RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018

Welcome to the presentation on
“Climate Change Impacts on Forests of
Madhya Pradesh”
Ravindra Nath Saxena
Former Principal Chief Conservator of Forests,
Former Managing Director
Madhya Pradesh Forest Development Corporation,
Bhopal
by

OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
• Status of environment & forests in India.
• Climate Changes and impact on humans.
• International conventions and Constitutional
provisions.
• UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol (KP) .
• Afforestation & Reforestation Projects (A & R).
• Carbon Trading (CT).
• Carbon Trading potential of Madhya Pradesh
• Future Planning in Madhya Pradesh.
• Tree transplanting techniques.
• Career planning for youngsters

Anthropo-centrism and contempo-centrism
• Country has never been subjected to “ecological
audit”. The country may be registering economic
growth rate of 4 to 7%, but unofficial estimates
provide that in ecological terms our growth rate is
about (-)4%.
• National Forestry Action Plan accepts that “forestry”
contributes about 5-6% to economic GDP, while
resource allocation is meager less than 0.1%. Even
whatever meager is allotted is being diverted for non-
forest purposes. Forest resource has been divested
@ 6% p.a.
ATTRIBUTES OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTRY
MANAGEMENT IN THE WORLD

Title
Body text
Evidence from satellites of
thinning of the
Ozone layer led to the
Montreal Protocol for
reducing CFC’s.
Montreal Protocol

Title
Body text
Ozone Depletion
Growth of the Antarctic ozone
hole over 20 years, as observed
by the satellite
Darkest blue areas represent regions
of maximum ozone depletion.

Title
Body text
Earth’s Shrinking Biosphere
1900-2000 AD
Currently, the Earth is the only
home we have.
With each new person added to our
growing population, the amount of our
living space decreases.
Land Area
hectare per /
capita
INDIA
Per capita agricultural area - 0.60 Ha.
Per capita forest area - 0.04 Ha.

Title
Body text
Transboundary: Dust over the Pacific
Images taken between
April 29 and May 5, 2005
shows dust from the Gobi
Desert crossing the
Pacific, well on its way to
North America.

Title
Body text
Gangotri Glacier, Northern India
• Receding
since 1780
• Last 25 years,
Gangotri
Glacier has
retreated more
than 850 m (2
788 ft)

Most threatened wildlife species - I

Most threatened wildlife species - II

Most threatened floral species - I

Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster, 1984
Worst of Environmental Accidents
– Must Learn from the Disaster

Other Mega disasters are –
Chernobyl (Russia) & Fukushima (Japan)
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and
Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991 are still
not implemented in “essence & spirit”

WATER SEEMS GLOBALLY ABUNDANT
- AND EVEN IN EXCESS ?
.

SAVE & RECYCLE
• Reduce your needs.
• Reuse or Recycle as much water as you can.
• Recycle as many items as you can.
• Recycling saves resources and energy used
for producing new items and at the same
time saves water used in their production.
• Harvest and conserve water.
• Do not pollute water.

GREEN HOUSE GAS EFFECT
The GHG effect is the rise in temperature that the
Earth experiences because certain gases in the
atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous
oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from
the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape
back into space and Earth’s average temperature
would be about 60ºF colder. Because of warming
effect on the world, these gases are referred to as
greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse effect is important. Without the
greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough
for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes
stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even
a little extra warming may cause problems for humans,
plants, and animals.

GHG Effect is like a car parked
in the shining Sun

Phenomenon of Green House Gas Effect
• Green House Effect - The effect produced by
GHGs allow incoming solar radiation to pass
through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most
of the outgoing infrared radiation from the surface
and atmosphere from escaping into outer space.
• Green House Gases - Any gas that absorbs infra-
red radiation in the atmosphere. GHGs include
water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated
fluorocarbons (HCFCs) , ozone (O3), perfluorinated
carbons (PFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and Sulphur
hexachloride (SF6).

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
• CFCs can survive up to 8 yeas and slowly drift to
stratosphere.
• CFCs are destroyed by UV radiations and chlorine
is released as free radicals. These free radicals are
capable of destroying up to 1,00,000 Ozone
molecules in chain reactions:
UV radiation CFCl3 CFCl2 Cl (free chlorine radical)
Cl + O3 (Ozone) O2 + CLO (Chlorine monoxide)
CLO Cl (free chlorine radical) + O
O2 + O O3 + Cl ClO + O2

GASES RESPONSIBLE FOR
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Gases covered under Kyoto Protocol:
A. Carbon di-oxide – CO2
B. Methane - Ch4
C. Nitrous oxide - N2O
D. Hydrofluorocarbons – HFCs
E. Perfluorocarbons - PFCs
F. Sulphur hexafluoride - SF6

Anthropogenic Radio-active System

Comparison of Temperature Change

fxj;Lrs ioZr% fgeoUrks vj.;e~ rs i`fFkoh
L;ksueLrq
vFkZoosn
O Mother Earth! May your Mountains be show-clad
and your forests enchanting for our prosperity!
Atharrva Veda

Objective of the Exercise
• To promote ecological stability in forest deficient
districts, no funds for climate change Mitigation
Planning,
• To mobilise adequate financial resources for
developing forestry plantations on degraded forest
areas through Public – Private – Partnership,
development of CDM & REDD+, Ecotourism
sectors.
• To promote employment generation by unlocking
potential of degraded forest land.
Despite availability of 2,88,000 sq.kms. degraded forest land,
India Inc. is being forced to move out to Indonesia, Malaysia,
Ethiopia, Congo, Ghana, Bolivia, Argentina and Peru etc.
Reverse this flight of capital & generate resource.

Forest Cover of India*
Diversion of about 300 sq.kms. forest areas (0.04%) in next 20 years can solve the
energy problems of the country. Most of these coal blocks are situated in different
micro & milli-watersheds – consequently it would not cause great ecological
problems.
Coal Blocks are site specific projects and should get priority
(S.F.R., 2015 of Forest Survey of India)
Sites with high potential
for Hydel Power Projects
Also high vulnerability to
Schedule-VI areas, tribal
communities, FRA,
Ecologically Fragile Zones

FORESTS AT A GLANCE
• Geographical area – 32,87,263 sq. kms.
• Forest area – 7,57,740 sq. kms.
• Forest cover – 6,78,333 sq. kms. – the eco-resource for livlihood.
• Legal status of forest area –
A. Reserve Forests (RF) – 3,99,919 sq. kms.
B. Protected Forests (PF) – 2,38,434 sq. kms.
C. Un-classed forests – 1,36,387
• Un-culturable non-forest areas – 2,11,286 sq. kms.
• Growing Stock – 4740.858 million cubic meter
• Growing Stock / ha. – 74.42 cubic meter
• Current Annual Increment – 8.76 million cubic meter
• Current C.A.I. - 0.69 cubic meter / ha.
• Potential CAI possible - 3.60 cubic meter / ha. (Peterson’s formula)
• Simpson’s Biodiversity Index, Berger-Parker Species Richness
Index, Shannon Weiner Biodiversity Index not provide promising
picture.
• Forest cover stagnant with cyclical change, qualitative deterioration
of ecological resources due to scarcity of finances.

Spatial patterns of the changes in annual mean
surface air temperature
[2071-2100 (baseline 1961-1990 : A-2 scenario)

Spatial patters of the changes in
summer monsoon rainfall
2071-2100 (baseline 1961-1990 : A-2 scenario

CHANGES IN ANNUAL NUMBER OF RAINY
DAYS
(A-2 scenario)

Impact of Climate Change on Forest Biomes
Distribution of Forest Biomes
in 1975
Projected distribution of Forest
Biomes in 2085

Forestry & Climate Change
• Wet savannas are converting into dry savannas .
• Tropical seasonal forests being degraded into
xeric woodlands.
• There would be no wet savanna and tropical
seasonal forests after 2070 to 2100 A.D.
• Acute shortage of water, forest cover and forest
produce envisaged afetr 2020.
• Sharpe decline in minor forest produce and
biodiversity – shall prove detrimental for tribal
communities due to absence of employment.

