Food Security in Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa

A report from The Economist Intelligence Unit
Food securityinfocus:
Sub-SaharanAfrica
2014
Sponsoredby

© The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 20141
Food security in focus: Sub-Saharan Africa 2014
Food security in focus: Sub-Saharan Africa 2014 is
an Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) report
commissioned by DuPont. The report discusses the
major findings in the 2014 Global Food Security
Index (GFSI) for the 28 countries of Sub-Saharan
Africa included in the index.
About the GFSI
The GFSI considers the core issues of affordability,
availability, and quality & safety across a set of 109
countries. The index is a dynamic quantitative and
qualitative benchmarking model, constructed from
28 unique indicators, that measures the drivers of
food security across both developed and
developing countries. Food security is defined as
the state in which people at all times have physical,
social and economic access to sufficient and
nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for a
healthy and active life, based on the definition
established at the 1996 World Food Summit. The
overall goal of the study is to assess the
vulnerability of food systems to security and
insecurity by looking at drivers of the Affordability,
Availability, and Quality & Safety of food. The 2014
GFSI is the third annual index in this series.
Acknowledgements
Lucy Hurst, associate director of custom research
for the Americas, was the project director. Joshua
Grundleger, analyst, was the project manager.
Katherine Stewart, research associate, was the
editor of the Food security in focus series. Martin
Vieiro, analyst, provided research and analytical
support. Leo Abruzzese, global forecasting director
and global director of public policy, served as
senior adviser. William Shallcross designed and
constructed the benchmarking model, and Mike
Kenny was responsible for layout and design.
Pratibha Thaker, regional director, Middle East &
Africa, provided regional expertise.
PrefaceContents
A regional
analysis of food
security 2
Regional
results and
comparisons 3
Food security in
Sub-Saharan
Africa 6
The countries
of Sub-Saharan
Africa 9
Appendix 13

The Food security in focus regional reports identify
both similarities and differences between countries
in each region and highlight regional areas of
strength and weakness, providing regional analysis
and context to the results in the 2014 GFSI.
Food security is a complex and nuanced issue,
which can be analysed through many viewpoints
and from many geographical perspectives—
national, regional and global. To facilitate greater
insight into the primary elements of global food
security, and to develop a common standard
against which all countries and regions can be
measured, The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
created the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). The
index is a tool to be used by a wide range of
organisations and individuals working to address
food security and the smooth functioning of food
systems at a variety of levels. Some of the major
elements of food security and, in particular, the
deficiencies that may lead to greater food
insecurity, differ across the globe. The regional
reports seek to facilitate a deeper analysis of food
security through a unique lens. Specifically, these
reports seek to:
l Examine regional challenges, strengths and
issues surrounding food security to gain greater
insight into the study’s measures.
l Provide a point of comparison between the
regions to understand the dynamics of food
security and the mechanisms that may be
employed to address the unique issues that are
experienced within a region.
l Explore the role of regional commonalities—
countries within a region tend to have similar
environments, problems, solutions and, in some
cases, may share common institutions.
l Create more accurate country comparisons and a
more nuanced understanding of food security by
narrowing the frame of analysis.
l Offer insight into the economic, political and
social context of the results of the 2014 GFSI.
A regional analysis of food security

Overview
On a regional level, structural elements, which are
generally more similar within regions than across
the globe, tend to play an extremely important role
in determining food security. Also, in regions that
include countries with different economic systems,
policy environments, agricultural infrastructures
and nutritional standards, the gap in food security
between best and worst performers is wider. These
structural elements tend to change little year on
year; however, when changes do occur, they have a
greater impact on food security than other factors
explored in the index.
l Economic development has the largest impact
on food security, as shown by the strong
correlation between food affordability and food
security. The top performers in the index are rich
countries with developed economies; these tend
Regional results and comparisons
Ranking/score table of all regions
Overall Rank Region 2014 GFSI Score
1 North America 80.0
2 Europe 75.4
3 Middle East and North Africa 57.4
4 Central and South America 56.0
5 Asia and Pacific 55.0
6 Sub-Saharan Africa 36.1
to have relatively high levels of GDP per capita
and low shares of household expenditure on
food. Although emerging economies are
experiencing rapid GDP growth, resulting in
increased Affordability scores and greater urban
absorption capacity, the gap between developed
and developing countries is still great.
l The most food-secure countries also tend to
have developed infrastructures, including
advanced agricultural infrastructures and
facilities and systems that support agricultural
investment and research and development
(R&D). Transport infrastructure, including road
and port systems, and adequate crop storage
facilities drive food availability and are
underdeveloped and undersupplied across
food-insecure countries owing to
underinvestment.

