals. This minimizes clock activity and reduces power consumption compared to a synchronous design.
2) A 4x16 decoder addresses a 128-bit NOR ROM memory to fetch the stored electronic product code.
3) An 8x1 multiplexer sequences the parallel memory output into a serial data stream for transmission. Selection lines are derived from the asynchronous counter.
4) Data is encoded using Manchester coding before modulation and transmission back to the reader, in compliance with ISO 144
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
The document describes the design of a compliant passive digital block for a read-only RFID tag. Key aspects include:
1) An asynchronous counter is used to generate timing signals for the digital block and derive the subcarrier frequency signals. This minimizes clock activity and reduces power consumption compared to a synchronous design.
2) A 4x16 decoder addresses a 128-bit NOR ROM memory to fetch the stored electronic product code.
3) An 8x1 multiplexer sequences the parallel memory output into a serial data stream for transmission. Selection lines are derived from the asynchronous counter.
4) Data is encoded using Manchester coding before modulation and transmission back to the reader, in compliance with ISO 144
Implementation of 32 Bit RISC Processor using Reversible Gatesijtsrd
Reversible logic is one of the emerging technologies having promising applications in quantum computing. The aim of this project is to design the schematic and simulation for a 32 bit RISC processor using reversible logic peres gate. Beside the functional development, by optimizing the speed of our processor in every block which is inside that, and to minimize the overall delay conventional gates are replaced with reversible gates. This reversible gates which are applicable in Nano technology, Quantum computing, Low power CMOS, Optical computing. This RISC embodies 15 basic instructions involving Arithmetic, Logical, Data Transfer and control instructions. To implement these instructions the design incorporates various design blocks like Control Unit CU , Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALU , Accumulator, Program Counter PC , Instruction Register IR , Memory and additional logic. Design is implemented and verified in VHDL in Xilinx 14.3. Jyoti Choudhary | Mahesh Kumar Sharma "Implementation of 32-Bit RISC Processor using Reversible Gates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26709.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26709/implementation-of-32-bit-risc-processor-using-reversible-gates/jyoti-choudhary
Similar to FPGA Based Digital Logic Circuits Operation for Beginners (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26372 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 496
A logic circuit is a circuit that executes a processing or
controlling function in a computer. This circuit implements
logical operations on information to process it.Logiccircuits
utilize two values for a physical quantity, like voltage, to
denote the Boolean values true and false or 1 and 0
respectively. There are two main types of digital logic
circuits. They are combinational logiccircuitsandsequential
logic circuits. Combinational circuitry performs like asimple
function. The output is based on the present values of the
input. Combinational circuitry is theoretically built from
basic logic gates: AND gates, OR gates, XOR gates and
inverters. The outputs of gates in combinational circuitryare
never sent back directly to earlier inputs[5]. Combinational
circuits are also time independent. Alongwith theabsenceof
concepts like past inputs, combinational circuits also do not
require any clocks. Sequential circuits are a collection of
memory elements. These memory elements are flip-flops.
These circuits are capable of rememberingdata. Therefore,a
sequential circuit’s output depends on current input, as well
as past input. Moreover, since flip-flops are present the
output of a sequential circuit also depends on the clock
input.
The operations of the logic gates can be seen in the table.
III. METHODOLOGY
The operations of logic gates, combinational circuits and
sequential circuits are tested by designing the VHDL
program and analyzed the results onFPGAdevelopmentkits
(DE1, DE2). A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an
integrated circuit designed tobeconfigured byacustomeror
a designer after manufacturing- hence the term ‘field-
programmable’’. It is a type of device that is widely used in
electronic circuits. FPGAs are semiconductor devices which
contain programmable logic blocks and interconnection
circuits. It can be programmed or reprogrammed to the
required functionality after manufacturing. The specific
application of an FPGA includes digital signal processing,
bioinformatics, device controllers, software-defined radio,
random logic, ASIC prototyping, medical imaging, computer
hardware emulation, integrating multiple SPLDs, voice
recognition, cryptography, filtering, and communication
encoding and many more.
