Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan has a long history of evolution in fort architecture in India. It was built between 1438-1458 AD during the reign of Rana Kumbha as the capital of the Mewar kingdom. Some key features include a 14 km long wall that is the second longest in the world, with 700 bunkers and 7 fortified gateway entrances. The fort is built on a high peak of the Aravalli mountain range and has strong defensive walls, bastions, and underground passages. It contains several palaces like the Kumbha Palace and Badal Mahal built atop the highest point with double storey structures and arched windows.
Chittorgarh Fort is the largest fort in India, covering 700 acres and home to several palaces, temples, and structures. The fort has 22 water bodies and is known as the Water Fort. Visitors can see the 9-storey Vijay Stambha tower and 7-storey Kirti Stambha tower with Jain carvings, as well as Rani Padmini's Palace where Ala-ud-Din Khilji first saw her according to legend. Nature lovers can visit the Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary to spot animals. The Sound and Light Show offers insights into Rajput history. Chittorgarh has much to offer in history, nature, and culture.
Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan was built between 1438-1458 AD under the supervision of Rana Kumbha. At over 1,914 meters above sea level within a complex that extends 36 kilometers, it is one of the largest forts in India with ramparts, bastions and watchtowers. Within the complex are several palaces like Badal Mahal and Kumbha Palace, as well as over 360 temples of both Hindu and Jain faiths showcasing the architectural styles of the period. The fort served as a strategic stronghold and refuge for the Mewar rulers.
The document summarizes Indian architectural styles spanning 4,500 years of civilization. It describes major styles including Mauryan, Kushana, Gupta, Chalukyan, Pallava, Chola, Hoysala, Rajput, Islamic, Indo-Islamic, Mughal and provincial architectures. Key highlights are the extensive town planning of Indus Valley sites, temples reflecting Nagara and Dravida styles, rock-cut structures of Ellora and Ajanta, and iconic buildings like Taj Mahal representing cultural blending of styles. Indian architecture reflects the diversity of the country emerging from ancient traditions through different rulers.
The document summarizes the planning and development of Shahjahanabad, the capital city established by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638. Key elements included the Red Fort, which served as the imperial palace complex; the Jama Masjid, the principal mosque; and two main boulevards, Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar. The city was laid out according to geometric principles with walled boundaries and gates. While public spaces like streets and markets were planned, residential areas developed organically without centralized planning. The new capital represented an ideal city design intended to reflect Mughal power and culture.
Provincial style of bijapur architectureKushagra Goel
The document summarizes the Indo-Islamic architecture that flourished in Bijapur, India under the rule of the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. It achieved its greatest development during this period. Notable structures built include the Jami Masjid mosque (1576-1614), the largest mosque in Bijapur; the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum (1626) of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, which inspired the design of the Taj Mahal; and the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum (1647-1656) with its massive unsupported dome. The architecture blended Islamic elements like domes and arches with local Indian styles
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
Somnath Temple has undergone a troubled history, being destroyed and rebuilt seven times over centuries. Located in Gujarat on the coast of the Arabian Sea, the first temple was built in an unknown ancient time. It fuses elements of many architectural styles due to being rebuilt under different kings and emperors. Today's temple stands as a living example of the evolution of Indian temple architecture over time, from primitive single rooms to structures with mandapas, kunds, and elements added for social and religious purposes.
The document summarizes information about three important Islamic tombs in Delhi, India from the 13th-15th centuries:
1) The tomb of Sultan Iltutmish, the first Islamic tomb in India, located near the Quwaat-ul-Islam Mosque. It is a small red sandstone structure with ornate carvings and inscriptions.
2) The tomb of Sultan Balban, located near the Qutb complex. It is a larger square-shaped rubble structure that was originally tiled and featured true arches, innovations for the time.
3) The Dilkhusha tomb, originally belonging to a Mughal court official but later converted into a
Chittorgarh Fort is the largest fort in India, covering 700 acres and home to several palaces, temples, and structures. The fort has 22 water bodies and is known as the Water Fort. Visitors can see the 9-storey Vijay Stambha tower and 7-storey Kirti Stambha tower with Jain carvings, as well as Rani Padmini's Palace where Ala-ud-Din Khilji first saw her according to legend. Nature lovers can visit the Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary to spot animals. The Sound and Light Show offers insights into Rajput history. Chittorgarh has much to offer in history, nature, and culture.
Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan was built between 1438-1458 AD under the supervision of Rana Kumbha. At over 1,914 meters above sea level within a complex that extends 36 kilometers, it is one of the largest forts in India with ramparts, bastions and watchtowers. Within the complex are several palaces like Badal Mahal and Kumbha Palace, as well as over 360 temples of both Hindu and Jain faiths showcasing the architectural styles of the period. The fort served as a strategic stronghold and refuge for the Mewar rulers.
The document summarizes Indian architectural styles spanning 4,500 years of civilization. It describes major styles including Mauryan, Kushana, Gupta, Chalukyan, Pallava, Chola, Hoysala, Rajput, Islamic, Indo-Islamic, Mughal and provincial architectures. Key highlights are the extensive town planning of Indus Valley sites, temples reflecting Nagara and Dravida styles, rock-cut structures of Ellora and Ajanta, and iconic buildings like Taj Mahal representing cultural blending of styles. Indian architecture reflects the diversity of the country emerging from ancient traditions through different rulers.
The document summarizes the planning and development of Shahjahanabad, the capital city established by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638. Key elements included the Red Fort, which served as the imperial palace complex; the Jama Masjid, the principal mosque; and two main boulevards, Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar. The city was laid out according to geometric principles with walled boundaries and gates. While public spaces like streets and markets were planned, residential areas developed organically without centralized planning. The new capital represented an ideal city design intended to reflect Mughal power and culture.
Provincial style of bijapur architectureKushagra Goel
The document summarizes the Indo-Islamic architecture that flourished in Bijapur, India under the rule of the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. It achieved its greatest development during this period. Notable structures built include the Jami Masjid mosque (1576-1614), the largest mosque in Bijapur; the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum (1626) of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, which inspired the design of the Taj Mahal; and the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum (1647-1656) with its massive unsupported dome. The architecture blended Islamic elements like domes and arches with local Indian styles
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
Somnath Temple has undergone a troubled history, being destroyed and rebuilt seven times over centuries. Located in Gujarat on the coast of the Arabian Sea, the first temple was built in an unknown ancient time. It fuses elements of many architectural styles due to being rebuilt under different kings and emperors. Today's temple stands as a living example of the evolution of Indian temple architecture over time, from primitive single rooms to structures with mandapas, kunds, and elements added for social and religious purposes.
The document summarizes information about three important Islamic tombs in Delhi, India from the 13th-15th centuries:
1) The tomb of Sultan Iltutmish, the first Islamic tomb in India, located near the Quwaat-ul-Islam Mosque. It is a small red sandstone structure with ornate carvings and inscriptions.
2) The tomb of Sultan Balban, located near the Qutb complex. It is a larger square-shaped rubble structure that was originally tiled and featured true arches, innovations for the time.
3) The Dilkhusha tomb, originally belonging to a Mughal court official but later converted into a
Lecture 06: Islamic Architecture in India_Khilji DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Khilji Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
The document provides details about several Mughal architectural structures from the reign of Emperor Jahangir (1603-1627). It describes Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, noting that Jahangir completed its construction after Akbar's death. It also discusses the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula in Agra, known for its intricate pietra dura inlay work. Finally, it summarizes several gardens constructed during Jahangir's rule, including Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir and Nishat Garden, both known for their terraced design and fountains.
The Qutub complex was built in the late 12th century and includes several historic monuments from Delhi Sultanate dynasties. It contains the Qutub Minar, an over 70 meter tall tower built by Qutubuddin Aibak. The complex also includes the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque built using materials from demolished temples, the Alai Darwaza gate built by Alauddin Khalji, and tombs of Iltutmish and other sultans. The site demonstrates the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture over two centuries under the Slave, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties.
The City Palace of Udaipur is located on the eastern banks of Lake Pichola. It was built starting in 1559 by Maharana Udai Singh and continued by his successors. The palace complex is the largest in Rajasthan and houses several palaces, temples, and monuments. Built with marble and granite and decorated with intricate designs, the palace features unique paintings, antique furniture, glasswork, and tilework. Visitors can see the palace's gates, courtyards, palaces built by different rulers, and views of Lake Pichola from its balconies and towers.
