This document provides information about different shapes used in structures and how they respond to loads. Rectangles bend and fail under heavy loads, while arches and triangles perform better up to a point. Arches spread apart when overloaded, and triangles eventually snap under too much tension. Bracing helps reinforce structures by resisting bending and spreading forces. The shape of a structure significantly impacts its strength and stability.
The presentation was discussed during an expert talk held at SSASIT, Surat by Prof. Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt. The presentation was compiled of various sources by the UNDP India as a part of capacity building for the UEVRP in action during the year 2009.
Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for building ...Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt
The presentation covers the scenario post a hazard of Earthquake turned into a disaster. Further, it includes the basic terminology, dynamics of EQ event, and suggests remedial practices for structural and non-structural elements of a building. Purpose the compilation is to sensitize learners.
Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of B...ijtsrd
This document discusses earthquake resistant architecture and focuses on three main points:
1. Earthquake construction requires collaboration between engineers and architects. Architectural design impacts earthquake forces and how buildings resist them.
2. Non-structural architectural aspects like wall layout and construction methods also impact earthquake performance. Architects must understand earthquake effects and engineers must understand traditional construction.
3. The document outlines various seismic design principles and criteria for architects to consider, like increasing seismic coefficients with height and placing heavy loads on lower floors. It also discusses traditional construction methods that can improve earthquake resistance like using special concrete blocks that allow for reinforcement without shuttering.
Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It begins by defining earthquakes as sudden movements of the earth's surface that can range from tiny to several feet and release enormous amounts of energy, greater than a nuclear bomb. It then explains that earthquake resistant designs analyze the forces that would act on buildings during earthquakes to ensure the structure can withstand them. Key earthquake resistant techniques discussed are base isolation devices that separate the building from the ground using rubber devices, and seismic dampers that absorb seismic wave energy. Specific seismic damper types including viscous, friction, and yielding dampers are also mentioned.
This document discusses low-cost earthquake resistant housing construction techniques in India. It begins by describing the damage caused by a 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India. It then discusses traditional housing construction methods commonly used in rural India, such as mud-walled houses and bamboo-walled houses. These traditional methods can provide earthquake resistance through ductile materials, robust architectural forms, and resilient structural configurations. The document recommends applying these traditional low-cost techniques to develop affordable, earthquake-resistant housing.
Unit 1 lesson 01 (introduction to reinforced concrete design)LumagbasProduction
The document discusses various topics related to reinforced concrete design including:
1. Cover requirements for reinforcement in concrete depending on exposure ranging from 75mm for footings to 20mm for interior members.
2. Different types of beams including simply supported, cantilever, and continuous beams.
3. Requirements for reinforcement development including minimum embedment lengths, standard hook sizes, and anchorage.
4. Descriptions of reinforced concrete elements like columns, footings, and one-way slabs along with their minimum thickness requirements.
Earthquake Resistant designs with exp... all the things u need to knowPrateek Srivastava
This document provides information on earthquake resistant building designs. It discusses what earthquakes are, why they are deadly, India's earthquake risk profile, and the need for earthquake resistant design. Some important considerations for design include configuration, ductility, quality control, base isolation, passive energy dissipating devices, and active control systems. Historical examples of seismic vibration control techniques are also presented, such as dry stone walls and base isolators.
The presentation was discussed during an expert talk held at SSASIT, Surat by Prof. Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt. The presentation was compiled of various sources by the UNDP India as a part of capacity building for the UEVRP in action during the year 2009.
Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for building ...Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt
The presentation covers the scenario post a hazard of Earthquake turned into a disaster. Further, it includes the basic terminology, dynamics of EQ event, and suggests remedial practices for structural and non-structural elements of a building. Purpose the compilation is to sensitize learners.
Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of B...ijtsrd
This document discusses earthquake resistant architecture and focuses on three main points:
1. Earthquake construction requires collaboration between engineers and architects. Architectural design impacts earthquake forces and how buildings resist them.
2. Non-structural architectural aspects like wall layout and construction methods also impact earthquake performance. Architects must understand earthquake effects and engineers must understand traditional construction.
3. The document outlines various seismic design principles and criteria for architects to consider, like increasing seismic coefficients with height and placing heavy loads on lower floors. It also discusses traditional construction methods that can improve earthquake resistance like using special concrete blocks that allow for reinforcement without shuttering.
Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It begins by defining earthquakes as sudden movements of the earth's surface that can range from tiny to several feet and release enormous amounts of energy, greater than a nuclear bomb. It then explains that earthquake resistant designs analyze the forces that would act on buildings during earthquakes to ensure the structure can withstand them. Key earthquake resistant techniques discussed are base isolation devices that separate the building from the ground using rubber devices, and seismic dampers that absorb seismic wave energy. Specific seismic damper types including viscous, friction, and yielding dampers are also mentioned.
This document discusses low-cost earthquake resistant housing construction techniques in India. It begins by describing the damage caused by a 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India. It then discusses traditional housing construction methods commonly used in rural India, such as mud-walled houses and bamboo-walled houses. These traditional methods can provide earthquake resistance through ductile materials, robust architectural forms, and resilient structural configurations. The document recommends applying these traditional low-cost techniques to develop affordable, earthquake-resistant housing.
Unit 1 lesson 01 (introduction to reinforced concrete design)LumagbasProduction
The document discusses various topics related to reinforced concrete design including:
1. Cover requirements for reinforcement in concrete depending on exposure ranging from 75mm for footings to 20mm for interior members.
2. Different types of beams including simply supported, cantilever, and continuous beams.
3. Requirements for reinforcement development including minimum embedment lengths, standard hook sizes, and anchorage.
4. Descriptions of reinforced concrete elements like columns, footings, and one-way slabs along with their minimum thickness requirements.
Earthquake Resistant designs with exp... all the things u need to knowPrateek Srivastava
This document provides information on earthquake resistant building designs. It discusses what earthquakes are, why they are deadly, India's earthquake risk profile, and the need for earthquake resistant design. Some important considerations for design include configuration, ductility, quality control, base isolation, passive energy dissipating devices, and active control systems. Historical examples of seismic vibration control techniques are also presented, such as dry stone walls and base isolators.
tells about how the earthquakes are happen, effect of earthquakes on buildings and design methods to be followed to design earthquake resistance building.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It covers topics such as plate tectonics, earthquake hazards, classification of earthquakes, principles of earthquake-resistant design, Indian seismic codes, shear walls, case studies of past earthquakes, and techniques like base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings uplifted. The overall aim is to educate on designing and building structures that can better withstand seismic activities and reduce damage through engineering strategies.
This document summarizes techniques for earthquake resistant building construction. It discusses how earthquake resistant buildings differ from traditional buildings in their design. Some techniques discussed include using reinforced hollow concrete block masonry, which uses reinforced blocks as load-bearing walls and shear walls. Mid-level isolation is described as installing base isolation systems on intermediate floors of existing buildings. Slurry infiltrated mat concrete is presented as a new type of concrete being developed to prevent building collapse. Traditional earthquake resistant housing styles from various regions of India are also overviewed.
The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.
1) The document discusses how different types of buildings are affected by earthquakes depending on the building's height and the frequency of seismic waves. Tall buildings are more affected by long period waves while small buildings are more affected by high frequency waves.
2) A demonstration is described showing how spaghetti noodles can be used to model how buildings of different heights resonate at different frequencies, with potential building damage.
3) Examples are given of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake where medium height buildings between 6-15 stories suffered most damage due to resonance with amplified seismic frequencies in the local subsurface geology.
Earthquake Resistant Building ConstructionRohan Narvekar
This File comprises of a general information and guidelines for construction of Earthquake Resistant buildings, Its a basic study of the same and may help students and learners for overall information of this technology.
Friction is a force that opposes the motion of objects in contact with each other and comes in different types including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Examples provided include humans walking using static friction between their feet and the ground, cars stopping using brakes that create friction between tires and the road, and fluids moving through pipes due to greater friction outside than inside the pipe. The document concludes by describing an activity where students will predict and test how factors like surface materials affect the motion of toy cars down ramps.
A structure is defined as anything composed of distinct parts that are purposely connected or joined together to form a whole. The document discusses forces, loads, and efforts, defining a force as anything that can change the shape or motion of an object. It also lists previous questions about forces and the function of an object's structure.
1) Structures exist everywhere in nature and in man-made objects. They provide support, containment and protection.
2) There are two main types of structures - natural and manufactured. Natural structures like trees evolved in nature, while manufactured structures like bridges are built by humans.
3) Structures must be able to withstand various forces like tension, compression, and bending without failing. The type of force determines the stress on the structural member.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
The document discusses different types of frame structures used in construction including post and lintel, simple frame, multiple frame, concrete frame, steel frame, and wooden frame structures. It defines key terms like tension, compression, bending, and shear. It provides examples of different frame structures and outlines their advantages and uses.