3.1. FLOW CHART OF THE DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUIT
DESIGN
There are many steps in designing the digital logic circuits.
Firstly, the designer must consider the design concept of the
desired circuit and partitions of the circuit. And then, the
interconnection of the partition blocks must be considered
by the designer. Then, the designer can make the simulation
in order to test the function of the complete circuit. Only if
the function of the circuit is correct, the physical mapping
can be done. After completing this step, the timing
simulation must be performed and the designer must check
the timing condition is correct or not. Only when the timing
of the circuit is correct, the hardware implementation can be
made. The flow chart of the digital logic cbeircuit design is
illustrated in Figure1.Thispaperdescribes thatthefunctions
of the digital logic circuits are simulated and checks the
simulation results which are correct or not.
3.2. VHDL CODE OF THE DIGITAL CIRCUITS
The operations of logic gates, combinational circuits and
sequential circuits are tested with quartus II software and
FPGA development kid. The operations of logic gate and
combinational circuit are simulated by designing the VHDL
programs. The sequential circuit is tested by designing the
schematic diagram on the quartus II software and check the
operation of the circuit on FPGA development kid. The
program code of logic circuit can be written with different
levels such as gate level, dataflow level, and behavioral level.
The VHDL code for AND logic gate can be written as:
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
ENTITY And_Gate IS
PORT( A : IN STD_LOGIC;
B : IN STD_LOGIC;
Z : OUT STD_LOGIC);
END ENTITY And_Gate;
ARCHITECTURE Dataflow OF And_Gate IS
BEGIN
Z <= A AND B;
END ARCHITECTURE Dataflow;
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26372 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 497
Fig1. Design Flow Chart of the Digital Logic Circuit
The program of other logic gates can be written in this form.
The 7segment can be programmed in two ways in order to
display the output not only the LED outputs but also the
7segment display output. The program code for 7segment
for describing the output as 7segment display out is
designed as follow:
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
entity bcd_7seg is
Port (B0,B1,B2,B3: in STD_LOGIC;
A,B,C,D,E,F,G : out STD_LOGIC);
end bcd_7seg;
architecture Behavioral of bcd_7seg is
begin
A <= B0 OR B2 OR (B1 AND B3) OR (NOT B1 AND NOT B3);
B <= (NOT B1) OR (NOT B2 AND NOT B3) OR (B2 AND B3);
C <= B1 OR NOT B2 OR B3;
D <= (NOT B1 AND NOT B3) OR (B2 AND NOT B3) OR (B1
AND NOT B2 AND B3)
OR (NOT B1 AND B2) OR B0;
E <= (NOT B1 AND NOT B3) OR (B2 AND NOT B3);
F <= B0 OR (NOT B2 AND NOT B3) OR (B1 AND NOT B2) OR
(B1 AND NOT B3);
G <= B0 OR (B1 AND NOT B2) OR ( NOT B1 AND B2) OR (B2
AND NOT B3);
end Behavioral;
IV. RESULTS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF Digital
Circuits USING QUARTUS II AND FPGA Kits
This paper presents the operations of digital circuits as the
7segment display results and LED results. Moreover, these
results are analyzed with the timing diagrams. Firstly, the
operation of logic gate want to be presented with the LED
output of the FPGA development kid.
Secondly, the BCD_to_7Segment combinational circuit is
tested by using DE1 development and educational board.
There are four inputs which are represented as binary value
‘0000’ to ‘1001’ and 10 outputs which are represented as
decimal value 0 to 9. Four inputs are applied by SW3, SW2,
SW1, SW0 of DE1. Decimal value 10outputsaredisplayed on
7Segment of DE1.