l A stable, efficient and functional policy
environment is crucial for food security. More
food-insecure regions, as well as countries,
frequently have higher political stability risk and
corruption levels, alongside weaker institutions
that fail to provide appropriate government
regulation and oversight. By contrast, the more
food-secure regions have robust policy
environments that facilitate food accessibility
through stable supply chains, and affordability
through food safety-net programmes.
l Nutrition plays an important role in determining
food security. Highly food-secure countries have
diversified diets and a high quality of protein.
Their diets contain a high level of
micronutrients, including iron and vitamin A.
More food-insecure countries are often deprived
of nutritious diets and lack organisations that
regulate nutritional standards.
Regional results
North America and Europe, which collectively
encompass 29 of the 109 countries in the index,
recorded the strongest performances in the GFSI,
driven by the developed countries’ dominance of
those regions.
l As two regions comprised primarily of rich
countries, Europe and North America have high
levels of GDP per capita at an average of
US$32,462 measured in terms of purchasing
power parity (PPP), compared with an average of
US$9,900 at PPP in the other four regions, while
an average of 17.7% of household expenditure
goes on food—just over half the global average
of 34.5%.
l Wealth corresponds with high sufficiency of food
supply, developed agricultural infrastructure,
strong diet diversification, relatively low
political stability risk and low corruption levels
(Ukraine and Russia are exceptions). These
factors contribute to North America’s and
Europe’s first and second place rankings
respectively in the overall index and in each of
the categories.
Availability
Rank Region Score
2 Europe 69.8
Affordability
Rank Region Score
2 Europe 80.3

The next three highest-ranked regions—the Middle
East & North Africa (MENA), Central & South
America and Asia & Pacific—together account for
52 countries in the index. They all fall within a
range of 2.4 points and share several common
factors:
l They are comprised of a mixture of developed
and developing countries that vary in terms of
economic and political structures.
l MENA’s strong Affordability score (third
overall), which is 2.3 points ahead of Central &
South America, and its third-place tie in Quality
& Safety with Central & South America account
for its overall third-place regional rank in the
index.
l Asia & Pacific’s comparatively high percentage
of the population under the global poverty line
and low diet diversification explain its lower
scores in the Affordability and Quality & Safety
categories.
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the lowest regional
score in the 2014 GFSI, with an overall score that is
just two-thirds that of the Asia & Pacific region.
l It also scores the lowest in each of the
Affordability, Availability and Quality & Safety
categories, owing to the large percentage of
low-income countries in the region; of the 28
countries included in the region, 18 are low-
income, according to World Bank income
classifications.
l Low agricultural import tariffs and commitment
to agricultural research and development, while
still weak, are areas of relative strength in
comparison with select regions, but
underdeveloped agricultural infrastructure, low
income levels and poor diet diversification drive
the region’s poor results.
Quality & Safety
Rank Region Score
2 Europe 78.9
=3 Central and South America 59.5
=3 Middle East and North Africa 59.5

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the lowest regional
scores in the GFSI for a number of reasons. Food
security, particularly food affordability, in many
countries in SSA is undermined by low average
incomes, widespread poverty and a heavy reliance
on costly food imports. Although SSA has
experienced record-high economic growth rates
over the past five years, it remains by far the
poorest region of the world. According to the World
Bank, 18 countries (almost 65% of the SSA
countries included in the GFSI) are classified as
low-income countries, and an estimated 50% of
the population continues to live on less than
US$1.25 (weighted at purchasing power parity—
PPP—rates) per day. In addition, most farming in
SSA is highly fragmented and makes little use of
modern farming and productivity-enhancing
techniques (mechanisation rates, fertiliser use and
irrigation cover are all low), which undermines
agricultural output and makes the region a net
food importer.
Food security is further undermined by the fact
that national populations across much of SSA are
spread over large geographical areas and are
poorly served by weak transport infrastructure,
logistics services and distribution channels.
Finally, political unrest and armed conflict
continue to affect food security in countries such
as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mali,
Somalia and Nigeria, which has restricted access to
agricultural land and food distribution, internally
displaced local populations and led to an influx of
refugees in neighbouring countries.
Regional highlights
SSA has seen a strengthening of its food security
position over the past year, with 20 (71%) of the
countries in the region recording an overall
improvement in score, compared with eight
countries recording a decline. This largely reflects
the continued rapid pace of economic growth
across the region—SSA has accounted for eight of
the world’s 20 fastest-growing economies over the
past five years (2009-13). SSA also has an
abundance of agricultural resources (land and
water), and an increasing policy focus on the
agricultural sector provides some support to food
affordability and availability. Market reforms in SSA
and higher prices have renewed the interest of
private-sector investors in agriculture, and this,
together with strong public investment and
continued donor support for infrastructure
development and improved farming practices, is
providing some support to rural incomes and
encouraging agricultural production and
productivity gains. Increased use of technology has
helped to overcome traditional infrastructure
constraints by providing more efficient and
effective information flows and encouraging
greater agricultural market integration, although
the use of agricultural innovations remains limited.
Food security in Sub-Saharan Africa