The document discusses the Deccan Provincial style of architecture that originated in South India. It was influenced by the Delhi style due to migrations from Delhi and the Persian style due to sea migrations from Persia. The style developed over three phases based on the capitals of ruling dynasties. Key landmarks of this style include the Charminar monument and Qutb Shahi tombs located in Hyderabad, Telangana. The Charminar was built in 1591 AD during the Qutb Shahi dynasty as a mosque and madrasa to commemorate the end of a plague. It has a distinctive four-tower structure and incorporates elements of Indo-Islamic architecture. Nearby are the seven
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
Jaisalmer is located in the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan, India. It was founded in 1156 AD by Maharwal Jaisal Singh as a more secure capital than the previous location 15km away. There are three main types of houses in Jaisalmer based on socioeconomic status: the simplest consists of a single room and courtyard, larger houses have additional rooms and verandahs, and the most elaborate are two to three stories with enclosed terraces and balconies. Traditional houses were made of mud in simple structures like bhunga houses with conical roofs supported by central wooden poles, and roopsi houses made of sun-dried clay blocks.
The Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan was built between 1438-1458 AD by Maharana Kumbha and the architect Mandan for protection from invaders. It has extremely strong fortifications including a 38 km long wall and 7 fortified gates. Within the complex are 360 temples, the palace of Rana Kumbha, and other structures including the Badal Mahal and reservoirs to support its defenses. The fort was considered nearly impregnable due to its strategic location, fortifications, and self-sufficient infrastructure.
The document provides information about Nathmalji-ki-Haveli, a historic mansion in Jaisalmer, India. It was built by two brothers for Diwan Mohata Nathmal. Though built simultaneously, differences emerged in the left and right sides. It features rich carvings and paintings on walls and ceilings. Made of sandstone and limestone, it has a unique architectural style blending Rajput and Muslim influences and utilizes several passive cooling techniques to keep interiors comfortable in the desert climate.
The document is a presentation about the Shore Temple at Mamallapuram. It was presented by Ar.Shruti and thanks the audience at the end. The Shore Temple is a 7th century CE monument located on the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu in India.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded by Emperor Akbar in honor of the saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, who blessed Akbar with three sons. The city was planned as the new capital of the Mughal Empire, featuring impressive red sandstone architecture blending Hindu and Islamic styles. However, it was abandoned just 14 years later when the water supply ran dry. Today it remains remarkably preserved as an open air museum, a ghost city reflecting its former glory as the center of Mughal power and culture.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded in 1569 by Mughal Emperor Akbar as the capital of the Mughal Empire, located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is surrounded by a 5 mile wall and includes several important architectural structures from the Mughal era, including the Buland Darwaza gate, Jama Masjid mosque, Tomb of Salim Chishti, Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas halls of audience, Ibadat Khana house of worship, Anup Talao pool, and Panch Mahal and Mariam-uz-Zamani palaces. The red sandstone buildings feature a blend of Hindu, J
The Palace of Jodha Bai in Fatehpur Sikri, India was built in the 16th century as a residence for Emperor Akbar's queens and harem members. It shows an amalgamation of Rajput and Mughal architectural styles, with a central courtyard and living quarters arranged around it as in Hindu architecture. The red sandstone buildings have turquoise brick roofs and are decorated with carvings featuring Hindu motifs like lotus flowers and temple bells, reflecting the palace's Hindu occupant, Jodha Bai.
1) Khirki Mosque was built in the 14th century by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the Prime Minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
2) It has a 52m x 52m square plan with four open courtyards surrounded by arcades and 81 small domes that provide light and ventilation.
3) Considered one of the finest architectural compositions of the Sultanate period, it marks the transition from the Lodhi period architecture to the Mughal period.
Lecture 05: Islamic Architecture in India_Slave DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Slave Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
The document provides details about historical sites from the Tughlaq dynasty that ruled Delhi in the 14th century. It describes:
1) Tughlaqabad Fort, the first capital of the dynasty built between 1321-1325, with massive fortifications and bastions to defend against attacks;
2) Other monuments within the fort including the tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the dynasty's founder; and
3) Other sites around Delhi commissioned by later sultans including Feroz Shah Kotla, Hauz Khas reservoir, and the tomb of Telangani.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century as the main residence of the Mughal emperors. It covers an area of over 250 acres within high walls and features various architectural buildings from the peak of Mughal creativity. Some key structures within the fort include the Lahore Gate, the Diwan-i-Am hall where the emperor addressed the public, the private imperial apartments along the Yamuna River, and the later addition of the Moti Masjid mosque. The fort served as the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1857 when the British exiled the last Mughal emperor after the failed rebellion.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century as the main residence of the Mughal emperors. It covers an area of over 250 acres surrounded by thick walls and includes various architectural structures within, such as the Lahore Gate, the Diwan-i-Am hall where the emperor addressed the public, the private royal apartments, and the Moti Masjid added later. The fort served as the capital of the Mughal Empire until the British took over control of Delhi in the 1800s after defeating the Marathas in battle.