Red indicates that a change in vegetation is projected at that grid in the
time-period of 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 (under A1B scenario). Green
indicates that no change in vegetation is projected by that period.
Climate Change and Forests
Vegetational changes projected by 2021-2050 and 2071-2100
Based on computer simulation models of National Remote Sensing Agency & ICFRE

Biodiversity Vulnerable Grids of India (marked red) in the A1B
scenario – for India - 2035 and 2085
Climate Change and Biodiversity
Vegetational changes projected by 2021-2050 and 2071-2100

PROJECTED
IMPACT OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ON
FORESTED
GRIDS IN INDIA
A2 SCENARIO
Source: Chaturvedi et al., 2011
39% of the forest grids likely
change under A2 scenario
by 2085 causing loss of
Carbon stock and
biodiversity
1 = stable
grids
2=forest grids
undergoing
change

Forest type distribution and extent
simulated by IBIS for the baseline case
and A1B (2035 and 2085) scenarios. (VT –
refers to Vegetation Types. The numbers
refer to the following vegetation types
1: Tropical evergreen forest / woodland,
2: Tropical deciduous forest / woodland,
3. Temperate evergreen broadleaf forest /
woodland,
4: Temperate evergreen conifer forest /
woodland,
5: Temperate deciduous forest /
woodland,
6: Boreal evergreen forest / woodland, 7:
boreal deciduous forest / woodland, 8:
mixed forest / woodland,
9: Savanna,
10: Grassland/ steppe,
11: Dense shrubland,
12: Open shrubland,
13: Tundra,
14: Desert,
15. Polar desert / rock / ice)

NPP distribution (kgC/m2/year) simulated by IBIS for baseline and A1B scenarios
Impact of CC on Net
Primary
Productivity (NPP)
Current NPP –
835 g C/m3
A2
GHG scenario –
doubling of
NPP predicted
B2
GHG scenario -
73% NPP
increase
predicted
NPP Increase in
all the forest
grids projected
due to CO2
fertilisation
effect

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
RELATED TO FOREST & WILDLIFE
At the time of promulgation of the Constitution of
India, subject of “forests” was kept in the State
List.
“Forests” transferred to the “Concurrent List”, List-
III as Entry–17A and ‘Wildlife’ inserted as Entry-
17B by the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act,
1976.
Article-251 & 254 of the Constitution provides that
state statutes cannot be repugnant to Central
Acts. If there is any repugnancy, it automatically
becomes “null & void”.
Prior approval of Govt. of India is essential for
operation

At the time of promulgation of the Constitution of India,
subject of “forests” was kept in the “State List”.
There was no entry of “wildlife”.
“Forests” transferred to the “Concurrent List”, List-III as
Entry–17A and “Wildlife” as the Entry-17B by the
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
Article-251 & 254 of the Constitution provides that state
statutes cannot be repugnant to Central Acts. If there is
any repugnancy, state statutes automatically becomes
“null & void”.
Constitutional provisions related to
“forest” & “wildlife”
All forest & wildlife statutes - FCA, WLPA, IFA, PESA, STOFDRFRAct
are Central Acts. The statutory reforms are in jurisdiction of the
Parliament. Statutory reforms virtually impossible in near future.

India is signatory of large number
of international conventions
India is signatory of 31 international conventions:
• Basel Convention;
• Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR);
• Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD);
• Committee on Forestry (COFO);
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD);
• Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
• Convention on International Trade of Endangered
Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES);
• Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD);
• Crane Convention;

• Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO);
• Global Forest Resources Assessment;
• Global Legislators Organization for a Balanced
Environment (GLOBE);
• Inter Agency Task Force on Forests (ITFF);
• Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC);
• Inter-governmental Forum on Forests (IFF);
• International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 (ITTA,
1994)
• Montreal Protocol;
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development;
• Ramsar Convention, 1971;
• Special Session of the General Assembly to Review
and Appraise the Implementation of Agenda-21
(UNGASS)];
• UNCHE;

• United Nations Commission on Sustainable
Development (UNCSD);
• United Nations Conference on Environment &
Development;
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP);
• United Nations Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC);
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP);
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change;
• United Nations Forum on Forests;
• Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone
Layer,
• Word Conservation Union;
• World Heritage Convention;

Article-253 of the Constitution
provides that, all the international
conventions, protocols and
treatises are implementable in the
country.

PRECARIONS CONDITION OF INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(SCHEDULE – VIII)
Environment & Residuary
Power
Entries–6,24,27,53, 54 & 97
Union List, List-I
SPCB’S/PCC’S Under
State Government
Mines & Mineral Development
Entry – 54,
List-I, Union List
Entry – 50, List – II
State List
Forest & Wildlife, Land
Entries – 17 A, 17B
Concurrent List
List – III
Entry – 18 State List, List-II
Articles – 245 to 254 deal with Union-State relations. Sometimes
Statutes have overlapping jurisdictions; rarely repugnant also.
Constitutional amendments shall take very long time.
Thus efficiency and attitude of civil services are the key
words for success.

NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1988
• Previous Forest Policies were enunciated in 1894 &
1952.
• Salient features of National Forest Policy, 1988.
– Principal aim - ensuring environmental stability and
maintenance of ecological balance.
– Emphasis on afforestation, social forestry and farm forestry
(extension in non-forest areas).
– Involve local communities in forest protection.
– Enhance investment and other resources for forestry.
Chink.jpg

Principal forest and wildlife statutes
• Indian Forest Act, 1927 (RF and PF cannot be used for
carbon trading purposes).
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (prohibitory in nature,
plantations / forest crop cannot be harvested in protected
areas of the country).
• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (regulate allocation of
forest areas to private entities).
These forest statutes are silent about “carbon
trading”. Thus to facilitate carbon trading in the
country, a statute may be having title “Indian
Carbon Sequestration & Trading Act” should be
enacted in near future. Indian Contract Act is unable
to take care of this complicated issue.

Statutory provision for Environment, Forest
and Wildlife Clearances
• Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006
[under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986].
• Section-2(ii), Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
• Section-38O(g), Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – NPV
is 10 times in national parks and 5 times in wildlife
sanctuaries; can seriously upset cost:benefit ratio.
Other statutory provisions, having high impact on project planning
 Panchayati-raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996.
 Scheduled Tribe & Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
 Governance and administration of Scheduled-V and VI
areas, notified under the Constitution of India.
 Issues of Land Acquisition Act.

 The Act promote exploitation of biodiversity in
regulated manner and not prohibitory or
conservation oriented in nature.
 Recently Forest Department personnel has been
assigned power to take cognizance in the Act
(recently Range Officer is authorised to take
cognizance), though 99% faunal and floral
diversity is found in forest areas only.
Biological Diversity Act, 2002

BIODIVERSITY SECTOR
With over 45,000 plant species, 81,000 animal
species, India is one of the world's 12 mega-
biodiversity centers. The ethos of conservation is
ingrained in India's cultural heritage, developmental
activities are increasingly threatening this rich
biodiversity. Approximately 20 wildlife species are
categorized as "possibly extinct" 1,500 plant species
are considered vulnerable and endangered, and some
breeds have suffered genetic erosion.
Enunciate Biodiversity (Conservation) Policy.
Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act,
1996 or PESA (73rd Constitution Amendment) is not
having overriding effect on IFA or WLPA.

Mangrove Forests – Highly Threatened

Degradation & opening of Sal forests
 Sal forests are now open, crown density reduced to 0.4
or less, degraded, suffering from soil erosion.
 Absence of regeneration, no seedlings or saplings.
 Sal crop is only consisting of pre-selection girth
classes. Death of Sal forests is certain after achieving
senescence.
 Virtually no control over grazing. No Class-I Protected
Area in the administration.

Soil erosion in Sal forests
 Due to senescence in Sal crop, it is desirable to
promote associate species.
 Conserve Sal seed by rotational closure or collection or
blanket ban to promote regeneration.
 Demarcate & monitor “Sal Borer Plots” for disease
surveillance. Sporadic attack still continuing.

 Coppice composition in the canopy cannot be
assessed. However 2 new interpretation
techniques have been developed:
A. Natural Vegetation Differential Index (NVDI).
B. Leaf Area Index (LAI)
But certainly conclusion cannot be inferred whether
these 2 canopy assessment techniques have
been used in satellite maps of FSI.
 Site Quality Assessment could not be possible
earlier. Recently LIDAR (Laser Detection And
Range) has been developed for height assessment.
Sensitive height assessment tool i.e. can measure
10 cms changes. But IRS-C data is not having
compatibility with LIDAR. Serious drawback as
canopy height from the ground is concerned.

Analysis of Crop Assessment – Phoenix
Infestation
 Large scale crop dried and died after Phoenix sylvestris
infestation in Nagri & Sihawa (Dhamtari district, CG) and
Narharpur, Keskal, Korar, Pharasgaon Ranges (Kanker &
Kondagaon district, CG) in 1980s.
 Sal Regeneration absent except Kanha National Park, MP.
 “Sal seed collection”, huge threat to Sal regeneration.
 Critically small “germination period” of 7 days. Monsoon is
shifting to July and August. Genetic incompatibility.

Phoenix sylvestris and P. acualis infestation in Sal

Invasive species in Sal forests, CG -
1
 Invasive species of Opuntia and Cactaii observed in
Korba and Surguja districts of C.G. These species
were not found about 30 years ago.
 These invasive species signify drying of Sal forests.
 Serious “genetic erosion” observed in Sal crop.

Effect of opening of canopy in Sal forest
Encroachments are opening canopy in Sal forest, leading to
drying of forest floor and consequently invasion by invasive
species – making Sal seed germination and
regeneration impossible.

Invasive species in Sal forests, M.P.
Calotropis procera, C. gigantia, Argemone maxicana, one more
species of Argemone genus observed recently.