This document provides information on loads, structures, and their design. It discusses:
- Types of loads structures must support, like fixed loads from walls/roofs and variable loads from people/furniture.
- Functions of structures like supporting loads, resisting forces, providing shape and protection.
- Types of structures including frames, shells, massive, latticed, triangulated and suspended.
- Efforts structures must withstand like tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion. Basic structural elements and how materials and shapes influence a structure's resistance.
- Factors like rigidity, stability, center of gravity, anchoring and triangulation that determine a structure's ability to withstand loads
This document provides information on loads, structures, and their design. It discusses:
- Types of loads structures must support, like fixed loads from walls/roofs and variable loads from people/furniture.
- Functions of structures like supporting loads, resisting forces, providing shape and protection.
- Types of structures including frames, shells, massive, latticed, triangulated and suspended.
- Efforts structures must withstand like tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion. Basic structural elements and how materials and shapes influence a structure's resistance.
- Factors like rigidity, stability, center of gravity, anchoring and triangulation that determine a structure's ability to withstand loads
This document provides an overview of structures and structural design. It defines key terms like force, stress, load, and different types of stresses. It also describes common types of structures like framed, vaulted, lattice, suspended and shell structures. The basic elements of structures like foundations, walls, beams and arches are identified. Finally, it discusses the important structural conditions of stability, resistance and rigidity and methods to achieve each one through considerations like material choice, shape design and structural connections.
This document discusses different types of structures and structural elements. It describes frame structures which have a skeleton framework and shell structures which rely on their molded shape for strength. It defines structural members, loads, and different types of forces including tension, compression, shear, torsion, and bending. It also outlines common structural elements such as beams, bridges, cantilevers, columns, ties, struts, and triangulation and provides examples of each. Finally, it notes some ways structures can impact the environment, both positively and negatively.
Fixed and variable loads act on structures. Structures must support loads, resist forces, provide shape and protection. Their functions can overlap. Structures are natural or manufactured. Manufactured structures include frames, shells, and constructions like massive, vaulted, triangulated and suspended. Efforts on structures include tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion. Materials and shape determine a structure's resistance. Rigidity relies on joints and triangulation. Stability depends on center of gravity position and can be increased by enlarging the base, adding weight, or using anchors.
A structure is anything that supports a load. There are three main types of structures: mass structures, which rely on their own weight to resist loads; frame structures, made of connected parts like members; and shell structures, made from thin sheet material molded into shapes. Structures must withstand various forces, both internal forces between parts and external forces from outside. Forces can be tensile (pulling), compressive (pushing), torsional (twisting), or cause bending or shearing. The way a material responds to forces depends on its mechanical properties like strength, stiffness, and whether it behaves elastically or plastically.
tells about how the earthquakes are happen, effect of earthquakes on buildings and design methods to be followed to design earthquake resistance building.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It covers topics such as plate tectonics, earthquake hazards, classification of earthquakes, principles of earthquake-resistant design, Indian seismic codes, shear walls, case studies of past earthquakes, and techniques like base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings uplifted. The overall aim is to educate on designing and building structures that can better withstand seismic activities and reduce damage through engineering strategies.
This document summarizes techniques for earthquake resistant building construction. It discusses how earthquake resistant buildings differ from traditional buildings in their design. Some techniques discussed include using reinforced hollow concrete block masonry, which uses reinforced blocks as load-bearing walls and shear walls. Mid-level isolation is described as installing base isolation systems on intermediate floors of existing buildings. Slurry infiltrated mat concrete is presented as a new type of concrete being developed to prevent building collapse. Traditional earthquake resistant housing styles from various regions of India are also overviewed.
The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.
1) The document discusses how different types of buildings are affected by earthquakes depending on the building's height and the frequency of seismic waves. Tall buildings are more affected by long period waves while small buildings are more affected by high frequency waves.
2) A demonstration is described showing how spaghetti noodles can be used to model how buildings of different heights resonate at different frequencies, with potential building damage.
3) Examples are given of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake where medium height buildings between 6-15 stories suffered most damage due to resonance with amplified seismic frequencies in the local subsurface geology.
Earthquake Resistant Building ConstructionRohan Narvekar
This File comprises of a general information and guidelines for construction of Earthquake Resistant buildings, Its a basic study of the same and may help students and learners for overall information of this technology.