The results of AND logic gate are described as follow:
Fig2. Pin Assignment for Inputs (A,B) and Output (z)
Fig3. Output LED is OFF when Inputs are ’00’ condition
Fig4. Output LED is OFF when Inputs are ’01’ and ‘10’
condition
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26372 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 498
Fig5. Output LED is OFF when Inputs are ‘11’condition
Fig6. Inputs and Output Pin Assignment Description
Fig7. BCD_TO_7Segment Program Uploading
Fig8. Decimal Value 0,1 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘0000’ and ‘0001’
Fig9. Decimal Value 2 on 7Segment for Binary value ‘0010’
Fig10. Decimal Value 3 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘0011’
Fig11. Decimal Value 4 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘0100’
Fig12. Decimal Value 5 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘0101’
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26372 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 499
Fig13. Decimal Value 6 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘0110’
Fig14. Decimal Value 7 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘0111’
Fig15. Decimal Value 8 on 7Segment for Binary value
‘1000’
Fig16. Decimal Value 9 on 7Segment for Binary Value
‘1001’
The digital circuit can be tested by designing not only the
VHDL code but also schematic diagram. The operations of
master-slave flip-flop and 3-bit up-counter are tested by
designing the schematic diagram. Firstly, the schematic
diagram of master-slave is designed by using quartus II
software. After designing the circuit, it must be compiled to
verify that it is correct. And then the pin assignment is done
for the input and output ports. Then it is uploaded to DE2-
115 FPGA Board in order to test the operation of the circuit.
The schematic design of the master-slave flip-flop is shown
in Figure.
Fig17. Schematic Diagram of Master-Slave Flip-Flop
The inputs and output pin assignment are described in
Figure.
Fig18. Pin Assignment of The Input and Output Ports
The uploading of the schematic diagram is illustrated in
Figure. In tis step, it is important to check that the hardware
setup is in USB-Blaster (USB-0) and JTAG Mode. If it is not
like that, it can be changed by selecting the hardware setup
button. After doing this process, masterslave.sof must be
selected and then Start button must be clicked in order to
upload this file to FPGA DE2-115 board. It needs to wait the
progress is 100%. After completing the 100% progress, it
can be tested the operation of the circuit on FPGA board by
applying the various input conditions.
Fig19. Uploading Description of Master-Slave Flip-Flop
The operation results of master-slave flip-flop are shown in
Figure. The output of the circuit is assigned with LEDG0.The
Clock input is assigned with SW1 and the data input is
assigned with SW0 on FPGA board.
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26372 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 500
Fig20. Condition of Clock=0 and Input D=0
Fig21. Condition of Clock=1 to 0 and Input D=1
Fig22. Condition of Clock=1 to 0 and Input D=0
Fig23. Condition of Clock=1 and Input D=1
The operation results can be checked with the timing
diagram. It is shown in Figure.
Fig24. Timing Diagram of The Master-Slave Flip-Flop
The 3-bit down-counter is implemented with three T Flip-
Flops. The T input is always applied by logic ‘1’. The three
outputs are assigned with Q0,Q1 and Q2. The schematic
design of the 3-bit down-counter is shown in Figure.
Fig25. Schematic Diagram of The 3-bit Down-Counter
The pin assignment and uploading processes are made like
master-slave flip-flop.
The outputs of this circuit are set to ‘0’ value at the initial
state. The input T is always set to ON state. The clock inputis
set to ‘1010101…..’. The output Q0 toggles its previous value
whenever it is arrived at the positive edge of the clock. The
output Q1 toggles its previous value ateverypositiveedge of
Q1. The output Q2 toggles its previous value at every
positive edge of Q1. The circuit count decimal value 7 ( it is
the same as Q2Q1Q0 = 111) at the first positive edge of the
clock pulses. At this stage, the output Q0 arrives at the
positive edge of the clock. So, the output Q0 toggle its
previous value ‘0’. Therefore, its vale is logic value ‘1’. The
output Q1 arrives at the positive edge of the Q1 at the same
time. So, it toggles its previous value. The value of output Q1
is also logic ‘1’ at this stage. Similarly, the value of output Q2
is logic ‘1’ because the output Q2 togglesitspreviousvalueat
the positive edge of the Q1.
