Indian forts have played an important role in the country's history. Forts were typically built around the capital cities of local rulers. There were several types of forts in ancient India, including those surrounded by water, built on hills, surrounded by forests, in desert areas, made of earth, and defended by large armies. Today, many forts have deteriorated over time after being abandoned, though some are still used as private residences and have been modified in recent centuries.

1. FORTS IN INDIA
Predented By :
Kaustubh Joshi

2. ABOUT INDIAN FORTS
 Forts are important architectural relics of the long history of South
Asia. The capital of each raja or chieftain was a fort around which a
township grew and developed; this pattern can be seen in many South
Asian cities such as Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Pune, Calcutta and Mumbai.
The conquest of, or battles for the forts of India have been significant
occasions in Indian history. Most of the forts in India are actually castles
or fortresses.

3. FORTS IN ANCIENT INDIA
 In ancient times fortified cities
were common in India. The largest
ones were between the city of
Mathura (on the Yamuna river)
and Magadha (on the Ganges).
Another series of forts in the south,
was on the Ujjain (on the
Narmada) leading into the Deccan.

4. TYPES OF FORTS
 Jal Durga : It is a fortress surrounded by water. There are two
subtypes - the island fortress, or antardvipa-durga, and the plain fortress
or sthala-durga. The sea or the waters of a river wash the first like
Murud-Janjira.The latter is encircled with artificial moats filled with
water or irrigated by a river. Plain fortresses are naturally much more
common.

6. TYPES OF FORTS
 Giri durgs: Giri-durga, or parvata-durga, is a hill or mountain
fortress. There are three varieties: prantara-durga, giri-parshva-durga
and guha-durga. Prantara-durga is a fortress built on the summit
(usually flat) of a hill or a mountain. This was the most common type
in the Middle Ages, and the best examples are the castles of Gwalior,
Mehrangarh and Chittor ..

7. TYPES OF FORTS
In giri-parshva-durga both major civilian structures and fortifications
extend down the slope of a hill or mountain though the summit is
certainly included into the defence system, too. The living quarters of a
guha-durga fortress are situated in a valley surrounded by high,
impassable hills. The hills house a chain of outposts and signal towers
connected by extensive defensive walls.

9. TYPES OF FORTS
 Vana durg :Vana durg or vrikshya-durga, would be surrounded
on all sides with a dense, impassable forest over a distance of at least 4
kroshas(14.6 km). Variations were the khanjana-durga, built on fens
and encircled with thorny woods, and the sthambha-durga, erected in the
jungles among high trees but lacking sufficient sources of water.

11. TYPES OF FORTS
 Dhanu durga Dhanvana, dhanva, or maru-durga are desert
fortresses, usually to be found in an arid area bare of trees, grass or
sources of water over a distance of no less than 5 yojanas (73 km),
hence its other name, nirudaka-durga, or waterless fortress. An airina-
durga is built on saline soil of barren tract or on fens impregnated with
saline water and protected by the thorny bushes that grow there.

13. TYPES OF FORTS
 Mahi durg There are three types of mahi-durga or earth fortress.
Mrid-durga are encircled with earthen walls; the approaches to panka-
durga are protected by fens or quicksand; and parigha-durga are
surrounded by walls made of earth and stone or brick, their height
exceeding 5.4m and their width constituting half of the height.

15. TYPES OF FORTS
 Nar durg or fortress with men, was defended by a large and loyal
army of proven warriors, and was well supplied with arms. It was
usually a city fortress, well populated with a substantial garrison. It was
also called nara-durga and bala-durga.

17. STATE OF FORTS T ODAY
Although no Indian forts were destroyed by sudden disasters, there
are several which were abandoned due to the ambitions of their
rulers and have consequently deteriorated over time. Very few
castles have survived unchanged since the early Middle Ages or even
since the 14th-15th centuries: most of those built in the 10th-15th
centuries were later rebuilt and altered. Castles were still used as
living quarters until the 19th-20th centuries, and so were continually
modified. Even now, some of them are private property.

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