Friction is a force that opposes the motion of objects in contact with each other and comes in different types including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Examples provided include humans walking using static friction between their feet and the ground, cars stopping using brakes that create friction between tires and the road, and fluids moving through pipes due to greater friction outside than inside the pipe. The document concludes by describing an activity where students will predict and test how factors like surface materials affect the motion of toy cars down ramps.
A structure is defined as anything composed of distinct parts that are purposely connected or joined together to form a whole. The document discusses forces, loads, and efforts, defining a force as anything that can change the shape or motion of an object. It also lists previous questions about forces and the function of an object's structure.
1) Structures exist everywhere in nature and in man-made objects. They provide support, containment and protection.
2) There are two main types of structures - natural and manufactured. Natural structures like trees evolved in nature, while manufactured structures like bridges are built by humans.
3) Structures must be able to withstand various forces like tension, compression, and bending without failing. The type of force determines the stress on the structural member.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
The document discusses different types of frame structures used in construction including post and lintel, simple frame, multiple frame, concrete frame, steel frame, and wooden frame structures. It defines key terms like tension, compression, bending, and shear. It provides examples of different frame structures and outlines their advantages and uses.
This document provides information on loads, structures, and their design. It discusses:
- Types of loads structures must support, like fixed loads from walls/roofs and variable loads from people/furniture.
- Functions of structures like supporting loads, resisting forces, providing shape and protection.
- Types of structures including frames, shells, massive, latticed, triangulated and suspended.
- Efforts structures must withstand like tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion. Basic structural elements and how materials and shapes influence a structure's resistance.
- Factors like rigidity, stability, center of gravity, anchoring and triangulation that determine a structure's ability to withstand loads
This document provides information on loads, structures, and their design. It discusses:
- Types of loads structures must support, like fixed loads from walls/roofs and variable loads from people/furniture.
- Functions of structures like supporting loads, resisting forces, providing shape and protection.
- Types of structures including frames, shells, massive, latticed, triangulated and suspended.
- Efforts structures must withstand like tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion. Basic structural elements and how materials and shapes influence a structure's resistance.
- Factors like rigidity, stability, center of gravity, anchoring and triangulation that determine a structure's ability to withstand loads
This document provides an overview of structures and structural design. It defines key terms like force, stress, load, and different types of stresses. It also describes common types of structures like framed, vaulted, lattice, suspended and shell structures. The basic elements of structures like foundations, walls, beams and arches are identified. Finally, it discusses the important structural conditions of stability, resistance and rigidity and methods to achieve each one through considerations like material choice, shape design and structural connections.
This document discusses different types of structures and structural elements. It describes frame structures which have a skeleton framework and shell structures which rely on their molded shape for strength. It defines structural members, loads, and different types of forces including tension, compression, shear, torsion, and bending. It also outlines common structural elements such as beams, bridges, cantilevers, columns, ties, struts, and triangulation and provides examples of each. Finally, it notes some ways structures can impact the environment, both positively and negatively.
Fixed and variable loads act on structures. Structures must support loads, resist forces, provide shape and protection. Their functions can overlap. Structures are natural or manufactured. Manufactured structures include frames, shells, and constructions like massive, vaulted, triangulated and suspended. Efforts on structures include tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion. Materials and shape determine a structure's resistance. Rigidity relies on joints and triangulation. Stability depends on center of gravity position and can be increased by enlarging the base, adding weight, or using anchors.
A structure is anything that supports a load. There are three main types of structures: mass structures, which rely on their own weight to resist loads; frame structures, made of connected parts like members; and shell structures, made from thin sheet material molded into shapes. Structures must withstand various forces, both internal forces between parts and external forces from outside. Forces can be tensile (pulling), compressive (pushing), torsional (twisting), or cause bending or shearing. The way a material responds to forces depends on its mechanical properties like strength, stiffness, and whether it behaves elastically or plastically.
The document provides information about structures and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. It discusses the requirements of structures, including safety, strength, stability, rigidity, resistance, durability and economy. It then summarizes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, noting that it collapsed after 4 months in use due to oscillations caused by wind speeds of 55-75 km/hr. No one was injured in the collapse. Engineers then investigated how to strengthen suspension bridges.