Invasive species in Sal forests, M.P.
 Invasive species of Ocimum grandisimum (new
invasive species) observed in Mandla, Dindori,
Shahdol and Umaria districts. These species were
not present about 30 years ago.
 Signifying drying of Sal forests.
Solidification of forest floor and baking due to recurrent forest
forest fires biggest hurdle in Sal seed
germination & regeneration

Underground Mining versus Opencast Mining
All “assessment committees” are pressuring
project proponents not to undertake opencast
mining in diversion area.
Compartment RF 830, Beat Karkatti Compartment RF 825, Beat Sironcha

Trees and other vegetation are drying & dying within 10
years of underground mining – study may be carried-out
to establish truth.
Compartment RF 825, Beat Sironcha Compartment RF 830, Beat Karkatti
Leave this technical matter on the wisdom of MOC, MOM
and State MRD for appropriate decision

Assessing Stem Condition in Timber Depot

Teak logs exhibiting signs of senescence
and fire damage

Impact of Sal Borer & consequent heavy
mortality in crop - 1
Caused by larvae of Haplocerambyx spinicornis, Order
Coleoptera. Insecticide or fumigation not possible since
infestation is caused in Monsoon.

Impact of Sal Borer & consequent heavy
mortality in crop
Promote “Biological Control” or increase proportion of
associate species to reduce vulnerability of “Pure Sal” crop.
Root cause of Sal Borere attack – Removal of associate
species of Sal and consequent creation of monolith Sal stands,
poluculture Sal less susceptible to Sal Borer attack.

Sal Regeneration Technique to be adopted on
Technically reclaimed sites and degarded sites
• Protection against biotic interference.
• Deep soil working upto 45 cms depth.
• Collection of winged Sal seed and direct sowing of
five kilogram seeds per ha.
• Monitoring of germination of Sal seeds and
maintaining soil moisture regime if monsoon is
delayed. The soil moisture regime shall be maintained
with the use of geo-textiles, if required.
• Humus enrichment by farm yard manure / sewage
sludge.
• Standardise Sal Nursery and plantation technique for
wide spread application.

Assisted Sal Regeneration
Forest School, Distt. Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh

Assisted Sal Regeneration
Site Ambikapur Nursury, Distt. Surguja, Chhattisgarh. Sal Crop raised in 1984-85

Sal Plantation
Rajgamar Plantation,
CG Forest
Department, Korba
Range,
Korba Division,
Chhattisgarh
Chotia Mine,
Prakash Industries
Hasdeo- Arand
Coalfield, Distt. Korba,
Chhattisgarh
Urgently develop “techniques for Sal plantations”

Typical Teak forests in the country
Site quality degrading very fast, soil fertility going down,
depleting moisture regime

Typical Teak forests in the country
 Economic value fast declining.
 Re-assess site quality of these Teak forests.
 Root-Shoot planting technique is required to be
replaced by Pre-sprout or poly-pot.
 No reduction in “selection girth” below 120cms gbh

Effect of repetitive coppicing in Teak crop
Stump vigor seriously declined due to repetitive coppicing

Effect of repetitive coppicing in Teak
crop

Serious Phoenix sylvestris infestation in
Teak plantations in Mixed forests

Serious attack of Teak Powdery Mildew on
Teak Crop

Serious attack of Teak Leaf Skeltonizer and
Teak Leaf Defoliator in Teak crop

Gall formation and un-sustainable resin
exploitation in associate species
Sterculia urens Boswellia serrata Butea monosperma

Issues of wildlife and
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
Denotification virtually impossible
(HSC order dated 13th November, 2000
National Parks – 85
Wildlife Sanctuaries - 445
Community Reserve - 2
Tiger Reserves - 38
Elephant Reserves – 64
Total Area – 155348.88 sq.kms
App. 4.64% of terrestrial area

Present & Potential “Protected Areas” of India

PROTECTED AREAS &
WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972
Salient features
• Geographical area (including
forest area) under PA network
– 1,55,348 sq. kms.
• New PAs are not being
notified.
Impact of Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
• Rights cannot be acquired or
traded u/s 20, WLPA.
• Most of RF is part of
protected areas.
• Exploitation not possible
under Section-29, WLPA.
• Ban on exploitation &
diversion of protected areas
under orders of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court.
The habitats of protected areas cannot be used for ‘mining
purposes” due to prohibitory legal regime. Even non-
forest area of protected areas cannot be used
(Tahir Ali ver. State of Madhya Pradseh

Typical forest & village mosaic of a protected
area
All non-forest areas situated within external boundary of
protected areas are part of inviolate wildlife habitat.
Gopal Das Mittal ver. State of Madhya Pradesh

Effect of fragmentation of forest & wildlife habitat
corridor

APPLICABILITY OF WLPA
Protected areas
FOREST DEPARTMENT
• National Parks,
• Wildlife Sanctuaries,
• Conservation Reserve
• Community Reserve.
Species specified in
Schedule-I, II, III, IV & VI
having jurisdiction over
6800 species (based on
the Storer & Usinger
Classification
Specified Species
Specified international conventions

Contraction of Asian Elephant Range Over-time

0
FOREST COVER OF CENTRAL INDIA

Forest Cover Map of Madhya Pradesh

Bio-richness Index of Madhya Pradesh

Critical Ground Water Depleting
Regions of Madhya Pradesh

Achieved MAI of 6.00 cmt./ha. / annum in
past 40 years

Landscape Atalas of Madhya Pradesh

Problems faced by forest financing sector
• No effect of injunction issued by MRTPC.
• Collapse of green plantation companies in
1980s and 1990s.
• Fraud and mis-appropriation in “non-
banking financial corporations’ (NBFCs) in
past 2 decades – RBI black-listed 592
companies.
• Investors don’t have faith in such financial
mechanism – as a consequence
mobilising finance virtually impossible.

Resource Allocation in Five Year Plans

Contribution of forest resources to G.D.P.
• The Xth Five Year Plan formulated by the Planning
Commission of India accepts that the “forestry
sector” contributes 2.37% to economic GDP of the
country.
• The budget allocation to “forestry sector” varies from
0.039% to 1.130% only. Massive outflow observed
even in this allocation to “non-forest” purposes.
• The forest areas cannot remain aloof from financial
mechanism, GDP growth rate should be 10-12%.
• Budget resources are drying-up for forestry sector.
Forest have been dis-invested @ 2.16%. The trend
has to be reversed for survival of forest resources.

Causes of failure of Carbon Market
• The scrips of CER, VER, REDD+ & REDD++ are
not commoditized under the Companies Act, 1957.
No investor is interested in unsecured securities.
• CER not secured in land records.
• Risk of “carbon leakages” (PF burdened with Nistar
privileges) – no insurance cover available.
• No digital trading platform available like NSE, BSE,
MCX et.
• No Securities Exchange Board of India Ac, 2005
type Carbon Trading Act. No SEBI type Market
Regulator.
• No depository like NSEL, CDSL etc.
• No Carbon Mutual Funds for small farmers.

Statutory provision for Environment, Forest
and Wildlife Clearances
• Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 [under
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986].
• Section-2(ii), Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
• Section-38O(g), Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 – NPV is 10
times in national parks and 5 times in wildlife sanctuaries;
can seriously upset cost:benefit ratio.
Other statutory provisions, having high impact on project
planning
 Panchayati-raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996.
 Scheduled Tribe & Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
 Governance and administration of Scheduled-V and VI
areas, notified under the Constitution of India.
 Issues of Land Acquisition Act.

Issues related to Scheduled Tribe & Other Traditional
Forest Dweller (Recognition of Forest Right) Act, 2006

• STOTFD(RFR) Act, 2006 enacted and became operational on
1st January, 2007.
• Jurisdiction over all types of forest areas – RF, PF, revenue
forests, village forests, dictionary meaning of forests etc.
• Two types of rights can be claimed:
A. Individuals can claim upto 4.00ha per person.
B. Community can claim any area (without limit).
• Open ended Act. Claims can be put-up any time.
• Forest areas not to be de-notified i.e. both STOTFD(RFR) Act,
2006 and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 shall apply.
• No involuntary eviction / settlement – huge cost shall be
involved.
• Linear projects e.g. roads, transmission line, skyline crane,
conveyor belts, pipelines etc. shall be almost impossible.

Forest Areas Diverted under Forest Rights Act, 2007*
 Individual Forest Rights – 4119650 Acres (@Rs.2.00L=82393 Cr.)
 Forest crop losses - 1716520ha.X40cmt/ha.XRs.20000/cmt
(not including environmental losses Rs. 13732160 Cr.
 Community Forest Rights – 9985095 Acres (@Rs.1.00L=99850 Cr.)
 Total Forest Area - 14104744 Acres
 Total Forest Area Assigned - 5876976 Hectares
 Total Forest Area Assigned - 58769.76 Square Kilometer
 Percentage of forest area assigned - 8.66%
 All data obtained from the “Administrative Report - 2017”, Ministry of Tribal Affairs
 Total losses due to FRA assignment - 182243.00 Crores (forest land only)

Ibex Roasted Alive in the Himalayas in
Intense Forest Fire - 2018

Issues related to Panchayatiraj Extension to
(Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.