Lecture 06: Islamic Architecture in India_Khilji DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Khilji Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
The document provides details about several Mughal architectural structures from the reign of Emperor Jahangir (1603-1627). It describes Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, noting that Jahangir completed its construction after Akbar's death. It also discusses the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula in Agra, known for its intricate pietra dura inlay work. Finally, it summarizes several gardens constructed during Jahangir's rule, including Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir and Nishat Garden, both known for their terraced design and fountains.
The Qutub complex was built in the late 12th century and includes several historic monuments from Delhi Sultanate dynasties. It contains the Qutub Minar, an over 70 meter tall tower built by Qutubuddin Aibak. The complex also includes the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque built using materials from demolished temples, the Alai Darwaza gate built by Alauddin Khalji, and tombs of Iltutmish and other sultans. The site demonstrates the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture over two centuries under the Slave, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties.
The City Palace of Udaipur is located on the eastern banks of Lake Pichola. It was built starting in 1559 by Maharana Udai Singh and continued by his successors. The palace complex is the largest in Rajasthan and houses several palaces, temples, and monuments. Built with marble and granite and decorated with intricate designs, the palace features unique paintings, antique furniture, glasswork, and tilework. Visitors can see the palace's gates, courtyards, palaces built by different rulers, and views of Lake Pichola from its balconies and towers.
The document discusses the Deccan Provincial style of architecture that originated in South India. It was influenced by the Delhi style due to migrations from Delhi and the Persian style due to sea migrations from Persia. The style developed over three phases based on the capitals of ruling dynasties. Key landmarks of this style include the Charminar monument and Qutb Shahi tombs located in Hyderabad, Telangana. The Charminar was built in 1591 AD during the Qutb Shahi dynasty as a mosque and madrasa to commemorate the end of a plague. It has a distinctive four-tower structure and incorporates elements of Indo-Islamic architecture. Nearby are the seven
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
Jaisalmer is located in the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan, India. It was founded in 1156 AD by Maharwal Jaisal Singh as a more secure capital than the previous location 15km away. There are three main types of houses in Jaisalmer based on socioeconomic status: the simplest consists of a single room and courtyard, larger houses have additional rooms and verandahs, and the most elaborate are two to three stories with enclosed terraces and balconies. Traditional houses were made of mud in simple structures like bhunga houses with conical roofs supported by central wooden poles, and roopsi houses made of sun-dried clay blocks.
The Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan was built between 1438-1458 AD by Maharana Kumbha and the architect Mandan for protection from invaders. It has extremely strong fortifications including a 38 km long wall and 7 fortified gates. Within the complex are 360 temples, the palace of Rana Kumbha, and other structures including the Badal Mahal and reservoirs to support its defenses. The fort was considered nearly impregnable due to its strategic location, fortifications, and self-sufficient infrastructure.
The document provides information about Nathmalji-ki-Haveli, a historic mansion in Jaisalmer, India. It was built by two brothers for Diwan Mohata Nathmal. Though built simultaneously, differences emerged in the left and right sides. It features rich carvings and paintings on walls and ceilings. Made of sandstone and limestone, it has a unique architectural style blending Rajput and Muslim influences and utilizes several passive cooling techniques to keep interiors comfortable in the desert climate.