Structures can be categorized based on how they distribute loads and forces. Common structure types include frame structures which use long elements joined at the ends to support loads, arch structures which use their own weight to displace forces to the sides, and shell structures which distribute strength along the outer surface. Structures can also be classified based on the type of forces they experience, such as compression from flattening forces, bending from forces that cause changes in shape, tension from lengthening forces, shear from cutting forces, and torsion from twisting forces. Examples of each type of structure are provided.
Structures can be grouped into different categories based on the type of forces they experience and how those forces are distributed. The main types of structures discussed are frame, arch, shell, compression, bending, tension, shear, and torsion structures. Each experiences forces in different ways - for example, tension structures experience forces that lengthen the body while shear structures experience forces that cut. Common examples like bridges, scissors, and screws illustrate how different structures withstand different types of forces.
There are several types of structures that are designed based on how forces act upon them. Frame structures use long elements joined together to support loads with stability. Shell structures distribute force along the outer surface. Compression structures are flattened by opposing forces while tension structures are lengthened and bending structures are bent. Examples include arches, bridges, scissors, screws, and bookcases. Forces can act to compress, tension, shear, bend, or twist structures.
1. The document discusses different types of structural systems used in buildings including walls, post and lintel frames, arches, vaults, domes, and trusses.
2. It explains the different types of loads that structures must withstand including dead loads from permanent structural elements and live loads from movable objects and occupants.
3. It also describes different types of stresses structures experience such as tension, compression, shear, deformation, and bending and the properties of common building materials.
A structure is a group of elements united to support a load with stability. Common structures include frame structures composed of long elements joined at the ends, and shell structures where strength is distributed along the outer surface. Structures experience different types of forces including compression, bending, tension, shear, and torsion forces.
Structures are groups of elements united to support loads with stability. There are different types of structures including frame, shell, arch, mass, and suspension structures. Frame structures are composed of long elements joined together, leaving empty space to support loads. Shell structures surround a volume using a thin outer material. Arch structures use geometry to displace forces to the sides. Mass structures are simply made of clumped materials. Suspension structures hold elements with cables from a tall column, making them suitable for large bridges.
Structures are groups of elements united to support a load with stability. There are different types of structures including frame, shell, arch, mass, and suspension structures. Frame structures are composed of long elements joined together, leaving empty space to support loads. Shell structures surround a volume using a thin outer material. Arch structures use geometry to displace forces to the sides. Mass structures are simply made of clumped materials. Suspension structures hold elements with cables from a tall column, making them suitable for large bridges.
Structures are groups of elements united to support a load with stability. There are different types of structures including frame, shell, arch, mass, and suspension structures. Frame structures are composed of long elements joined together, leaving empty space in between to support loads. Shell structures surround a volume using a thin outer material. Arch structures use geometry to displace forces to the sides. Mass structures are simply made of clumped materials. Suspension structures hold elements with cables from a tall column, making them suitable for large bridges.
A structure is a group of elements united to support a load with stability. Common structures include frame structures made of long elements joined at the ends, and shell structures where strength is distributed through the outer surface. Structures experience different types of forces including compression, bending, tension, shear, and torsion forces.
A structure is a group of elements united to support a load with stability. Common structures include frame structures made of long elements joined at the ends, and shell structures where strength is distributed along the outer surface. Structures experience different types of forces including compression, bending, tension, shear, and torsion forces.
The document discusses the history and development of bridges from ancient times to modern day. It covers basic bridge engineering concepts like compression, tension, load transfer and types of bridges including beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. Force analysis is described for each bridge type. Tips are provided for designing bridges including commitment, understanding rules, drawing designs, and ensuring symmetry.
1. Forces Lab
Forces Lab | Materials Lab | Loads Lab | Shapes Lab
About This Lab
This lab simplifies the real-life forces and actions that affect structures, in order to illustrate key concepts.
Intro
Forces act on big structures in many ways. Click on one of the actions at left to explore the forces at work and to see real-
life examples.
Squeezing (Compression)
Compression is a force that squeezes a material together. When a material is in compression, it tends to become shorter.
Compression: See It In Real Life
The lower columns of a skyscraper are squeezed by the heavy weight above them. This squeezing force is called compression.
Stretching (Tension)
Tension is a force that stretches a material apart. When a material is in tension, it tends to become longer.
Tension: See It In Real Life
The weight of the roadway and all the cars traveling on it pull on the vertical cables in this suspension bridge. The cables are
in tension.
Bending
When a straight material becomes curved, one side squeezes together and the other side stretches apart. This action is
called bending.