Background Information
• India is one of the 12 mega diversity rich country.
Geographical area of India is 32,87,263 sq.kms. with
forest area of 7,69,538 Sq.kms. forest cover of about
23.40%
• The X Fifth Year Plan accepts that forest contribute
2.37% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Resource
allocation to forestry sector is pathetic because
during various Five Year Plans, 0.03 to 0.09%
resources have been allocated to Forestry Sector.
Out of this resource allocation, merely 3-4% have
been actually been utilized in silvicultural operations.
• Require Rs. 8,64,000 Cr (Rs. 3.00 lakhs per ha.,
maintenance 5 years) for developing 2,88,000
sq.kms.

According to the India State of Forest Report,
2015 of Forest Survey of India, 2,87,820 sq.km.
of open degraded forest areas are available
within the country.
 Madhya Pradesh is alone having 36,074 Sq.km, State
with huge potential. Virtually there are no issues
related to “law & order”.
 Maharashtra 21,095 Sq.km.,
 Odissa 20,477 sq.kms,
 Andhra Pradesh 19,297 sq.km.,
 Chhattisgarh 16,600sq.km. etc.
Offer large viable economic potential for
development of plantation industry in the country.

Limitations of Satellite Imaging in India
 Species composition cannot be determined.
 Forests stand composition cannot be determined –
Every forest stand is having a different “Different
Reflectance Signature” (Hyper Spectral Signature,
256 spectral signatures being used in USA, but not
being used in India).
 Mostly satellite imageries of October /
November is used in India – thus seasonal and
phenological occurrence is very
importance because “Chlorophyll Reflectance
Index” is related to – total rainfall, rainfall
distribution, temperature pattern, long and
intermittent rainfall season is likely to interfere in
canopy density determination.

• The 1994 inventory of GHGs for India provides a
comprehensive estimate of emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous
oxide (not controlled by the Montreal Protocol). For a
transparent and comparable inventory, the revised IPCC
guidelines prescribed for development of national GHG
inventories have been applied. Emission coefficients in key
sectors have been developed which include CO2 emission
coefficients for Indian coal types, CO2 and CH4 emission
coefficients for road vehicles, CH4 emission coefficients for
coal mining, enteric fermentation, and rice cultivation.
• In 1994, 1,228,540 Gg of CO2-eq. of anthropogenic
greenhouse gases (GHGs) were emitted from India resulting
in a per capita emission of about 1.3 tons.
• The CO2 emissions were the largest at 793,490 Gg, i.e. 65
per cent of the total national CO2-eq emissions.
• The shares of CH4 and N2O were 31% (18,082 Gg) and 4%
(178 Gg), respectively.
GHG Inventory of India

• Of the total CO2-eq emissions in 1994, the largest
share of 61% was contributed by energy sector,
followed by the agriculture sector at 28%, industrial
process at 8%, waste at 2% and Land use, Land use
Change and Forestry at 1%.
• Total CO2 emitted in 1994 from all the above sectors
was 817,023 Gg and removal by sinks was 23,533
Gg resulting in net emission of 793,490 Gg of CO2.
Carbon Sequestration rate – 3.6 tonne/ha./p.a.
Kind Attention
High carbon sequestration potential exist, but remains
untapped & under utilised, may lead to penalties after 2017.
Sector-wise GHG Contribution

This constituted 65 per cent of the total GHG released
in 1994. CO2 emissions were contributed by activities
in the energy sector, industrial processes, and land
use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). The
relative shares of the three sectors to the total CO2
released from the country were 85%, 13% and 2%t,
respectively. The industrial process sector, which
includes processes such as iron and steel
manufacturing and cement production, is also a major
source of CO2.

• The current population density is 423 persons per sq.kms, per
capita availability of forests (0.06ha. per person) and agricultural
land (0.20ha. per person) is lowest in the developing countries
and exhibiting trend of sharp decline.
• Tribal communities are heavily depending upon harvesting of
forest and biodiversity for life sustenance. May lead to heavy
carbon leakages. This peculiar problem has led to steady decline
in forest cover (refer ‘Status of Forest Reports’ of FSI and ‘State
of the World’s Forests’ of FAO), the country has lost about
27,000 sq.kms. in past 17 years or so.
• The picture is not promising when forest cover is analysed in the
context of productivity, growing stock, site quality, bio-diversity,
almost absence of trees above selection girth, rapid depletion of
mesophytic species and increase of xerophytes, density,
regeneration, MAI, CAI, susceptibility to biotic factors.
• It is imperative for the country to evolve mechanism for reduction
in emissions of GHGs and enhance carbon storage /
sequestration for mitigation of global climate change;
conservation of biological diversity; maintenance of hydrological
cycle and soil conservation.

• The panorama of forests ranges from evergreen tropical
rain forests to dry alpine scrub, semi-evergreen rain
forests, deciduous monsoon forests, thorn forests,
subtropical pine forests, temperate montane forests etc.
Manifold impact of provisions of Kyoto Protocol on India.
• The country is heavily depending upon fossil fuel e.g.
petroleum, natural gas, coal, lignite, naphtha, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG). Due to shortage of supply in
international market, crude petroleum has crossed 68$
per barrel and likely to hover 90-100$ mark.
• This bizarre situation may have negative impact on
economy of the country and growth rate may become
negative by 9-10% to 5-6% per annum depending on the
policy regime & circumstances.
Carbon Sequestration potential and Afforestation

1. The emission trading scheme (Article 17 of Protocol):
 Will allow the developed countries to transfer emission credits to
each other.
 Country that reduces emission more than that required by their
national target under Kyoto Protocol will be able to sell their excess
emission credits to the countries that find it difficult to reduce their
own emissions.
2. Joint Implementation (Article 6 of the Protocol):
 To be implemented between two or more Annex-I countries.
 Credits obtained by investing countries are offset by debits to the
country hosting the project.
3. Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12, Protocol):
 To promote sustainable development by encouraging
investments by Government Governments and private firms in
projects in projects in developing that reduce or avoid emission.
 Developed countries will receive credit against their targets for
emission avoided by these projects.
The innovative market based mechanism of Kyoto protocol:

Principal Mechanism of
Kyoto Protocol
 Clean Development Mechanism.
 Joint Implementation.
 Emissions Trading.

R.E.D.D. & V.E.R. Trading – Amendments
in National Working Plan Code
• The National Working Plan Code (NWPC) has
been notified for management of forest areas.
• The basic tenet of NWPC is to manage forest
resources on the basis of sustainable
‘economic rotation’.
• If V.E.R. trading is considered for forest areas,
the entire process of forest working plans have
to be amended and revised according to
“carbon rotation”.

• The National Working Plan Code (NWPC) has
been notified for management of forest areas.
The basic tenet of NWPC is to manage forest
resources on the basis of sustainable
‘economic rotation’. If VER / REDD / REDD+
Credit trading is considered (may be in
forthcoming Mexico Conference) for forest
areas, the entire process of forest working plans
preparation have to be amended and revised on
the lines of ‘carbon rotation’ in the ecosystem.

Provisions of National Working Plan Code -
I
Paragraph – 15, 16 and 17
• Climate is an active factor in the physical environment of all
living things.
• Climate change and Variability are impacting forest
Ecosystem processes and functioning.
• Response time of forest ecosystems to disturbance ranges
from a very short duration to decades and even centuries,
depending on the condition of the system and the type,
intensity and duration of the external stimuli.
• Development of REDD+ Projects.

Carbon Pool Stock Estimation
Chapter – VI Survey and Assessment of Forest
Resources:
 Baseline Methodologies for timber and various
bamboo species are not yet developed.
 Carbon tables are not available – only volume
table, Yield Tables are available.
 Soil Carbon – virtually no data available,
baseline assessment techniques are not
available.
 State Forest Departments are not having
control over PF, FRA and Schedule-VI areas
(notified under the Constitution of India).

Reserve Forest (RF), Protected Forest (PF), Un-
classed Forest (UF), Land use, Land use change
and Forest (LULUCF)
• Entire forest area is notified as RF and PF . Area of the
forest under different legal classes (Reserve Forest,
Protected Forest, Un-classed Forest, Village Forest etc.)
along with number and date of notification for creation of
reserve / protected forest is given, and mention is made
of various forest settlements.
• Multi-dated satellite images may be used for change
analysis and preparing change matrix.
• Data of non-forest areas are not available. Control of
non-forest areas is not vested with State Forest
Departments.
• Baseline Methodologies for “carbon estimation” at
Landscape level is not available.
• Afforestation of 38.83 lakh hectare of degraded forest
land is a great challenge

Carbon Stock
Carbon Sequestration
• Details of biomass for carbon stock assessment
may be given based on the forest types and land use.
• Enhanced carbon sequestration through recognised
and innovative silivcultural practices, eco-restoration
of degraded / mined out forest lands imporved
biomass productivity etc. results in improving forest
health and vitality.

Carbon Stock Estimation
• The total carbon stocked in the forest is divided into
different pools and the changes in carbon stocks in these
carbon pools are estimated as per Good Practices
Guidance (GPC) developed by Inter-governmental Panel
on Climate (IPCC).
• Changes in carbon stock based on inventory data may
be measured using Stock-Difference method based on tier
2 tier 3 approach of IPCC guidelines.
•Gaps in the information collected from state and national
research organisations (ICFRE Institute) and further
research needs should be explicitly highlighted.

