Foundation of Guidance.pptx
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Philosophy and various fields of psychology provide the foundation for guidance and counseling by seeking to understand human nature and behavior. Key areas explored include the relationship between mind and body, determinism versus free will, the influence of reason and experience on knowledge, and the social and environmental contexts that shape individuals. Insights from biology, anthropology, and sociology also contribute by describing humans in their biological, cultural, and social dimensions.
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A brief historical background of psychology is given, including its philosophical roots in ancient Greek thinkers and biological roots in sciences like physiology and evolution.
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3 The Spiritual Core of African-CenteredPsycho.docx
3
� � �
The Spiritual Core
of African-Centered
Psychology
Over the past one hundred years, the discipline of psychology has exploded
onto the academic and scientific scene, advancing theories of human behavior,
theories of normal and abnormal development, and theories of the personal
and situational variables that contribute to one’s personality makeup. In fact,
there are entire schools of thought that have been developed as a way to syn-
thesize the vast array of ideas proposed by various theorists who are convinced
that their theory is the most compelling in the understanding of the human
psyche. There are Euro-American schools of thought that are labeled psychody-
namic, neo-analytic, behaviorism, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and exis-
tential (Myers, 2010).
MISSING ELEMENTS
In illustrating this point, many psychoanalytic theories are anchored in the
works of Sigmund Freud, who viewed human nature as a dynamic interplay be-
tween the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind. Each domain is be-
lieved to be responsible for navigating perspectives that influence how each
individual responds to internal instinctual drives (unconscious), repressed or
stored memories (preconscious), or to the demand of the external environment
(the conscious). Freud’s approach advanced the notion that the personality
comprised three interrelated parts labeled the ID (basic instincts that operate ac-
cording to what is pleasurable and satisfaction seeking), EGO (conscious
choices that are anchored in perceptions of reality), and the SUPER EGO (a
mental conscience influenced by parental values and principles of morality).
Psychoanalytic theory also proposed five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital) of development in a person’s life, each focusing on a region of the
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/31/2022 2:00 PM via PRINCE GEORGES COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AN: 1081379 ; Thomas A Parham, Adisa Ajamu, Joseph L. White.; Psychology of Blacks : Centering Our Perspectives in the African Consciousness
Account: s8994265.main.ehost
36 Chapter 3 • The Spiritual Core of African-Centered Psychology
body that aligned with the instinctual and pleasure seeking tendencies that
were believed to be the most salient at that point in time. The goals of a psy-
chodynamic clinician include: helping clients/patients recognize how unre-
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3
� � �
The Spiritual Core
of African-Centered
Psychology
Over the past one hundred years, the discipline of psychology has exploded
onto the academic and scientific scene, advancing theories of human behavior,
theories of normal and abnormal development, and theories of the personal
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there are entire schools of thought that have been developed as a way to syn-
thesize the vast array of ideas proposed by various theorists who are convinced
that their theory is the most compelling in the understanding of the human
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namic, neo-analytic, behaviorism, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and exis-
tential (Myers, 2010).
MISSING ELEMENTS
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tween the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind. Each domain is be-
lieved to be responsible for navigating perspectives that influence how each
individual responds to internal instinctual drives (unconscious), repressed or
stored memories (preconscious), or to the demand of the external environment
(the conscious). Freud’s approach advanced the notion that the personality
comprised three interrelated parts labeled the ID (basic instincts that operate ac-
cording to what is pleasurable and satisfaction seeking), EGO (conscious
choices that are anchored in perceptions of reality), and the SUPER EGO (a
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35
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/31/2022 2:00 PM via PRINCE GEORGES COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AN: 1081379 ; Thomas A Parham, Adisa Ajamu, Joseph L. White.; Psychology of Blacks : Centering Our Perspectives in the African Consciousness
Account: s8994265.main.ehost
36 Chapter 3 • The Spiritual Core of African-Centered Psychology
body that aligned with the instinctual and pleasure seeking tendencies that
were believed to be the most salient at that point in time. The goals of a psy-
chodynamic clinician include: helping clients/patients recognize how unre-
solved issues in childhood continue to exert an influence in their lives and
helping clients gain insights into the roots of dysfunctional or maladaptive cop-
ing or lifestyle choices.
A contemporary of Freud .
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This document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The document then discusses some important figures in the historical development of psychology like Aristotle, Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychology laboratory, and Sigmund Freud, who developed psychoanalysis. It also summarizes several major schools of thought in psychology such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and various contemporary approaches. Finally, it outlines several fields of psychology and discusses the relevance of psychology to the field of nursing.
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This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
Chapter 1 introduction to psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes. It began splitting away from philosophy over 100 years ago as an independent area of scientific study. Wilhelm Wundt is considered the first psychologist and the "father of psychology" for his establishment of the first laboratory for experimental psychology. Psychology employs scientific methods like observation, experimentation, and survey to study topics like cognition, emotion, development, abnormal behavior, and social behavior across the lifespan from childhood to old age. The goal of psychology is to better understand and explain human behavior.
What is Psychology?
It’s based on my five decades of experience in hypnosis and metaphysics, and on fairly recent concepts, such as Brief Therapy and Narrative Psychology.
This goes beyond everything I’ve ever done before – beyond The Fourth Dimension, Ho’oponopono, and even beyond my famous Awakening Course.