Bending: See It In Real Life
The top side of the metal bar is pulled apart in tension, and the bottom side is squeezed together in compression. This
combination of opposite forces produces an action called bending.
Sliding (Shear)
Shear is a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions. Ý
Shear: See It In Real Life
During an earthquake, parts of this roadway slid in opposite directions. This sliding action is called shear.
Twisting (Torsion)
Torsion is an action that twists a material.
Torsion: See It In Real Life
In 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in strong winds and collapsed. The twisting force that tore this bridge
in half is called torsion. Ý
2. Loads Lab
Forces Lab | Materials Lab | Loads Lab | Shapes Lab
About This Lab
This lab simplifies the real-life conditions that affect structures, in order to illustrate key concepts.
Intro/Instruction
Forces that act on structures are called loads. All structures must withstand loads or they'll fall apart. In order to build a
structure, you need to know what kinds of external forces will affect it.
Dead Load
The weight of the structure itself is called the dead load. Anything permanently attached to the structure is part of its
dead load -- including the columns, beams, nuts, and bolts.
Live Load Failure Intro
The weight of the stuff on the structure is called the live load. Things that move around in or on a structure, like people,
furniture, and cars, are all examples of live load.
Live Load Failure
The beam failed because it could not support the heavy weight of the live load above it.
Live Load Success Intro
Thick Beam: The thicker a beam, the less likely it is to bend. Thick beams are used in structures that experience live and
dynamic loads.
Live Load Success
Thick Beam: The thick beam made this structure very strong. Now the beam won't bend from the heavy weight of the live
load on top of it.
Dynamic Load Failure Intro
Loads that change over time are called dynamic loads. Dynamic loads -- from wind gusts to pounding objects -- create
vibrations that can become bigger and more dangerous over time.
Dynamic Load Failure
The beam was vibrating too much from the dynamic load. This kind of vibration would be unacceptable to people occupying a
building or driving across a bridge.
Dynamic Load Success Intro
Thick Beam: The thicker a beam, the less likely it is to bend. Thick beams are used in structures that experience live and
dynamic loads.
Dynamic Load Success
Thick Beam: The thick beam absorbed the vibrations caused by the dynamic load and prevented the structure from bending
and galloping wildly out of control.
Wind Load Failure Intro
When wind blows on a structure, it is called wind load. Wind loads push horizontally on a structure.
Wind Load Failure
The structure collapsed because it couldn't withstand the strong gusts of wind.
Wind Load Success Intro
Cross-Bracing: Diagonal braces, usually made of steel, are used to strengthen and stabilize all kinds of structures.
3. Wind Load Success
Cross-Bracing: Cross-bracing is an excellent way to stiffen a structure experiencing wind load. When the wind blows, the
diagonal brace squeezes together and prevents the structure from flopping over.
Thermal Failure Intro
When a structure expands or shrinks with the temperature,it is experiencing thermal load. The temperature causes the
beams and columns to change shape and push and pull on other parts of the structure.
Thermal Failure
The intense sun made the beam expand, throwing the entire structure out of whack.
Thermal Success Intro
Roller Joints: Roller joints are used in structures that get really hot or cold. They give columns and beams the freedom to
expand and contract as the temperature changes.
Thermal Success
Roller Joints: Thanks to this roller joint, the beam can swell in the sun and slide over the column without damaging the
structure.
Earthquake Failure Intro
When the ground beneath a structure jerks back and forth during an earthquake, the structure is experiencing an
earthquake, or seismic load. Earthquake loads push and pull horizontally on a structure.
Earthquake Failure
That was more rattling and shaking than this poor structure could handle.
Earthquake Success Intro
Shear Walls: Solid walls of reinforced concrete or masonry -- called "shear walls" -- have great stiffness in the horizontal
direction. They resist loads that push or pull horizontally on a structure.
Earthquake Success
Shear Walls: Shear walls can handle being pushed, pulled, rattled, and shaken during an earthquake. They're a great way to
strengthen a structure prone to earthquake load.
Settlement Failure Intro
When the soil beneath a structure settles unevenly, it is called settlement load. Structures will sink and change shape when
they experience settlement load.
Settlement Failure
This structure is in bad shape -- literally!
Settlement Success Intro
Deep Piles: Heavy concrete pillars, or piles, are used to support structures on soft soil. The piles rest deep in the earth on
stable, solid soil and support the weight of the heavy structure above.