• Forest and Climate Change
• Carbon Pool Stock Estimation
• Reserve Forest (RF), Protected Forest (PF), Un-classed
Forest (UF),
• Land use, Land use change and Forest (LULUCF)
• Carbon Stock Carbon Sequestration
• Ecosystem Management Services
• Carbon Stock Estimation

What is a CER ?
• A Certified Emission Reduction (CER) is the technical term
for the carbon credits output of Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) Projects, Kyoto Protocol.
• CDM Project should result in real, measurable and long-
term benefits in terms of climate change mitigation. The
reductions must also be additional to any that would have
occurred without the Project. A unit of GHG reduction that
has been generated and certified under the provisions of
Kyoto Protocol is termed, as Certified Emission Reduction
(CER) is equal to one tonne of carbon-dioxide equivalent.
• CER is issued through a due diligence process carried out
by the CDM Executive Board, Bonn, and tradable in
international markets.

What is a VER ?
• VER stands for Voluntary Emission Reduction or
Verified Emission Reduction.
• The market for VERs is not currently regulated
in the way that the CER market is. VERs can
vary largely in their quality depending their
verification process - due diligence prior to
making a purchasing decision required.
• High quality VERs should be developed
according to the principles of the CDM or a
recognised standard such as emerging the
Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS).
• A VER credit will do the same as a CER credit.
For instance all CER credits have individual
serial numbers guaranteeing that they cannot
be sold twice.

• VER credits sold by “Carbon Accountable” are ‘pre-
registration CERs’, this means that the project is being
developed under the CDM, but the emission
reductions are generated before the projects is
registered by the Executive Board and thus cannot be
claimed as CERs but are robust, real and verifiable
emission reductions.
• Buyers purchasing VERs from Eco-Securities
customers have the comfort of the Eco-Securities VER
standard which is based on a robust set of criteria,
and, where possible, the requirements of the CDM
and Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) are strictly
adhered to..
• The main concepts behind these VER criteria are that
emissions reductions must be real, measurable,
additional, verifiable and permanent.
• The possibility of VER markets shall be explored for
MP CDM Project.

MADHYA PRADESH C.D.M.
AFFORESTATION & REFORESTATION
PROJECT

Carbon Sequestration Right (CSR)
 The term Carbon Sequestration Right (CSR) is
commonly used to describe the class of property
rights, created under Union / State law, that
recognize the “right of ownership to carbon
sequestered in vegetation” on a particular area of
land. It is not a right to a defined tonnage of CO2.
 Legal nature of a CSR - The legal nature of a CSR
varies and depends on specific contractual
arrangements, circumstances of the land tenure,
and the legislation that applies.
 Currently, there is no ‘special act’ for this purpose.

• All land based projects are
complicated. Land holdings are
small & scattered.
• Multi-stakeholders.
• Long gestation period.
• Exercise of nistar rights by local
communities.
• CSRs are not secured in land &
transferable with it.
• Carbon projects are difficult to
formulate.
• Susceptible to carbon leakages &
high risks.
• People just cannot trust project
promoters / financial institutions due
to past experiences.
Why Carbon Sequestration Projects
requires special consideration ?

A. Definitions :
1. For land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article1 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, the following
definitions shall apply:
(a) “Forest” is a minimum area of land of 0.05-1.0
hectares with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking
level) of more than 10-30 per cent with trees with the
potential to reach a minimum height of 2-5 meters at
maturity in situ. A forest may consist either of closed
forest formations where trees of various stories and
undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground or
open forest. Young natural stands and all plantations
which have yet to reach a crown density of 10-30 per
cent or tree height of 2-5 meters are included under
forest.
Definitions under Marrakash Accord (COP-7)
Deinition of “forest” and “non-forest areas” is quite different
from the definition provided under the
order dated 12th December, 1996 of the
Hon'ble Supreme Court.

Eligibility of land for A&R Project
• The land should not be a part of
‘designated forest area’ notified under
Indian Forest Act, 1927.
• Shouldn’t be under compulsive legal
regime and demonstrate ‘voluntary
additionality’.
• The land should be open, fallow land as on
31 December, 1989 (with evidences of
satellite imageries or documents).
• Community / Panchayat / Gram Sabha land
is also eligible for CDM Projects.

Forest villages and eligibility criteria
• India is having approximately 4000 forest
villages constituted under Rules / executive
instructions.
• Not eligible for CER trading since it forms a
part of RF / PF notified under Indian Forest
act, 1927.
• CCX or VER route may be considered for
this purpose.
• Community land of Panchayats / Gram
Sabha is also eligible for CER / VER trading.

Areas / sectors identified for Phase-I
• District-wise Sub-bundle Projects of Lokvaniki
farmers of Dewas, Harda, Hoshangabad, Betul,
Chhindwara, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Seoni, Mandla
and Narsinghpur.
• District-wise Sub-bundle Projects of plantation
industry and carbon farmers of Indore, Dhar,
Dewas, Jabalpur, Katni, Damoh & Sagar etc.
(23 districts tentatively selected).
• District-wise Sub-bundle Projects of horticulture
farmers – Mango, Jackfruit, Bel, Chironji etc.
Looking to the mammoth size of Madhya Pradesh, response
of plantation industry and carbon farmers, it is proposed to
formulate following Sub-bundle Projects:

• District-wise Sub-bundle Projects of ‘bamboo
farmers’ of Balaghat & Seoni districts (the
baseline methodology is not yet fully developed).
• Company-wise / mineral wise project of mining
companies possessing large land holdings.
• Fallow lands available with Deptt of Water
Resources, Public Works Department, Rural
Development, Railways and Military etc.
• Biofuel plantations.

Risks of A & R Projects
• Registration risk : Dependent upon CDM
Executive Board.
• Baseline risk : Change in parameters of
LULUCF by COP / MOP.
• Performance risk : Non delivery of targets /
shortfalls
• Currently few CERs in the market not yet
fully "commoditized" thus many CER
transactions are directly linked to the
specific CDM Projects. No uniform
transaction structure.

• Uncertainty about post 2008-2012 "first
commitment period".
• A & R crediting may be seen as risk year due to
time lag before actual sequestration, long
gestation period etc.
• Complicated modalities and procedures,
approved methodologies, registration,
verification and monitoring.
• High project development / implementation cost.
• A & R projects are susceptible to weather
conditions and natural forces.
Lesson Learned
Only Government can break this vicious circle with legislative
powers, fiscal resources, capacity to work at landscape level
and enduring risk in registration and operation

GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR BUNDLING
Bundle
Bundle is defined as: “Bringing together of several
small-scale CDM project activities, to form a single CDM
project activity or portfolio without the loss of distinctive
characteristics of each project activity”. Project activities
within a bundle can be arranged in one or more sub-bundles,
with each project activities retaining it distinctive
characteristics – technology / measure; location; application
of baseline methodology.
Sub-bundle
Sub-bundle is defined - “An aggregation of project
activities within a bundle having the characteristics that all
project activities within a sub-bundle belong to the same
type.”

The following principles shall apply to all bundles:
(a) Project activities wishing to be bundled shall
indicate this when making the request for
registration;
(b) Once a project activity becomes part of a
bundle for a project cycle stage, it shall not be
de-bundled for this stage. The Project Board
may consider de-bundling in exceptional
situations;
(c) The composition of bundles shall not change
over time.
General principles for bundling

(d) All project activities in the bundle shall
have the same crediting period ;
(e) A form with information related to the
bundle must be included in the
submission. The form should cover issues
such as title of the bundle, general
description, project participants, locations,
types and categories, estimated amount of
emission reduction, crediting period and
monitoring plans;

Principles applying to bundling of small-scale project
activities of the same type, same category
and technology / measure:
The following principles shall apply to bundling of
small-scale project activities:
 Project activities may use the same baseline
under same conditions (elaborate details);
 One DOE can validate this bundle;
 A common monitoring plan can be utilized for the
bundle with the submission of one monitoring
report, under conditions to be specified.
 All CDM project activities within the bundle should
have same crediting period, i.e. the same length
and same starting date of the crediting period;

 One verification report is adequate, one issuance
will be made at the same time for the same
period, and a single serial number will be issued
for all the project;
 The sum of the size (capacity for type-I, energy
saving for type-II and direct emissions of project
activity for type-III) of the technology or measure
utilized in the bundle should not exceed the limits
for small-scale CDM project activities as set in
paragraph 6(c) of the decision 17/COP.7; and
 Each small-scale CDM project in the bundle
should comply with the simplified modalities and
procedures for small-scale CDM project activities
and use an approved simplified baseline and
monitoring methodology.

