1. Ed 215 – Leadership of Advanced School Administration and
Supervision
Topic: Fundamental Principles of Administration and Supervision
• Uses of Principles in School Administration and Supervision
• General Principles in School Administration and Supervision
• Other Principles of Administration and Supervision
• The need of Democratic Administration and efficient Supervision
2. Fundamental Principles of Administration and Supervision
In the field of administration and supervision, a principle is accepted
as a fundamental truth. Principle is considered as a law, a doctrine, a
policy, or deep-seated beliefs which governs the conduct of various types
of human activities. For the administrator and supervisor, it is very
important to have good principles because these will serve as his guide
reflective thinking and his choice of program of activities.
Administration and supervision must be evaluated in the light of their
results. The term evaluation implies a purpose to ascertain the values of
an enterprise. To evaluate something, then is to determine the adequacy
of some parts or elements of the constituency with reference to some
other parts of the inclusive whole.
3. Responsibility and control in matters of school administration and
supervision ran parallel throughout the system. The principle of parallelism of
duties is the particular sphere to which the school administrator or supervisor
is assigned and for which he is responsible. This principle is the foundation
stone for any form of democratic practice.
School administration must be distinguished from supervision.
Administration and supervision have different meanings and functions. They
are synonymous terms. School administration and supervision must be
preventive and constructive. Any help or advise that an administrator and
supervisor that will be extended to teachers will make them avoid mistakes
that is commendable. The administrator or supervisor who is able to
anticipate problem of this kind is definitely giving help when it is most
needed.
4. School administration and supervision must be centered on child growth
and development. The main purpose of administration and supervision is to
provide conditions favorable to the growth and development of children.
School administration is flexible.
Uses of Principles in School Administration and Supervision
1.Principles are means by which the administrator and supervisor proceed
from one situation to another. It means that the operation or in
administering/supervising functions, there is an organized step by step
schedule or program of activities to be followed.
5. 2. Principles are instrumental in improving teaching-learning process.
Since every administrator or supervisor as well as teachers wants the best
learning outcomes on the part of the learners, these principles will be a
great help for the improvement of instruction and all other learning
activities.
3. Principle makes for enormous economy of time and effort in choosing
techniques to be used. The meaning principle directs us on what is the
appropriate techniques/ strategies to be used effectively in the operation
of administrative and supervisory functions.
4. Principles eliminate much of the trial and error practice. Through it,
we can avoid waste of time on what to do, but instead they give us
direction or point of destination.
5. Principles greatly aid in the discovery of new techniques. They are
hypothesis that direct to the new techniques in school administration and
supervision.
6. 6. Principles are needed to guide the choice and sequence of
techniques at hand.
7. Principles aid in the evaluation of techniques, for they furnish a
broader basis by which to judge the techniques in the school
administration and supervision. It is not only used to determine on what
appropriate techniques to be used, but it can also serve as
measurement / basis as to how effective is the technique or procedure.
8. Principles define the terms, which must be scrutinized in evaluating
the results. Tjis implies the better understanding of the fundamental
principles and functions of school administration and supervision.
9. Principles are used to evaluate the success of administrative and
supervisory programs. Administration and supervision are also directed
and evaluated in terms of principles.
7. 10. Principles lead the administrators and supervisors to further activities
for they are dynamic and not static. Being a teacher, we are also an
administrator and supervisor in real classroom situations; we must see to
it that our principles and techniques used are open for any changes.
General Principles in School Administration and Supervision
1.School administrator and supervisor must be democratic. It means that
we have to recognize individual differences, respect one’s personality,
and extend consideration to all. It aimed to give the fullest measure of
freedom to the individual to develop his maximum capacities so as long
as the development does not interface or create conflicts with the
welfare rights of others. There is a cooperative interaction so that the
best minds among members will emerge.
8. Characteristics of Autocratic and Democratic Administrator/ Supervisor presented
Autocratic Democratic
1.Thinks he can sit by himself and see all the angles of the
problems.
1. Realizes the potential power in thirty or fifty brains.
2. Does not know how to use the experience of others. 2. know how to utilize that power.
3. Cannot bear to let any of the strings of management slip duties
from his finger.
3. Knows how to delegate duties.
4. Is so tied to routine details that seldom tackles his target job. 4. Free himself from routine details in order to run his energy to
creative leadership.
5. Is jealous of ideas; reacts in one of the several ways when
someone makes a proposal.
5. Is quick to recognize and praise an idea that comes from
someone else or others.
6. Makes decisions that should have concern that having been
made by group.
6. Refers to the group all the matters.
7. Adopts paternalistic attitude position of “I am friendly, helpful
towards the group”.
7. Maintains the adviser both on personal and professional matters.
8. Expects hero-worship, giggles with fair and just with delight at
his attempts at humour and so forth.
8. Wishes to be respected as an individual as he respects others.
9. Does admit even to himself that he is autocratic. 9. Consciously practices democratic practices
10. Sacrifices everything- teachers, students involved than with
freedom system.
10. Is more concerned with the growth of progress to the end of a
smooth-running individual from annoyances.
11. Gives other to a few opportunities for leadership as possible 11. Believes that as many individuals as possible should have
opportunities to take responsibility and exercise leadership.
12. Is greedy for publicity 12. Pushes others into the foreground that they taste success
9. 2. School administration and supervision must be cooperative. This implies
group action. There’s strength in cooperation and progress results from
combined efforts of all.
3. School administration and supervision to be effective it must be
scientific. Emphasis that the use of scientific principle and that the
solution of problems should be based on facts.
4. School administration and supervision must be based on accepted
educational philosophy. Philosophy is a background of the theory of
knowledge and beliefs which explains and justifies a selected way of life.