Settlement Success
Deep Piles: The massive concrete piles, sunk deep into the earth on hard, solid soil, keep the structure safe and sound where
it should be -- above ground!
4. Materials Lab
Forces Lab | Materials Lab | Loads Lab | Shapes Lab
About This Lab
This lab simplifies the real-life properties of a selection of materials, in order to illustrate key concepts.
Intro/Instructions
What you build a structure out of is just as important as how you build it! Different materials have vastly different
properties. Click on a material at left to find out more about it, and put it to the test.
Wood Properties
Type: Spruce (softwood)
Wood Pros+Cons
Strengths: Cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Rots, swells and burns easily
Wood Applications
Bridges, houses, two- to three-story buildings, roller coasters
Example: Son of Beast -- Cincinnati, Ohio
Wood Compression Message
You squeezed this block easily, but it took a lot of effort to make it break. Wood is cheap and pretty strong in compression.
That's why people build houses out of wood!
Wood Tension Message
It wasn't easy to break this block of wood because wood is strong when you pull it in the direction of its fibers. It would
have been three times easier for you to break this block if you'd stretched it from the top and bottom, across the direction
of its fibers.
Plastic Properties
Type: High-strength plastic fabric Ingredients: Long chains of molecules
Plastic Pros+Cons
Strengths: Flexible, lightweight, long-lasting, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Expensive
Plastic Applications
Umbrellas, inflatable roofs over sports arenas
Example: Georgia Dome -- Atlanta, Georgia
Plastic Compression Message
Compared to steel, you squeezed this plastic block easily, but it took a lot of effort to make it break. The long chains of
molecules that make up plastic can be pulled and pushed in many directions without failing.
Plastic Tension Message
You stretched this plastic pretty far before it finally broke. The long chains of molecules that make up plastic can be pulled
in many directions without snapping. That's one of the reasons why circus tents are made of plastic fabric!
Aluminum Properties
Type: Aluminum alloy Ingredients: Aluminum with magnesium & copper
5. Aluminum Pros+Cons
Strengths: Lightweight, doesn't rust, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Expensive
Aluminum Applications
Airplane wings, boats, cars, skyscraper "skin"
Example: Petronas Towers -- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Aluminum Compression Message
It was pretty hard for you to break this aluminum block. That's because the magnesium and copper inside this block makes it
almost as strong as steel!
Aluminum Tension Message
It wasn't easy to break this aluminum block. That's because aluminum, when combined with metals like magnesium and
copper, is almost as strong as steel!
Brick Properties
Type: Ordinary brick Ingredients: Burned clay
Brick Pros+Cons
Strengths: Cheap, strong in compression
Weaknesses: Heavy, weak in tension
Brick Applications
Walls of early skyscrapers and tunnels, domes
Example: Original Thames Tunnel -- London, England
Brick Compression Message
You had to push this brick very hard to make it crumble. Bricks are very strong in compression. That's why early houses were
made of brick!
Brick Tension Message
You pulled this brick apart easily! That's because bricks are very weak in tension.
Concrete Properties
Type: Fine-grain concrete Ingredients: Cement, water, small stones
Concrete Pros+Cons
Strengths: Cheap, fireproof and weatherproof, molds to any shape, strong in compression
Weaknesses: Cracks with temperature changes, weak in tension
Concrete Applications
Early arch bridges and domes
Example: Pantheon - Rome, Italy
Concrete Compression Message
You had to squeeze this concrete block really hard to make it break. That's because concrete is very strong in compression.
Concrete Tension Message
You pulled apart the small stones and cement in this concrete block easily. That's because concrete is weak in tension.
Reinforced Concrete Properties
Type: Fine-grain concrete with high-strength steel Ingredients: Steel bars hidden in concrete
6. Reinforced Concrete Pros+Cons
Strengths: Low cost, fireproof and weatherproof, molds to any shape, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Can crack as it cools and hardens
Reinforced Concrete Applications
Bridges, dams, domes, beams and columns in skyscrapers
Example: Hoover Dam - Nevada/Arizona border
Reinforced Concrete Compression Message
You had to squeeze this block really hard to make it break. That's because concrete and steel are both very strong in
compression.
Reinforced Concrete Tension Message
It was hard to pull this concrete block apart because the steel bars inside make it very strong in tension. That's why some
of the tallest skyscrapers in the world are made of reinforced concrete.