Carbon
purchasers
Carbon pool
M.P. CDM Corporation
(the management and
investment SPV)
Carbon
suppliers
Carbon asset or
entitlement and flow
of carbon rights
Carbon liability or
undertaking,
assigning rights to
flow of carbon rights
Possible external
investors or
underwriters
residual carbon rights Pool Management
 Project level carbon accounting,
sequestration predictions and
verification
 Contracts for sale & purchase of
CSR.
 Insurance and risk management
 Allocation of carbon rights
(register and track CER,
income disbursal)
payments payments
$$$
Regional Carbon Pools
for management

• Carbon leakages are serious problem in
‘Bundle CSR Projects’.
• The land in question cannot be ‘locked for
21 or 30 years’ or the farmers may not be
interested in the project. CSRs are
transferable with the land.
• The CSRs would be entered in ‘revenue
records’ and the land would transferable
with these contractual obligations.
Securing Carbon Sequestration Rights
against leakages

There are four general groups of participants in pooling:
 Carbon purchasers;
 Carbon suppliers;
 Those providing management services or inputs
(such as verification of sequestered carbon); and
 Potential external investors or underwriters,
(who may be seeking commercial advantages / returns,).
Carbon Funds pay to the carbon suppliers (land
managers / owners) for undertaking carbon
sequestration in return for those assigning their CSR
to the pool, and thus to the beneficial owners of the
pool. Funds can have contracts with various service
providers for bundle management services, including
a range of specific services associated with
‘producing’ or verifying the sequestered carbon pool.
How carbon pooling shall work

Risks Facing Suppliers and Purchasers of Carbon Rights
Risk Mitigation for supplier Mitigation for
purchasers
Vegetation
fails to
sequester at
predicted
rate
Participating in a carbon pool
may mitigate this risk and
subsequent possible
liabilities, depending on the
contractual obligations of the
supplier to the carbon pool.
Maintain a buffer for this
purpose or trade 98-99% of
CSR.
Investing in a carbon pool as
opposed to a single carbon
producer will mitigate these
risks and subsequent possible
liabilities. Buyers should insist
on a well documented and
considered vegetation
management plan.
Natural
Disaster
Geographical distribution of
re-vegetation sites to mitigate
against destruction from
natural disasters such as fire,
pest attack and flood. Also,
insurance coverage for such
incidents. Participation in a
carbon pool may mitigate
some of these risks and
subsequent liabilities.
Investing in a portfolio of
carbon sequestration projects
can provide a wide
geographical distribution to
mitigate against destruction
from natural disaster.
Consider investing in a carbon
pool that has these qualities in-
built. Also consider insurance
coverage.

Risk Mitigation for supplier Mitigation for
purchasers
Measurement
Integrity
Apply nationally recognized
method of estimating carbon
sequestration. Independent
verification of sequestered
carbon.
Independent verification of
sequestered carbon
Liability for carbon
emission if
vegetation is
removed in the future
(post contractual
period)
Will depend on the obligations of
the supplier to the pool.
Will depend on the
obligations of the pool to
the purchaser.

What is involved in establishing a carbon
pool managing multiple benefit streams
• Flexibility.
• Governance and accountability arrangements.
• Risk sharing and management.
• Administrative costs.
• Taxation issues - payments and benefits are
likely be formulated on the core parameters
governing land management agreements.
To help organisations identify which type of pool or investment
vehicle is likely to be best suited to their needs, the major forms
of investment vehicles that could be used for carbon pooling
(i.e. partnerships, joint ventures and unit trusts) may be
assessed against five criteria:

A. Investing in low cost emission offsets to
prepare for possible emissions constraints;
B. Speculation that carbon sequestration rights
may lead to the grant of carbon credits in the
future;
C. Improving the companies ‘triple bottom line’;
demonstrating good corporate citizenship; and
participating in government programs that
recognises carbon sink offsets,
Parameters for investors decision in
investment for carbon credits
Companies may decide to invest in sequestered
carbon for a variety of reasons, including:

A. Project level carbon accounting,
sequestration predictions and verification;
B. Contracts for sale and purchase of rights
to sequestered carbon;
C. Insurance and risk management;
D. Allocation of rights; and
E. Financial and other reporting.
In some cases, land managers (or chartered
forester) with responsibility for large parcels of land
may choose to establish a pool for only their
holdings, and possibly act as their own pool
manager, to improve management of risks (such as
vegetation failure). A carbon accounting pool could
be responsible for:

Advantage of Carbon Bundling
The advantages of pooling include:
A. Achieving economies of scale, reducing
management and administrative costs, which
can allow broader participation;
B. Allowing better management and servicing
through specialization, including allowing
outsourcing of carbon management functions
where this is not the ‘core business’ or
expertise of an organisation; and
C. Providing better risk management for
investors and land-holders. for both
management expenses and cost savings.
D. Geographical distribution act as insurance
against “carbon leakages”.

E. Additional expenses or savings will be
incurred in requirements to register and
track the CER and obligations of all pool
participants, relative to the situation where
an entity manages its own rights and
obligations.
F. Cost savings may arise from the economies
of scale in managing carbon
sequestration activities (i.e vegetation
management, carbon predictions,
estimates and verification) in a carbon
pool structure.
G. Plantation crops like Mango, Rubber, Palms,
Coconut, Tea, Coffee, Pepper, Cashew etc.
can also considered, participate and reap
additional economic benefits.

Types of Degraded Forest Areas in M.P.
• The Land Capability Classification is governed by
All India Site Quality or M.P. Site Quality.
• The top site qualities of I, II, II/III are not likely to
be leased due to various factors.
• The site qualities of IIIa, IIIb, IVa and IVb are
most suitable for plantation industry. atisfactory
site quality with adequate IRR and institutional
finance possible.
• Site qualities of Va and Vb – extremly low
productivity, fertility; tangible profit not possible.
Yield & Volume Tables are available for
most of the species

Extremely degraded sites conforming to
All India Site Quality Va and Vb
Low Internal rate of Return (IRR)
Debt servicing may be difficult

Effect of shelterbelt on habitation
and cultivation

Maps and satellite imageries
Forest maps are vital for silviculture crop assessment and
determination of Net Present Value (vital document)

Forest Satellite Imagery – only land-use
discernible, legal status cannot be ascertained
“Gap Light Analyser” is available for Crown Density
Determination. Th forest crop should be analysed on crown
density, site quality, regeneration, Yield Table parameters,
Basal Area calculation based on Wedge Prism.

Soil Moisture Conservation & Catchment
Area Treatment Plan

Percolation Tank - South Sagar Division

Welcomes You
M.P. Rajya Van Vikas Nigam Ltd.

 MPRVVN at a Glance
 Objects of the incorporation of MPRVVN
 Pending proposals of forest area transfer
 Sale of Teak root-shoot to M.P. Forest
Department
 Budget provision for “A & C Type” Area Treatment
 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
 Plantation area transferred to Buffer Zone of
Satpuda Tiger Reserve.
 Issues of Wildlife Management
Overview of the Presentation for
Coordination between Forest Department and MPRVVN

MPRVVN at a Glance
Date of Incorporation 24th July 1975
Status Incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 (now
Companies Act, 2013) as a PSU owned by the Government.
Share Capital
Authorised Share Capital Rs. 40.00 Crore
Paid-up Share Capital Rs. 39.32 Crore
Govt. of India Rs. 1.39 Crore (Share holding 3.53%)
Govt. of M.P. Rs. 37.93 Crore (Share holding 96.47%)
Total Rs. 39.32 Crore
Board of Directors Max limit of Directors is 11
Accounts Status Accounts for the Financial Year 2012-13 has been adopted
by share holders and have been placed before the Vidhan
Sabha in March 2014
Lease Rent Rs 66.40 Crore to GoMP (for the Financial Year 2012-13)
Dividend Rs. 9.24 Crore (GoI Rs. 0.33 Crore & GoMP Rs. 8.91 Crore)
Transferred Area to Nigam 4.25 Lakh Ha. (retained 3,80,000ha.)
Net Worth of Plantation Rs. 3500 Crore (approximately)

 To accelerate and augment forestry production by creating
plantations of
• Fast growing species
• Species of higher economic value
• Species capable of diversified use for industrial and
commercial purposes.
 To bring suitable forest areas under intensive Management
Practices in order to improve, enrich and enhance production,
both in quantity and quality.
 To undertake maintenance, preservation, protection and
development of existing fauna.
 To carry on business of felling, converting, dragging, hauling,
marketing, processing, standardising, grading, sorting,
distributing, selling and carrying out all aspects of exploitation of
forest products grown, raised or otherwise found naturally.
Objects of the incorporation of MPRVVN

POLICY REGIME & FOREST COVER
• National Forest Policy, 1988 and several State Forest
Policies stipulate 33% forest cover on geographical area.
• Forest cover around 23% app. (including tree cover
outside forest areas). Extreme problems in spatial
distribution of forest cover.
• High density population – 434 persons / sq. kms.
• If we analyze forest cover in terms of productivity [0.69
cmt./ha./annum, world average 3.10 cmt./ha./annum],
growing stock, site quality, biodiversity, almost absence
of trees above selection girth, density, regeneration,
MAI, CAI, susceptibility to biotic pressures, declining
mesophytic species, increasing dominance of xerophytic
species, rapidly drying forest area due to repeated
coppicing – scenario is not promising.
• Scenario is uniform through-out Asia, barring Japan &
Malasia.