My investigating has been for the secrets of the Universe. After half a lifetime of “experimental investigating”, I’ve found the process, insights, and methods that work ALL the time. This new package gives you the tools to attract anything – including “The Big 3.”
psychology.pptx
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena like feelings and thoughts. Psychology aims to understand the relationship between the brain and behavior. There are two main categories of psychology: research and applied. Research psychology includes experimental, physiological, developmental, personality, cognitive, social, and educational psychology. Applied psychology includes industrial-organizational, guidance and counseling, military, school, and clinical psychology. Some famous psychologists who contributed major theories and findings include Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura, and William James. There are several major psychological theories like behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic,
FOUNDATION OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELING.pdf
This document provides an overview of the philosophical, psychological, sociological, and anthropological foundations of guidance and counseling. It discusses concepts from various philosophies such as rationalism, empiricism, and existentialism that relate to understanding the self. Key philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine are mentioned in connection with principles of personal development. The document also outlines major fields of psychology including clinical, developmental, educational, and social psychology. It defines sociology and anthropology, noting how culture and groups influence human behavior.
Ch. 1 -_the_science_of_psychology
This document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It discusses what psychology is, the goals of psychology, and historical figures and perspectives that helped shape the field. It also covers modern psychological perspectives, careers in psychology including different specializations, psychological research methods, and ethics in research. Key topics include the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, different research designs, and ensuring participant consent and protection in psychological studies.
Concept map outline
Psychology is the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. It aims to understand individuals and groups to benefit society. Key concepts include behavior, personality, motivation, and intelligence. Major theories include behavioral, cognitive, developmental, humanist, personality, social, and learning theories. Research methods include correlational research, descriptive research, experimental research, interviews, surveys, and computer simulation.
Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Key concepts include society, culture, language, values, norms, beliefs, deviance, and social organization. Major theories include conflict theory, functionalism theory, symbolic interactionism theory, and social exchange theory. Research
Socpsycho ii
This document provides an overview of social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals think about and influence one another in social situations. The document discusses the scientific nature of social psychology and its focus on understanding the causes of individual social behavior and thought. These causes include the actions of other people, cognitive processes, environmental and cultural contexts, biological factors like genetics and neuroscience, and evolutionary processes. The document also outlines current areas of study in social psychology like social cognition, social neuroscience, and social diversity.
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Foundation of Guidance.pptx
- 1. Foundation of Guidance Philosophy The field of Philosophy has asked significant questions that led to the understanding of what a human being is and how he/she must be handled. This is why Philosophy is a very important foundation of Guidance and Counseling.
- 2. Foundation of Guidance Mind-Body and human Nature Monism - believed that there was only one underlying reality-the mind or the body, but not both. Dualism - contended that both, the body and the mind existed.
- 3. Foundation of Guidance Human Nature Materialism - believed that humans were entirely physical. Determinists - asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature. -Freud- Psychoanalysis -Skinner- Behaviorism
- 4. Foundation of Guidance Human Nature Mechanism - propounded that human beings were slaves to nature and like machines, they could be known totally and completely. Rationalism- emphasized that reason, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge.
- 5. Foundation of Guidance Human Nature Descartes- observable behavior was meaningful Influenced the: Rational-Emotive Therapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavior Modification
- 6. Foundation of Guidance Human Nature Empiricism- experience was the source of knowledge and that learning was a process of accumulating a series of sensory experiences. Positivism- concentrated on natural phenomena or facts that were objectively observable. The value of sensory experiences as the source of human knowledge supported Empiricism.
- 7. Foundation of Guidance Human Nature Existentialism- focused on the uniqueness of human beings and highlighted this as the only reality. -Rogers and Frankl
- 8. Foundation of Guidance Psychology General Psychology - The study of motivation, perception, and cognition helps professionals understand a person's goals and sheds light on how he/she perceives, thinks, and learns. Developmental Psychology- Critical stages over the life span - what happens to individuals as they grow and change
- 9. Foundation of Guidance Psychology Educational Psychology.- This field of study is concerned with theories of the relationship between learning and human growth and development. Behavior Modification techniques
- 10. Foundation of Guidance Psychology Social Psychology deals with the impact of social situations on individuals and their behavior. -helps to explain the actions of a person in relation to other persons and the different interpersonal behavior events. It uses the findings of General Psychology to show how people perceive other persons and groups, how they develop their social goals, and how they learn to behave socially.
- 11. Foundation of Guidance Psychology Social Psychology Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology is particularly helpful because it maintains that the fundamental need of the individual is to become socially significant and that the goal of counseling should be to move the person towards social interest.
- 12. Foundation of Guidance Psychology Ecological Psychology or Environmental Psychology- the field examines the interrelationship between human behavior and environments - social settings, built environments, learning environments and informational environments and everything natural on the planet
- 13. Foundation of Guidance Psychology Ecological Psychology or Environmental Psychology- includes the study of attention, perception and cognitive maps; attitudes and values as they relate to the environment: preferred environments; environmental stress and coping; participation and conservation behavior. These help determine intervention techniques for promoting environmentally appropriate behavior.
- 14. Foundation of Guidance BIOLOGY Biology- the science of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution describes human beings and explains them on the basis of the biological and cultural characteristics of the population to which they belong.
- 15. Foundation of Guidance Anthropology Anthropology- it concerns itself with the scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans, it provides fundamental information on aspects of living that must be considered in understanding and dealing with the client's needs. Anthropology provides counselors with insights into the cultures of peoples, cultures that in turn provide guidelines for the behaviors and viewpoints of their members.
- 16. Foundation of Guidance Sociology Sociology- is the study of the social life of individuals, groups and societies. Like Social Psychology, it is interested in the behavior of social beings. Social Psychology may be more concerned with the individual in society, but Sociology focuses on understanding social rules and processes that connect and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations groups, and institutions.