The document is a presentation about the Shore Temple at Mamallapuram. It was presented by Ar.Shruti and thanks the audience at the end. The Shore Temple is a 7th century CE monument located on the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu in India.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded by Emperor Akbar in honor of the saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, who blessed Akbar with three sons. The city was planned as the new capital of the Mughal Empire, featuring impressive red sandstone architecture blending Hindu and Islamic styles. However, it was abandoned just 14 years later when the water supply ran dry. Today it remains remarkably preserved as an open air museum, a ghost city reflecting its former glory as the center of Mughal power and culture.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded in 1569 by Mughal Emperor Akbar as the capital of the Mughal Empire, located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is surrounded by a 5 mile wall and includes several important architectural structures from the Mughal era, including the Buland Darwaza gate, Jama Masjid mosque, Tomb of Salim Chishti, Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas halls of audience, Ibadat Khana house of worship, Anup Talao pool, and Panch Mahal and Mariam-uz-Zamani palaces. The red sandstone buildings feature a blend of Hindu, J
The Palace of Jodha Bai in Fatehpur Sikri, India was built in the 16th century as a residence for Emperor Akbar's queens and harem members. It shows an amalgamation of Rajput and Mughal architectural styles, with a central courtyard and living quarters arranged around it as in Hindu architecture. The red sandstone buildings have turquoise brick roofs and are decorated with carvings featuring Hindu motifs like lotus flowers and temple bells, reflecting the palace's Hindu occupant, Jodha Bai.
1) Khirki Mosque was built in the 14th century by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the Prime Minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
2) It has a 52m x 52m square plan with four open courtyards surrounded by arcades and 81 small domes that provide light and ventilation.
3) Considered one of the finest architectural compositions of the Sultanate period, it marks the transition from the Lodhi period architecture to the Mughal period.
Lecture 05: Islamic Architecture in India_Slave DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Slave Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
The document provides details about historical sites from the Tughlaq dynasty that ruled Delhi in the 14th century. It describes:
1) Tughlaqabad Fort, the first capital of the dynasty built between 1321-1325, with massive fortifications and bastions to defend against attacks;
2) Other monuments within the fort including the tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the dynasty's founder; and
3) Other sites around Delhi commissioned by later sultans including Feroz Shah Kotla, Hauz Khas reservoir, and the tomb of Telangani.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century as the main residence of the Mughal emperors. It covers an area of over 250 acres within high walls and features various architectural buildings from the peak of Mughal creativity. Some key structures within the fort include the Lahore Gate, the Diwan-i-Am hall where the emperor addressed the public, the private imperial apartments along the Yamuna River, and the later addition of the Moti Masjid mosque. The fort served as the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1857 when the British exiled the last Mughal emperor after the failed rebellion.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century as the main residence of the Mughal emperors. It covers an area of over 250 acres surrounded by thick walls and includes various architectural structures within, such as the Lahore Gate, the Diwan-i-Am hall where the emperor addressed the public, the private royal apartments, and the Moti Masjid added later. The fort served as the capital of the Mughal Empire until the British took over control of Delhi in the 1800s after defeating the Marathas in battle.
The Agra Fort was built in 1573 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar as his main residence. It took over 8,000 workers 8 years to construct using red sandstone. The fort covers an area of 96 acres and features many palaces and monuments built in Mughal and Indo-Islamic architectural styles. It has four gates, with the main entrance being the Amar Singh Gate. Important structures within include the Jahangir Mahal palace and the Sheesh Mahal mirror palace. The fort was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1983.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as his royal palace and seat of government. It served as the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1857. The fort covers an area of 254 acres surrounded by thick walls and features many ornate buildings like the Diwan-i-Aam (Hall of Public Audiences), private royal apartments connected by water channels, and the Lahore Gate, which is where the prime minister gives an annual speech on Independence Day. The architectural style of the Red Fort represents the zenith of Mughal creativity during Shah Jahan's reign.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century as the residence and administrative center of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Shah Jahan. It covers an area of over 250 acres enclosed by thick walls and features buildings showcasing the zenith of Mughal artistic and architectural styles. Key structures within the fort include the Diwan-i-Aam for public audiences, the private imperial apartments connected by water channels, and the ornate Lahore Gate, which remains the site of the prime minister's speech each Independence Day. The fort served as the imperial capital until 1857 and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, preserving an important period of Indian history.