Educational philosophy affects the thinking and resultant actions of the
leaders who control public school’s administration and supervision.
Examples is the Dewey’s educational philosophy that “education is life,
growth is a social process and a reconstruction of human experiences”
which becomes now the guiding Philosophy of the Philippine Educational
System. The outstanding point here is the integration of personality which
10. possess a well-developed standard of values, giving consistency and
unity to all thinking, feeling and acting. This guiding philosophy of
our educational system is well-outlined in the Philippine Constitution in
terms of objectives namely:
• Development of moral and personal discipline
• Civic conscience
• Vocational efficiency
• Citizenship training
5. School administration and supervision must be creative. This means
initiating, suggesting, devising, inventing, experimenting or producing
something new. Creative administration and supervision encourage
growth. This provides opportunities for the teachers and pupils to grow
through the exercise of their talents and abilities under expert and
professional guidance and encouragement.
11. 6. Administration and supervision must be evaluated in the lights of their
results. It has been pointed out that only by knowing as accurate as
possible the results of instruction can the process of education be
improved. The effectiveness of administration or provision for example
maybe determined either through application of criteria designed to
judge of the activities performed or through the measurement of the
immediate outcomes of the programs.
7. Responsibility and control matters of school administration and
supervision must run parallel throughout the system. This principle of
parallelism of duties is the particular sphere to which the school
administrator or supervisor is assigned and for which he is responsible. In
the distribution of function between the School Principal and Division
Superintendent for example this principle governs. The principal is the
in-charge of the school in all phases of activities as instructions.
However, it is also the duties of the superintendent to hire or to appoint
12. teachers, opening classes, or any other related function outside the
school. More often, and district supervisors come into conflicts with the
boundary line of their respective function. To avoid this, there be a
deeper understanding and clear definition of duties.
8. School Administration must be distinguished from supervision. As we
know that these two are not synonymous in meanings. Misconceptions
regarding this, causes more understanding and possibly more neglect of
duties, there must be a clear and complete specification of functions.
9. School Administration and Supervision must be preventive and
constructive. Any help that an administrator or supervisor can give to
the teachers so that they may avoid mistakes that commendable. This
kind of assistance is especially valuable to the beginners in the school or
to the new commers to the teaching position.
13. 10. School administration and supervision must be flexible. Flexibility
here characterized by its being adopted and readily adjust to meet the
requirement of changing conditions. This also covers the following:
• Flexibility of school building – The adaptability of the school
subjects as to the needs and interest of the pupils.
• Flexibility of objectives and teaching procedures – The adaptability
of aims and methods to meet the conditions of different schools,
teaching personnel, student population and communities.
• Flexibility of instructional materials and devices – the adaptability
differences of the pupils and varied training and experiences of the
teaching personnel.
• Flexibility of the school requirement and standard norm – the
adaptability of the procedures to fit the individualities of the pupils,
teachers, supervisors and administrators.
14. • Other Principles of Administration and
Supervision
1.The teacher’s participation should be stipulated in the kind of
education that will provide good citizenship training.
2. There should be developed and put into practice the kind of
curriculum that guarantees continuous pupil-growth.
3. The educational program of the school should embody the
cooperative efforts of faculty and students alike.
4. the building and equipment should be used to maximum capacity.
5.All school facilities should be utilized that every child has given the
opportunity to participate in the educational offerings of the school.
15. 6. The various members of the school personnel should be assigned in
such a way that everyone can utilize his energies towards the
achievement of maximum efficiency.
7. the formulation of school policies should follow democratic
principles of faculty and pupil’s participation and cooperation.
8. The authority that delegated by the principal to the members of his
staff should be used wisely.
9. Well-trained teachers and other personnel should be secured and
then should be given the freedom of activity that is commensurate
with their ability to use it effectively.
16. 10. All educational responsibilities should be defined carefully and
specifically, and should be understood by all concerned.
11. The best interest of the entire school should be basic to any
decision that is relative to the welfare of the pupils, the teachers, or
the school in general.
12. The leadership of the principal should be such as to inspire all pupils
and teachers alike toward better and mora complete accomplishment.
13. An attitude of constructive rather than destructive criticism should
be the characteristics of all members of the staff and of the student
body.
17. 10 Major Principles to Cover the Field of Supervision of
Peckham are the following:
1. Cooperation 6. Flexibility
2. Leadership 7. Considerateness
3. Planning 8. Community Orientation
4. Integration 9. Objectivity
5. Creativity 10. Evaluation
18. The Need for a Democratic Administration
and Efficient Supervision
• If public education is to be cornerstone of the democratic order, it is
essential that the public system be administered and supervised on a
democratic basis. The success of any school system depends upon the
democratic administration and efficient supervision.
• The acceptance of democratic theories of administration and
supervision is widespread.
• As democratic theories of school administration and supervision are
being implemented, it is important that we do not insist on democratic
procedures just because we think we should be democratic.
19. • A democratic type of administration and supervision is consistent
with the democratic philosophy of life which the Philippines has
adopted.
• Democracy in shool administration and supervision can be achieved
only as the personnel understand and practice democratic methods.
• It can be said; therefore that democratic administration and
supervision must be based on human dignity and human worth and
must give priority to the human factor.
The success of ant school system depends upon democratic and
efficient supervision. The complexity of the school organization arising
from changing social condition, increase in school population and
teaching personnel, changes in theories and methods of techniques in
teaching brought about by recent scientific researches and changes in
curricula because of the needs and demands of time, the CALL FOR
20. DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION which can create valid
and perhaps, makes efficient method of securing educational ends in
democracy. The school can become a powerful force in maintaining and
improving administrative and supervisory personnel that is thoroughly
democratic and consequently efficient; hence, administration and
supervision must be established on democratic basis.
Reference:
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