Dynamics of EU Integration
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The document discusses the historical background and formation of the Brussels Treaty Organization and Western European Union (WEU). The Brussels Treaty was signed in 1948 by France, the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to promote economic recovery and collective self-defense in Western Europe following World War 2. This was later expanded in 1954 to form the WEU, an intergovernmental military organization with 10 member states that was eventually absorbed into NATO for defense purposes. The WEU was formally abolished in 2010 with the Lisbon Treaty which transferred its mutual defense clause to the European Union.
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- The League of Nations was established in 1919 after World War 1 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.
- It was the first international organization that aimed to maintain world peace through collective security and disarmament.
- While the League had some early successes in resolving international disputes, it failed to prevent Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, demonstrating the limitations of its powers.
- The League also engaged in important technical cooperation on issues like health, social affairs, economics, and intellectual matters through numerous conferences and agreements. However, it ceased to function after the start of World War 2 in 1940.
European Union: Foreign trade policy
The document summarizes the evolution and current state of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It traces the CFSP from its origins in the 1970 European Political Cooperation, through important treaties like Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, and Lisbon. It describes the key institutions and policies that comprise the modern CFSP, including the High Representative, European External Action Service, Common Security and Defense Policy, and relationships with external partners. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development and structure of the EU's foreign and security policy apparatus.
world war 1
Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and rival alliances in Europe led to increased tensions between countries. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand triggered a series of events that started World War I. Germany launched the Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France but trench warfare ensued. The US later joined the Allies and helped achieve victory. The devastating effects of the war ended several empires. The resulting Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations aimed to establish peace but their terms deeply punished Germany.
The cold war
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between Western capitalism led by the United States and Eastern communism led by the Soviet Union. There was no direct military conflict, but there were threats and a competition for influence and allies. Before and during World War II, the US, Britain, and Soviet Union met at conferences in Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam to discuss strategy and post-war plans for Europe. In 1946, Winston Churchill gave his famous "Iron Curtain" speech describing the growing divide between Eastern and Western Europe. In response, Western nations formed NATO as a military alliance while Eastern nations signed the Warsaw Pact with the Soviet Union. After WWII, Germany was divided into capitalist West Germany and
The cold war
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between Western capitalism led by the United States and Eastern communism led by the Soviet Union. There was no direct military conflict, but instead tensions manifested as threats, espionage, propaganda, and competitive expansion of military capabilities and alliances. Key events during the Cold War included conferences in Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam to discuss strategy against Germany and establish spheres of influence in Europe. Winston Churchill's 1946 "Iron Curtain" speech drew attention to the growing divide between Eastern and Western Europe. In response, alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact formed to counter the military capabilities of the opposing bloc.
The cold war
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between Western capitalism led by the United States and Eastern communism led by the Soviet Union. There was no direct military conflict, but instead tensions manifested through threats, espionage, propaganda, and competitive arms buildups. Several conferences were held during and after World War II between Western allies and the Soviet Union to discuss postwar reorganization and establishment of international organizations like the United Nations. However, the Iron Curtain divided Europe, with Western nations forming NATO in response to the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact alliance. Germany was divided into capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany, separated by the Berlin Wall.
Treaty on European Union.docx
The Treaty on European Union was signed in 1992 to further integrate European nations after World War 2 and strengthen the European Community established in 1957. It created the European Union to promote economic, social, and political cooperation and avoid future conflicts. Specific provisions laid the groundwork for a common currency, expanded the EU to 27 countries, and established new policies and institutions to intensify cohesion in Europe in the post-war and post-Cold War periods.
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Dynamics of EU Integration
- 1. Brussels Treaty Organization and the Western European Union 21400361 - Abdirashid Diriye Kalmoy
- 2. Content Historical background The Brussels treaty Member states Western European Union(WEU) Flags Integration into NATO Lisbon treaty : Abolishment Reference/Sources
- 3. Historical background • The treaty of Dunkirk: France and the United Kingdom signed on 4 March 1947 the Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance. This was to curb any possible German attack in the aftermath of WW2. • Post-war Western Europe felt the need to have ‘Bulwark Treaty’ against Communist USSR and the possibility of German resurgent; Hence Brussels Treaty.
- 4. The Brussels Treaty • WW2 had weakened the military powers of Western Europe States. • Official name: The Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence. • As a defence pledge the treaty of was signed on 17 March 1948. • Article 1 : ‘…..to promote the economic recovery of Europe….’
- 5. The Brussels Treaty • Article 3: ‘.. .understanding of the principles which form the basis of their common civilization and to promote cultural exchanges….’ • Article 4: ‘…military and other aid and assistance to High Contracting Parties…’. • In September 1948 , Western Union Defence Organization was formed. Its consisted of WU defence Committee and WU National chiefs of Staff.
- 6. Member States • France • United Kingdom • Belgium • The Netherlands • Luxembourg Bevin Signing the treaty 1948
- 7. Western European Union • The Pleven Plan : Rene Pleven was a French politician who was twice a premier in the French fourth Republic. • He convened the July 1950 Paris conference; he argued for a European unified army that will precede NATO.
- 8. Western Europe Union • The 1948 Brussels Treaty was modified in the frameworks of London and Paris Accords of October 1954. • Paris agreement preambles; To create in Western Europe a firm basis for European economic recovery. To afford assistance to each other in resisting an policy aggression. To promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of Europe.
- 9. Western Europe Union • 10 Member States * (modified Brussels Treaty – 1954) (also members of the EU and NATO) Belgium Luxembourg France Netherlands Germany Portugal (1990)Greece (1995)Spain (1990)Italy United Kingdom • 6 Associate Members * (Rome – 1992) (also members of NATO) Czech Republic (1999)Norway Hungary (1999)Poland (1999)Iceland Turkey • 5 Observers * (Rome – 1992) (also members of the EU) Austria (1995)Ireland Denmark Sweden (1995)Finland (1995) • 7 Associate Partners * (Kirchberg – 1994) (all signatories of a Europe Agreement with the EU) Bulgaria Romania Estonia Slovakia Latvia Slovenia (1996)Lithuania
- 10. Flags 1949 Flag 9-star layout designed in 1993.
- 11. Integration into NATO • Division of Europe into two opposing spheres was deemed imminent. • USSR’s threats were perceived as existential. • After the formation of NATO in 1949, the Western Union Defence Organization structures were absorbed into NATO from December 1950 to April 1951.
- 12. Lisbon Treaty: Abolishment • The Treaty of Lisbon ( The Reform Treaty) amended two (TFEU and TEU) which formed the constitutional basis of the EU. • The Treaty entered into force on 1 December 2009, and it took over the WEU mutual defence clause. • The Treaty of Brussels were terminated on 31 March 2010 and consequently the activities of WEU were terminated June 2011.
- 13. Reference/Sources • https://www.britannica.com/event/Brussels- Treaty-European-history-1948 • http://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/official_texts _17072.htm • https://www.brussels.info/brussels-pact/ • https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western- European-Union • http://www.weu.int/ • http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/W estern_European_Union