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 defines an ‘ Ancient Monument ’ as follows:-
Ancient Monument means any structure, erection or monument, or any tumulus or place of interment, or any cave, rock-sculpture, inscription or monolith which is of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than 100 years and includes—
#1 Remains of an ancient monument,
#2 Site of an ancient monument,
#3 Such portion of land adjoining the site of an ancient monument as
may be required for fencing or covering in or otherwise preserving such monument, a
#4 The means of access to, and convenient inspection of, an ancient monument;
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes several ticketed monuments in Delhi, India. It provides background information and histories on Qutub Minar, Safdarjung's Tomb, Tughlaqabad Fort, Humayun's Tomb, and Purana Qila. It describes the architectural styles and features of each monument, such as their construction materials, designs, and surrounding gardens. It also discusses the current need to preserve and restore these historical sites from threats of pollution, illegal construction, and terrorism to protect India's cultural heritage.
1) Tughlaqabad was built in the 14th century by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq as the third historic city of Delhi. It is divided into three parts - the wider city area, citadel, and adjacent royal palace area.
2) The massive stone fortifications that still stand today surrounded the irregular plan of the city. Within the fort are the remains of palaces, residences, mosques and other structures.
3) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq's tomb, one of the early examples of Indo-Islamic architecture, is located outside the fort and approached via an elevated causeway crossing a reservoir.
This document provides information about several historical monuments in Delhi, India. It describes the Red Fort, a spectacular piece of Mughal architecture built by Shah Jahan between 1638-1648. It outlines the features of India Gate, a memorial archway built in 1921 to commemorate Indian soldiers who died fighting for Britain. It also summarizes Humayun's Tomb, built in the mid-16th century as the tomb of the Mughal emperor Humayun and notable for its Persian-style architecture. The document concludes with brief descriptions of the Qutub Minar tower and Jantar Mantar observatory.
The Red Fort in Delhi was constructed in the 17th century as the residence of the Mughal emperors. It has red sandstone walls surrounding an area of over 250 acres and features a number of ornate buildings like the Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, and royal apartments. The fort was the center of the Mughal administrative capital and showcases the zenith of Mughal architecture, art, and planning during Shah Jahan's reign. It is now a historical monument and houses museums.
The document provides information on several important historical places in Bangladesh through brief descriptions of each site. It discusses Lalbagh Fort and Ahsan Manzil palace in Dhaka, the Kantanagar Temple in Dinajpur, the Somapura Mahavihara and Mahasthangarh archaeological sites, Mainamati Buddhist settlements, Idrakpur River Fort, the Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat, and other notable structures like the Bara Katra residence, Curzon Hall, Dhakeshwari Temple, and Hussaini Dalan in Old Dhaka.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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1. EVOLUTION OF FORT ARCHITECTURE WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KUMBHALGARH
FORT IN RAJASTHAN
Presented by-
Shaivya Pant, IPU182508
(Architecture of India-88651)
2. ■ A fort is a strong building with thick wall all around it where
soldiers can stay, protect royal families and the their subjects
from the enemy.
■ It can be seen as a protected enclosure building which is
standing still in the defence of an enemy.
■ Forts in all over the world was used mainly for defense
purpose.
■ In ancient and medieval literature, the term ‘Durga’ applies to
all kinds of forts.
■ Durga originated from Sanskrit word ‘Durgam’, means difficult.
■ In Rigveda, its called ‘Pur’ meaning fort or a stronghold.
CONCEPT OF FORT
3. ■ Fortification was considered essential from the earliest times for the protection against
wild animals
■ Then after the development of weaponry and armament, there were hostile attacks
from neighbouring territory; it became necessary to provide fortifications and raise
armies for defence.
■ Forts were built to ensure a safe and secure human settlement, to keep the enemy far
away and to ensure having an upper hand during war.
■ There are basically three prime reasons for a king to build a fort- first is to establish the
empire in the region, to sustain it and expand it.
WHY WERE FORTS BUILT?
5. COMPONENTS OF FORT
GATEWAY/DWARA BRIDGE OVER MOAT
RAMPART
BASTIONS
(ATTALAKAS)
MOAT FILLED
WITH WATER
(PARIKHA)
COURTYARD
GUNPOINT
KANGURA
(CRENEL)
DOMED KIOSK
INNER CHAMBERS
6. ■ India has very long history of fort and fortification that began from
Indus valley civilization. Man of stone age constructed shelter for
his safety and climate on the river valleys and mountainy areas.
■ The plans of the Harrapan cities show that their layout usually
consisted of two distinct parts: the actual urban zone and the
citadel, generally located at a higher level, whose defensive works
varied depending on the sites.
■ The defensive walls was in many shape (quadrangle). Their were
two purpose of fortification wall- protect settlement from flood
and to restrict invaders.