Principal forest and wildlife statutes
• Indian Forest Act, 1927 (RF and PF cannot be
used for carbon trading purposes.
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (prohibitory in
nature, plantations / forest crop cannot be
harvested in protected areas of the country).
• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (regulates
allocation of forest areas to private entities and
diversions) – Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2003
are silent and Guidelines just not notified.
The Section-2(iii) of Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980 provides framework for
Public – Private – Partnership / forest land leasing

Statutory Regime
• Indian Forest Act, 1927 is silent on allocation of
forest areas.
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Section-20, 29, 50 &
51) is prohibitory and ban exploitation of habitat of
protected areas for commercial purposes.
• All State Acts are silent on the subject.
• Section-2(iii), FCA provides the insight into
“assignment of forest lands”.
• Precedence of allocation of forest land – V.R.
Thirumalaiswami Goundur v/s Chief Conservator of
Forests, AIR, 1996, Kerala 213 at 218 (DB).
If forest land can be assigned for “non-forest” purposes, it can be allotted
for “afforestation & reforestation” purposes also.

Level of Ignorance & Lessons
The FCA has got 4 well defined jurisdictions:
– Section-2(i) : De-notification of forest areas.
– Section-2(ii) : Diversion of forest areas.
– Section-2(iii) : Assignment of forest areas.
– Section-2(iv) : Treatment of forest crop under
duly sanctioned working plan
The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2003 (as
amended 2004 & 2014) provides for “diversion of
forest areas” and silent on other 3 jurisdictions.
Security of Investment
Legislative framework is a must to boost “security of investment”
and “trouble free implementation”.
No forest land lessee; CER, VER, CSR buyer shall come to
purchase “unsecured lease rights / property”.

Why a special / specific Act is necessary?
• The Union of India can enact “Indian Carbon
Sequestration & Trading Act”, under “Residuary
Powers” of the Constitution (there is no other
alternative).
• FCA is having just 5 sections, briefest Act of the
country (after Power of Attorney Act, having 4
sections).
• Civil Writ Petition No. 202/95, T.N. Godavarman
Thirumulkpad ver. Union of India & Others
Intense litigation for past 18 years due to badly
drafted statute. What will happen in the absence
of statute, anybody can visualise?

Constitutional Amendment
At present there is no specific entry
(except residuary powers) to empower
Union or State Governments to legislate
on ‘carbon trading’ or specifically ‘carbon
sequestration rights’. Insert a new entry in
Concurrent List, List-III, Seventh
Schedule, Constitution of India to facilitate
legislation, governance and administration
of these matters.

PROTECTED AREAS &
WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972
Salient features
• Geographical area (including
forest area) under PA network
– 1,55,348 sq. kms.
• New PAs are not being
notified.
Impact of Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
• Rights cannot be acquired or
traded u/s 20, WLPA.
• Most of RF is part of
protected areas.
• Exploitation not possible
under Section-29, WLPA.
• Ban on exploitation &
diversion of protected areas
under orders of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court.
The habitats of protected areas cannot be used for
‘leasing ‘or ‘carbon trading” purposes due to
prohibitory legal regime.

Present & potential Protected Areas of India

Promotion of plantation Industry
• Develop computer based yield and growth models of All
India Site Qualities & State Site Qualities. Since these vital
planning tools are are not available, hence determination of
growth and attainment of selection girth is difficult for
timberlands.
• In India most of the plantation industries are raising even-
aged, monoculture crops. To exploit the potential of the site
entire biomass production / biological growth should be
developed. This planning is necessary to have consistently
regular intermittent IRR, otherwise most of the plantation
industries may face financial problems in the second half of
economic rotation period.
• Consider diverting ‘forest land’ for industrial / biofuel
plantations under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Legally it
is feasible – if forest land can be diverted for non-forest
purposes, it can be assigned for afforestation purposes also.

• “Market Research” on “Macro & Micro
Economic trends of demand and supply of
tropical timber species and paper pulp”
may be analysed specially with reference
to the Asia-Pacific region.
• Paper and plywood industry has shown
interest in raising plantations on forest
land. But the country is not having any
professional timberland management
corporations to enthuse modern technical
inputs in the plantation sector.

Public – Private – Partnership Projects

• All land based Public – Private –
Partnership projects are
complicated – land acquisition
costly, time consuming & not
feasible
• Land holdings are small &
scattered, hence not viable.
• Multi-stakeholders.
• Long gestation period.
• Exercise of nistar rights by local
communities in PF.
• Difficult to formulate.
• Past experiences not promising.
Why “Public – Private – Partnership
forest land leasing” projects requires
special consideration ?

Prerequisite for
Public – Private – Partnership Models
• Should be acceptable to financial
institutions.
• Pledging / mortgaging of forest land not
permitted, since all rights are vested in the
State Government. The PPP partner shall
provide collateral security for this purpose.
• If possible, the operator to exploit only
“usufruct crop” and not major forest
produce. Relaxation for paper & pulp
industry.

• The PPP models may be uniform to all
locations or different area specific models
and agreements to be designed &
developed.
• The other Public – Private – Partnership
models shall be studied before arriving to
select best model.
The subject matter is open for discussions

Fiasco of Previous Attempts
• Government of M.P. enunciated “M.P. Promotion of Forest
Based Industries Policy, 1977”. Collapsed due to ad-
hocism of IDC and interference.
• In the 1996, State Government invited tenders for
“allocation of forest lands” without obtaining prior approval
under FCA. Tantamount to contravention of the Act.
Consequently not allowed by Hon’ble Supreme Court.
• GOI took strong objection to misdemanur.
• Modalities were not visualized to take care of
eventualities.
Obtain prior approval under Section-2(ii) and 2(iii) of
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
No tempering of system to favour selected few.

National Biofuel Policy, 2008
• Recently the Union Cabinet has approved the
draft of National Biofuel Policy, 2008.
• The National Biofuel Policy, 2008 promotes
allocation of “forest lands” for biofuel cultivation

Model -1 for forests land leasing
• Identification of degraded forest land viz.
compartment numbers, forest blocks with geo-
coordinates (to avoid confusion & litigation),
determination of site quality for assessment of
“premium” and “lease rent”.
• State Government & MPSFDC shall approach
Ministry of Environment & Forests & CC for prior
approval under Section-2(iii) of Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980.
• All statutory clearances to be secured, before
tender is invited for forest land. Virtually trouble free
implementation of the project.

• No allocation of forest land under any circumstances. The
bidder would be selected based on tender, fair
transparent, competitive bidding etc.
• Selection of successful bidder based on a mathematical
formula of “premium” (bidders may be required to quote
heighest premium for selection process) and “lease rent”
– shall be notified with the tender notice.
• Total enumeration of forest crop before handing-over
possession, existing working plan to be revoked, investor
shall get prepared his own WP in consonance with the
objectives of the lease management.
• “Performance Guarantee” (BG / FDR) equal to 5 times of
premium to be submitted before possession. Renewal
mandatory or cancellation of lease.
Model -1 for forests land leasing (contd.)

Proposed Public – Private – Partnership Model for
development of degraded forest lands
Investor
Forest area under Lease (Bio-fuel
/ raw material cultivation with
exclusive rights to Investor).
Communities cannot interfere
Project
Proponent
Forest
DepartmentJFMC
Nistar and Grazing
Lands (30% of
lease area)

Model for Public – Private – Partnership.

• Lease period of 40 years, can be extended for
20 years, long lease period required looking to
heavy investment, delayed break-even point,
low IRR, 8 to 10 rotation of forest crop should
be possible. Corollary can be drawn from
Section-8(2) of Mines & Mineral (Development
& Regulation) Act, 2010.
• About 30% lease area shall be ear-marked for
exercise of Nistar privileges by communities,
shall be developed with investment by forest
lessee and administered & managed by State
Forest Department. No interference in rest 70%
area by communities.

• Once working plan is approved for the lease
area, no interference by the State Government.
• “Premium” and “Annual Lease Rent” is payable
by the lessee to the State Government. Annual
Lease Rent is to be revised every 5 years. The
revision criteria shall be transparent, without any
arbitrary clause. May be linked with Wholesale
Price Index (WPI) or Consumer Price Index
(CPI).
• The current grass / fodder production about
0.75-1.00 tonnes / ha. The successful lessee to
share 2.00 tonnes forage / ha. with communities.
But no grazing to be allowed in lease area.

• The investor shall be allowed to carry-out soil –
moisture conservation measures and develop
water harvesting structures for irrigation of
plantations.
• A proposal would be submitted to treat
expenditure on SMC as “capital losses” under
Income Tax Act, 1961.
• The investor shall employ local labours for
plantation operations.
• The standing crop (Crop-I) shall be harvested by
State Government on attaining rotation. Lessee
shall be held responsible for “illicit fellings”.