The inputs T is assigned with SW1 and the clock input is
assigned with w0. The outputs Q2, Q1 and Q0 are assigned
with LEDG 2, LEDG1 and LEDG0. The operation results are
described in Fig.
Fig26. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 1stPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the first positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘0’ and so its value is
logic ‘1’. Similarly, the output Q1 togglesitspreviousvalue ‘0’
and so its value is logic ‘1’. In the same way, the output Q2
toggles its remain value to logic ‘1’. Therefore, the outputs
are Q2Q1Q0 = 111.
Fig27. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 2ndPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the second positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘1’ and so its value is
logic ‘0’. Similarly, the output Q1 doesn’t toggle its previous
value ‘1’ and so its value is logic ‘1’. In the same way, the
output Q2 doesn’t toggle its remain value to logic ‘1’.
Therefore, the outputs are Q2Q1Q0 = 110.
Fig28. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 3rdPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the third positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘0’ and so its value is
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26372 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 501
logic ‘1’. Similarly, the output Q1 toggle its previous value ‘1’
and so its value is logic ‘0’. In the same way, the output Q2
doesn’t toggle its remain value to logic ‘1’. Therefore, the
outputs are Q2Q1Q0 = 101.
Fig29. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 4thPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the fourth positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggles its previous value ‘1’ and so its value is
logic ‘0’. Similarly, the output Q1 doesn’t toggle its previous
value ‘0’ and so its value remains at logic ‘0’. In the same
way, the output Q2 doesn’t toggle its remain value to logic
‘1’. Therefore, the outputs are Q2Q1Q0 = 100.
Fig30. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 5thPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the fifth positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘0’ and so its value is
logic ‘1’. Similarly, the output Q1 togglesitspreviousvalue‘0’
to logic ‘1’. In the same way, the output Q2 toggles its remain
logic value ‘1’ to logic ‘0’. Therefore, the outputs areQ2Q1Q0
= 011.
Fig31. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 6thPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the sixth positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘1’ and so its value is
logic ‘0’. Similarly, the output Q1 remains its previous value
‘1’ in this state. In the same way, the output Q2 remains logic
‘0’. Therefore, the outputs are Q2Q1Q0 = 010.
Fig32. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 7thPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the seventh positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘0’ to logic ‘1’. Similarly,
the output Q1 toggles its previous value ‘1’ to logic ‘0’. In the
same way, the output Q2 remains logic value ‘0’. Therefore,
the outputs are Q2Q1Q0 = 001.
Fig33. T input ‘1’ and Clock input ‘1’ (At The 8thPositive
edge of Clock)
This figure shows the circuit counts the decimal value 7 at
the eighth positive edge of the clock pulse. In this state, the
output Q0 toggle its previous value ‘1’ and so its value is
logic ‘0’. Similarly, the output Q1 remains its previous value
‘0’ in this state. In the same way, the output Q2 remains logic
‘0’. Therefore, the outputs are Q2Q1Q0 = 000.
After counting the decimal value 7 to 0, this circuit willcount
continuously like previous ways ( 7 to 0) till the inputs are
applied.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the logic circuits operation and the
usage of VHDL language. And also the FPGA development
kits are applied to analyze the digitallogiccircuitoperations.
There are three main parts in this paper. They are logic gate
operation, combinational circuit operation and sequential
circuit operation. The operations of digital logic circuits are
tested by designing the VHDLprogramin quartusII software
and display the operated results on FPGA development kit.
The authors analyze the results are correct or not by
applying the logic circuit datasheets. Allperformanceresults
are correct exactly according to their datasheets. Therefore,
the VHDL language and FPGA technology can be applied to
many larger research applications.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank to all her teachers, parents
and colleagues who support the help in their job. They also
want to express special thanks to all reviewers who review
this paper to be a good paper.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_programmablegat
e_array
[2] Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic, ”Fundamentalof
Digital Logic with VHDL Design”, Third Edition.
[3] "FPGA Architecture for the Challenge". toronto.edu.
[4] https://en.m.wikipedia.org
[5] https://www.technocompterscience.com