■ At Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, the citadel only is surrounded by a
wall made up of mud or burnt bricks.
■ Harappan fort has towers and rampart in the lower surface.
■ Its length- 415m, width- 193m approximately.
■ There were many gateways- northern one was the main entrance.
Gateway 1, 2,3 in the western side situated at the curved part.
ANCIENT FORT AND FORTIFICATIONS
7. ■ The “second urban revolution” is a significant period, particularly around 600
B.C. with the advent of janapadas into a large kingdom formation as
Mahajanpadas.
■ While the period marked a transition to use of brick and stone, wood was still
the material of choice.
■ Magadha emerged victorious of all janpadas with its capital at Rajgir, the
palace was built in Patliputra.
■ Palace is 80 stadia in length and 15 in width.
■ It is in a shape of parallelogram, wooden walls pierced with loopholes to
discharge arrows, ditch infront for defence, wide and deep moat.
■ Semi-circular bastions flanked with gateway on the wall.
■ 570 towers, 64 gates
■ The pillars of the palace were tall, tapering, polished and of chunar sandstone,
adorned with golden vines and silver birds in royal palace.
■ The remains of one of the buildings, an 80 pillared hall at Kumrahar are of
particular significance. 13.5km –length, 3.5km wide
■ Fortification wall like railway track made of wooden material, found in Bulandi
bagh in Pataliputra.
8. With the advent of the Muslims, there were several changes to the construction and
design of forts.
The seeds of the Sultanate in Delhi were sown with the coming of Muhammad Ghuri and
Qutbuddin Aibek. It was formally established by Iltutmish in the 13th century. Sultanate
architecture involved the use of the arch and dome technique.
The art of putting a round dome on a square building base, enabled rooms to have a clear
view as no support structures obstructed the spaces. They used a fine quality, superior
lime mortar for construction and the decorations involved geometric designs with verses
from the Quran.
In Balban’s rule, we can see the appearance of the first true arch in architecture. This arch
was made with the help of wedge-shaped stones which are held together with the help
of a keystone at the centre.
Khilji built his capital at Siri fort, this was the start of the city fortress complex model
which was continued by his successors. The entire city would be enclosed within fortified
walls and institutions such as masjids, madrasas, temples etc. would be made inside.
Tughlaq architecture saw a new trend of building structures on high platforms as can be
seen in Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq’s tomb.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, built the Firoz Shah Kotla fortified
complex in the 14th century. This complex exhibits the technique of ‘batter’ or sloping
walls which sloped inwards to render a structure stable and strong under attack.
9. ■ The 15th century saw the rise of the famous ruler of Mewar, Rana Kumbha.
He is known for building forts, the most prominent of which is the
Kumbhalgarh fort in Rajasthan.
■ The Lodi dynasty introduced gardens as one of the most distinct features of
constructions, also the double dome.
■ In Mughal era, The layout of the building involved a square base of red
sandstone topped with a white marble dome and flat roof started by Akbar-
Agra fort, half dome- Buland Darwaza.
■ The introduction of artillery in the 16th century called for changes in fort
architecture. Forts were made with lower and thicker walls and with bastions
which were pushed out of the circumference of the fort.
■ While the thicker walls defended against bullets, the bastions helped in
tactics of offence as well as defense.
■ More space was left out between the citadel and the outer walls as can be
gauged from the Golkonda fort.
■ Gates were made tall for the elephants to pass through and at the same time,
rows of spikes were used to prevent the enemy elephants from breaking the
gate down.
■ With the coming of the colonial forces in the 16th and 17th centuries, forts
came to be built as trading posts for commercial purposes as well. They also
functioned as places of refuge for people during sieges and revolts.
10. ■ Māru-Gurjara architecture (Rajasthani architecture) originated in the
sixth century in and around areas of the state of Rajasthan in India.
■ “Maru Gurjara art” literally means “art of Rajasthan”.
■ Rajasthan’s architecture is chiefly based on Rajput school of
architecture which was an assortment of the Mughal and the Hindu
structural plan.
■ Rajasthani architecture include-
1. Chhatri- refers to a canopy or an umbrella.
2. Jharokha- It’s a type of enclosed balcony/stone window/projected
balcony
3. Stepwell- It’s a well/pond, are known by many names such as
Kalyani, Pushkarani, Bawdi, Baoli, Barav or Vaav.