• STOTFD(RFR) Act, 2006 enacted and became operational on
1st January, 2007.
• Jurisdiction over all types of forest areas – RF, PF, revenue
forests, village forests, dictionary meaning of forests etc.
• Two types of rights can be claimed:
A. Individuals can claim upto 4.00ha per person.
B. Community can claim any area (without limit).
• Open ended Act. Claims can be put-up any time.
• Forest areas not to be de-notified i.e. both STOTFD(RFR) Act,
2006 and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 shall apply.
• No involuntary eviction / settlement – huge cost shall be
involved.
• Linear projects e.g. roads, transmission line, skyline crane,
conveyor belts, pipelines,

• Topsy turvey settlement process – Gram sabha, Block
Committee and ultimate decision at District Committee.
Pressure to accept all claims.
• Bamboos have been brought under STOTFD(RFR) Act,
2006. Authority to issue “transit pass” assigned to
Panchayats (particularly Maharashtra) – shall be an issue
in Bamboo based models.
• No procedure provided in STOTFD(RFR) Act, 2006 to
acquire once settled rights of individuals or communities.
• Improper and ambiguous record maintenance by Deptt. Of
Tribal Welfare.
• The Section-3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12 and 25 (easement) of the
Limitation Act, 1963 provides 3 years time frame for
submitting claims. It is proposed to consult Ministry of Law
& Legislative Affairs on this issue.

• Enacted to provide jurisdiction to Panchayats
over subjects of local importance.
• Section-4(m) provides that Panchayats shall
have jurisdiction over “minor forest produce”.
• “Reserve forest” (RF) and “protected forests”
(PF) notified under Indian Forest Act, 1927 are
not in jurisdiction of Panchayats. But PRIs
claiming jurisdiction over RF and PF.
• Jila Panchayats and Janpad Panchayats are not
having jurisdiction over RF and PF.
• The 73rd Constitution Amendment provides
jurisdiction of Panchayats over -
A. social forestry and farm forestry.
B. Minor Forest Produce (MFP).
Issues related to Panchayatiraj Extension to
(Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.

• All statutory clearances (forest & environment
clearances) shall be obtained before inviting tender; it
will ensure trouble free operation of lease mechanism.
• No time lag in lease operation.
• Diversion of forest land shall not be allowed in
contravention of Section-2(ii) of Forest (Conservation)
Act, 1980.
• Land use cannot be changed under any circumstances.
• The lessee is required to maintain 3% area for wildlife
and another 3% for biodiversity conservation.
• Low height plantations under conductors of
transmission lines. Canal side side plantations would
be permitted.

• The lease area shall continue to be governed under
Indian Forest Act, 1927; Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
• The State Government shall reserve the right to
sanction / allow diversion / fragmentation of lease
area in certain site specific, infra-structure projects.
For such eventualities specific clause shall be
inserted in the contract with suitable compensation
mechanism.
• At the conclusion of lease, the lessee shall be
allowed to harvest 66% forest crop in all girth
classes and balance 34% shall be left intact
(uniformly spread over landscape). Up-rooting of
stumps not allowed under any circumstances.

• Certain areas may be allowed to be developed for
wilderness / eco-tourism with very stringent
conditions / riders.
• Would be our endeavor to obtain concessions
under Stamp Duty Act for documentation
purposes.
• The State Government may like to retain “Carbon
Sequestration Rights” (CSR) for the lease area.
• The project proponent shall be under statutory
obligation to carry-out “corporate social
responsibility” operations as provided in Schedule-
VII of the Companies Act, 2013.

A Forest Management Plan should be included as
an annexure to the “forest land leasing” contract.
The template can be developed for a “Forest
Management Plan” to provide guidance on the
planning and operational issues to be considered
for any forest sequestration project. The basic
template provided in the National Working Plan
Code can be used for this purpose and in the
“Report on Planning Forest Sinks Projects”.
Scope of Forest Management Plan in
Contractual Framework

Public – Private – Partnership for
Development of Degraded Forest Areas

• The section-2(ii) also applies in the matter.
• The “Explanation” under Section-2 provides that
“cultivation of oil seeds is non-forest activity”. If
these 2 stipulations are complied with, biofuel /
cultivation of any other species is permitted as
under:
A. No species can occupy more than 49%
of area.
B. The species should be native and part
of overall afforestation programme.
Afforestation Module can be designed to satisfy
these stipulations without causing contraventions of
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Scope of Contract for Forest Land Leasing
• Recitals & Definitions
• Interpretation
• Term of agreement
• Sale / payment arrangements
• Establishment and management of
vegetation – rotation, felling cycle etc.
• Contract Framework for Public – Private –
Partnership the State Government may
retain CSR in its favour to be traded under
CCX / Voluntary Carbon Scheme / Bali
Action Plan.

• Project boundaries.
• Harvesting – species, rotation, felling
cycle, coupe control forms to be
maintained etc
• Carbon accounting.
• Rights and Obligations.
• Investors.
• Assignment / transfer.
• Dealings with the Land Registration.
• State legislation (MPLRC) may provides
for the Lease Agreement to be registered
on title at the applicable Revenue /
Settlement Office.
• Mechanism for inventory monitoring.

• Common Contract Clauses
• Warranties
• Costs and stamp duty
• Goods and services tax
• Notices
• Amendment
• Waiver of rights
• Delay
• Partial exercise
• Waiver
• Severing provisions

• MPRVVN having 3,80,000ha. Of forest land,
carrying-out Teak and Bamboo plantations.
Treating 11,000ha. per annum and this rate can
be doubled to 22,000 to 25,000ha. without much
problem; financial mobilisation is possible.
• The under-storey of these plantations can be
developed by Bamboo plantation for supply of
raw material to plantation industry.
• Bipartite agreement can be entered after the
proposal has been approved by the Board of
Directors and the Government of M.P.
Model - 2 for forests land leasing – Bipartite
agreement for supply of raw material

Achieved MAI of 6.00 cmt/ha./annum in
past 40 years

• The prior approval from the Ministry of Environment &
Forests under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 is not
required. Sanction of Working Plan deviation would be
mandatory; MPSFDC would obtain sanction.
• No issues related to Forest Rights Act, 2007, Nistar
supply, illicit felling etc.
• MPSFDC can demarcate hinterland for supply of raw
material.
• Prior investment would be required from the investor
in this Model-2. The highest bidder can become entitle
for supply of raw material @ specified rate plus taxes.
Model - 2 for forests land leasing (contd.)Model - 2 for forests land leasing – Bipartite
agreement for supply of raw material

Financial Benefits of leasing operations
• At present these “degraded forest lands” are not
generating “income” rather proving financial, scenic
and aesthetic liabilities.
• The “Public – Private – Partnership” for degraded
forest land leasing shall earn “premium” at the time
of signing of agreement to the State Government.
The PPP shall attract “bhu-bhatak” (lease rent)
every year.
• Raw material to industry, import substitution.
• The assignment shall attract investment and
generate employment.
• Great boost to dairy development.
• Enhanced ecological stability.

Forest Finance Corporation
• Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) has been designed by
the Government to boost particular sectors – IRCON,
IDBI, PFC, PTC etc. Desired results have delivered by
these SPVs.
• SPV is a must due to these reasons –
A. Long gestation period of 30 years or more.
B. Long and uncertain break-even point.
C. Low IRR may be of 12-13% only.
D. Mostly projects are not bankable due to low IRR.
• Silvicultural tools – growth data, yield table are not
available.
• Market Research and trends of macro-economic demands
and supply are not available for future projections.

Purpose of Investments
• Finance to Lokvaniki farmers, project
proponents of plantation industry for extension in
non-forest areas. Establishing bundle & sub-
bundle project(s) including bamboo and
horticulture projects.
• Finance to FDAs and JFMCs on loan basis.
Loan for forest management for generating
tangible economic profits for “debt servicing”. At
present JFMCs are not legal entities, nobody
would enter into contract with them, make legal
bodies (can sue others and sued in turn with civil
and criminal liabilities).

Forest Finance Corporation – Raising
Share Capital
• Incorporate “Forest Finance Corporation” to
augment long term fiscal resources for forest
financing.
• Authorised capital Rs. 8000 to 10000 crores.
• The CAMPA is having Funds of Rs. 60,000Cr.
About Rs. 11,000Cr. Is untied fund and can be
mobilised for the purpose of SPV. Share capital
can be raised from NPV available with CAMPA.
• Venture Funds may be invited through FIPB at low
interest rates.

Raising Debt Capital
• Accord status of “plantations” as “industry”.
• Can raise cheap capital by issuing ‘capital gains bonds’
under Section-54EA, 54EB and 54EC of Income Tax
Act, 1961. (RBI and Ministry of Finance approval
mandatory). Rate of interest 6.5% only.
• Explore possibilities of raising ‘social venture funds’
(with approval of SEBI and FIPB).
• Soil conservation works may be treated as “capital
losses” under Income Tax Act, 1961. Indexing of soil
conservation works is possible for assessment
purposes.
• FFC may be made subsidiary of MPSFDC and allowed
to raise “debt capital” by issuing capital gain bonds /
“secured bonds / debentures”.

RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018

RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018

More from RavindraSaksena

Recently uploaded

RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018