Structures are groups of elements united to support a load with stability. There are different types of structures including frame, shell, arch, mass, and suspension structures. Frame structures are composed of long elements joined together, leaving empty space to support loads. Shell structures surround a volume using a thin outer material. Arch structures use geometry to displace forces to the sides. Mass structures are simply made of clumped materials. Suspension structures hold elements with cables from a tall column, making them suitable for large bridges.

1. Structures

2. Definition of Structures Structures are a group of elements somehow united to support a loud with stability.

3. Everything has a structure, otherwise it would collapse under the forces of gravity, the force of wind or any other force.

4. Types of structures Frame structures

5. Shell structures

6. Arch

7. Mass structures

8. Suspension structures

9. Frame structures These structures are composed by long elements joined to each other. These joins are called unions.

10. There're empty space between elements and they support a load.

11. They're easy to design and buid, not requiere much material but they aren't good for expensive loads or strong impacts.

12. Shell structures They are made of thin outer of material that surrounds a volume.

13. It can be empty or filled with something.

14. Natural shell structures: Shellfish

15. Artificial: Boxes, bottles, …

16. They keep shape and support loads without frame or solid materials inside.

17. Arch structure Romans invented the arch and their style was the semicircular arch. The stone at the top was called the key stone. The geometry of the arch and his main oload displaces the force to the sides, so there was a spece under it to span obstacles.

18. Mass structures They are simply made of clump materials.

19. The structure is normally thick

20. Natural: Mountains and coral reefs Manmade: Sand castles, dams, ...

21. Suspension structures Suspension structures hold an element by cables held from the top of a tall column. Because of this, they are often the best bridges that are needed to cover big rivers.

22. Structuctural elements An element can be defined as the simplest part of the whole.

23. Elements: Column, foundation, primary beams and secondary beams.

24. Types of unions Structural elements must be united.

25. They are classified as:

26. Permanent: Not need to be dissambled. Examples are weldings, rivets, glue... Non-Permanent:Be assembled and dissaembled as many times as necessary. Examples:nuts and bolts, clamps, friction...

27. Forces on structural elements A successful structure must be able to withstandall the forces thatit will experience.

28. Each element withstands a particular force Types:

29. Tensional strain.

30. Compression forces.

31. Shear strain.

32. Torsion forces.

33. Bending forces

34. Tensional strain It is the strain that causes an element to strech.

35. It can be due to forces that pull an element from its ends.

36. Compression forces When you squeeze an element, it becomes shorter and thicker. When an element buckles, it loses all its strength, and, If the force does not dissapear, it continues until catastrophic failure They are those forces which cause an element to get squeezed or buckled.

37. Shear strain Shear forces act across a material in such a way that they can force one part of an element to slide over another.

38. Torsion forces If you apply a turning force or torque at one end of an element and only if the element is fixed to a support at the other end, it twists.

39. Bending forces Bending forces act as an angle to a member at 90º from the axis, making it bend.

40. Famous structures Eiffel Tower (frame structure): Sidney's opera (shell structure):

41. Famous structures Roman's arch of Cordoba (arch structure): Pyramids of Giza (mass structures):

42. Famous structures Verrazzano Narrows Bridge (suspension structures):

43. Ejecutive Producers ALBERTO GIMÉNEZ BEJARANO.

44. JARA CADENAS URQUÍA.