Iron Properties
Type: Cast iron Ingredients: Iron with lots of carbon
Iron Pros+Cons
Strengths: Molds to any shape, strong in compression
Weaknesses: Weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning
Iron Applications
Arch bridges, cannons, historic domes
Example: Iron Bridge - Shropshire, England
Iron Compression Message
It wasn't easy for you to squeeze this cast-iron block. Cast iron is strong in compression. That's why early arch bridges were
made of cast iron.
Iron Tension Message
It was easy for you to pull this cast-iron block apart. That's because cast iron is brittle -- it snaps without warning.
Steel Properties
Type: High-strength steel
Ingredients: Iron with a touch of carbon
Steel Pros+Cons
Strengths: One of strongest materials used in construction, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperatures
Steel Applications
Cables in suspension bridges, trusses, beams and columns in skyscrapers, roller coasters
Example: Sears Tower - Chicago, Illinois
Steel Compression Message
You had to push extra hard on this steel block to make it bend and break. Steel is stronger than any other material in
compression. That's why engineers choose steel beams and columns to support most skyscrapers.
Steel Tension Message
You had to pull this block incredibly hard to make it break because steel is stronger than any other material in tension.
That's why the cables in the Golden Gate Bridge are made of steel.
7. Shapes Lab
Forces Lab | Materials Lab | Loads Lab | Shapes Lab
About This Lab
These labs simplify the real-life conditions that affect structures (shapes), in order to illustrate key concepts. In the real
world, many variables affect the strength and stability of any give shape. The choice of materials, joints, load distribution,
and size and thickness of a structure all affect its ability to resist loads. For example, a triangle made of paper would
collapse much sooner than an arch made of steel -- an effect that was not demonstrated in this lab.
The shape comparisons in this lab depend upon the following conditions: each shape is of equivalent thickness, the joints are
hinged, and the live load is applied downward to the structure at a single point at its top and center.
Intro/Instructions
The shape of a structure affects how strong it is. Rectangles, arches, and triangles are the most common shapes used to
build big structures.
One Elephant on Rectangle
The weight pushes down on the rectangle and causes the top side to bend.
One Elephant on Arch
The weight presses down on the arch and is spread outward along the curve to the ground below.
One Elephant on Triangle
The weight causes the top two sides to squeeze together and the bottom side to pull apart.
Three Elephant on Rectangle
The weight caused the top side to bend too much, so it failed!
Three Elephant on Arch
The arch likes to be pushed and squeezed. The weight pushes this arch into a stable, tightly squeezed shape.
Three Elephant on Triangle
Unlike the rectangle, the sides of the triangle did not bend under the tremendous weight. This is why the triangle is still
standing.
Six Elephant on Rectangle
The weight caused the top side to bend too much, so it failed!
Six Elephant on Arch
The arch likes to be pushed and squeezed, but not this much! When an arch is pushed too hard, the sides spread apart and
collapse.
Six Elephant on Triangle
The triangle is still standing because the pulling force in the bottom side is balancing the pushing forces in the upper sides.
Nine Elephant on Rectangle
The weight caused the top side to bend too much, so it failed!
Nine Elephant on Arch
The arch likes to be pushed and squeezed, but not this much! When an arch is pushed too hard, the sides spread apart and
collapse.
8. Nine Elephant on Triangle
Even triangles have their limits! All this weight made the third side stretch so much that it snapped in half.
Push Rectangle
What happens when you push the side of a rectangle?
The rectangle is a wobbly, unstable shape. When you push the side, it flops into a slanted parallelogram. This happens without
any of the rectangle's sides changing length.
Push Braced Rectangle
Now when you push the side, the diagonal brace gets squeezed, preventing the rectangle from flopping over.
Push Arch
What happens when you push down on an arch that is not supported on both sides?
The force of the finger pushes the sides of the arch outward.
Push Braced Arch
As the arch tries to spread outward, external supports, called buttresses, push back on the sides of the arch and prevent it
from spreading apart.
Push Triangle
What happens when you push the side of a triangle?
The outer edge squeezes together, and the inner edge pulls apart. When one side experiences these two forces at the same
time, it bends. The weakest part of the triangle is its side!
Push Braced Triangle
When you poke the top of the triangle, the two sides squeeze together and the bottom side pulls apart. The triangle doesn't
bend because each side experiences only one force at a time. When used properly, triangles are the most stable and rigid
shapes used in construction today.