4. Haveli or Mahal- derived from the Persion word Hawli which means
an "enclosed place".
5. Johad- storage of rainwater in tank
RAJPUT ARCHITECTURE FEATURES
11. ■ LOCATION- Kelwada tehsil, Rajsamand district
■ BUILT IN- Started in 1438 AD and completed in 1458 AD (20 years)
■ ALTITUDE- 1100 mt. above sea level, 3568 feet above ground level
■ PURPOSE- protection from Malwa and Gujarat
■ DESIGNED BY- Mandan and Maharana Kumbha
■ Second most important fort in Rajasthan (Mewar dynasty).
■ Second largest wall in the world.
■ It stands on the ruins of Sampati’s (Ashoka’s grandson) fort.
KUMBHALGARH FORT
12.
13. ■ It is situated on the highest peak of Aravalli.
■ There is strong citadel around the fort protecting 24km area of the fort. It
is strong and wide that 8 horsemen can run in a row.
■ 700 strong open bunkers for placing canons.
■ 4 big gates in 4 directions.
■ Series of walls with battlements and curved bastions with huge
watchtowers.
■ Bastions raised till declivity in the hill side, walls run vertically to the top of
the hills and at intervals steeps are provided.
■ Length of the fort- 14 km
■ Only fort in Rajasthan that comes under the category of fort- forest fort,
hill fort, artificial man-made fort.
■ Exterior wall has 3 stone idols head which demonstrate the severe
punishment given to traitors.
■ All the facilities like food grains and crops were grown inside the complex
to give rest and security to army.
■ Several underground passages made, longest- 7 km.
INTRODUCTION TO FORT
14. ■ The forts have beautiful and strategic gateways for entering the fort.
■ These are double storey gateways locally known as pols for guards.
■ Octagonal bastions, arched openings, wooden gates, topped with battlements and
in between kanguras.
■ There are 7 fortified barrier gates-
1. Aerat pol- First barrier gate in south direction, lower level- guard rooms, upper
level- residential area, used a hunting spot as area nearby is surrounded by forest.
2. Halla pol- Second gate, guards could alert others by making loud noise of caution,
zig-zag turning of gate
3. Hanuman pol- arched opening gate, flanked on both side, residence for guards, an
idol of Hanuman placed by Maharana Kumbha in front.
4. Ram pol- gate at north side, small chambers for guards
5. Vijaya pol- used by common public due to ruins of houses seen.
6. Ganesh pol- entrance to Badal Mahal
7. Nimbu pol- emergency exit
Other small gates and entry points were called Bari.
Paghara pol- cavalry was assembled.
GATEWAYS/POLS
17. ■ It seems to touch the clouds in sky.
■ It is also called Fateh Prakash.
■ It was built by Rana Fateh Singh (1885-1930).
■ Highest point of Kumbhalgarh.
■ Double storey structure divided into Zanana Mahal and
Mardana Mahal.
■ The place has several large and small rooms.
BADAL MAHAL
Octagonal bastions
Domed roof
arched window opening
arcade
brackets
18. ■ The most striking feature of Badal Mahal are
white corridor and floral arches inside.
foliated arcade
Projected balcony/Jharoka
supported by brackets
Projected chajja
over balcony
floral designs
fighting scenes of
elephant warriors
Stone jalis
Bhairav mandir
mandap
19. ■ Close to Badal Mahal at lower terrace is Kumbha Palace.
■ Located close to Pagada Pol.
■ The palace is two storey edifice which was initially in
ruins.
■ Lower floor- rectangular hall with small chambers
approached through staircase
■ Upper floor- 2 rooms, corridor in the middle and open
space in front. Rooms are spacious and have plastered
walls with lime flooring.
■ Rooms have stone carved windows or Jharokhas.
■ Royal kitchen and toilet in front.
■ 2 spacious Bhojansalas on left.
KUMBHA PALACE
21. ■ The palace of queen Jhalli locally.
■ The palace is situated near Paghara Pol and is constructed by using
rubble stone.
■ The walls of the palace are plain and the roof is flat.
■ This is the same palace (lower floor) in which Rana Pratap was
born- 9 May 1540.
■ It has a small chambers, verandah and open courtyard in the lower
floor.
JHALIA KI MALIA
Square doomed roof