Regional strengths: Fast forward
The region’s score is highest for the Availability
category, followed by Quality & Safety and then
Affordability, although all category scores remain
well below those of all other geographical regions.
Affordability has seen the largest year-on-year
improvement, and SSA has seen the highest
increase in food affordability of any region bar
Europe. The increase in affordability is largely
linked to rapid economic growth and rising
household incomes, as a result of which most
countries in the region have seen reductions in the
proportion of the population under the national
poverty line and the percentage of household
income spent on food. Continued donor support for
rural development, poverty reduction measures
and reasonably high farm-gate prices have
contributed to an improvement in rural incomes
and food affordability. In addition, international
donor support and expansionary fiscal policies in
SSA have contributed to an increase in food safety
nets throughout the region, while all countries
have seen a reduction in agricultural import tariffs.
The region’s highest score in the Affordability
category was for agricultural import tariffs,
although it still scores below all other geographical
regions with the exception of the Middle East &
North Africa owing to limited progress on
liberalising agricultural trade and lowering food
import tariffs over the past two decades.
Collectively, these changes have resulted in
increases in affordability in all countries except
Niger, Madagascar, South Africa and Burkina Faso.
SSA has seen the biggest increase of all regions
in the Availability and Quality & Safety categories.
The improvement in the availability of food has
been driven by lower volatility of agricultural
production, reflecting investment in infrastructure
and farming practices and an improvement in
political stability risk for many countries.
Additionally, the region scores well on urban
absorption capacity, a result of rapid real GDP
growth across most of SSA that has outpaced the
urbanisation rate. The improvement in food quality
and safety is attributable to continued donor
support and a strengthening of public institutions,
which has facilitated a greater focus on raising
nutritional standards (including improved
monitoring and surveillance) and on food safety.
Agencies have become more effective in ensuring
the safety of food, and focus has been placed on
developing and regulating the formal grocery
sector.
Regional weaknesses: The great gap
Given its status as the poorest region of the world
with one of the fastest-growing populations, SSA
receives the lowest regional score for GDP per
capita. In addition to food affordability issues, the
underdeveloped nature of the farming sector and
agricultural markets in most of SSA means that
diets remain largely imbalanced and heavily
dependent on cereals, roots and tubers.
Consequently, SSA scores very poorly for dietary
0 20 40 60 80 100
Population under the global poverty line,
under $2/day (PPP), Sub-Saharan Africa
%
Congo (Dem. Rep.)
Burundi
Madagascar
Tanzania
Zambia
Nigeria
Chad
Rwanda
Malawi
Mozambique
Sierra Leone
Mali
Benin
Niger
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Angola
Kenya
Ethiopia
Uganda
Senegal
Togo
Ghana
Côte d’Ivoire
Sudan
South Africa
Cameroon
Botswana
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit

availability of animal iron and protein quality.
Corruption is a common feature of the business
environment throughout SSA and can seriously
affect food availability by raising food costs and
interrupting production and distribution channels.
Similarly, SSA has a poor track record of public
(and private) expenditure on agricultural research
and development (R&D), which tends to be highly
volatile and closely linked to the availability of
donor and development bank funding.

The countries of Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is a broad and varied region,
but it can be roughly divided into four distinct
geographical areas for the purpose of analysing
intra-regional food security: Southern Africa,
Eastern Africa, Western Africa and Central Africa.
l Southern Africa, led by South Africa, has the
highest overall food security score, reflecting
higher income levels and relatively more
developed farming sectors than in other areas of
SSA.
l Eastern Africa is a fast-growing but extremely
poor area of Africa, where food security is
undermined by low incomes, poor
infrastructure, underdeveloped farming sectors
and erratic weather conditions. Eastern Africa
has the largest number of people suffering from
stressed to emergency levels of food insecurity,
according to the Global Hunger Index (2013) of
the International Food Policy Research
Institute, which ranks countries such as
Burundi, Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania and
Ethiopia as having the highest proportion of
undernourished people in SSA. Political unrest
and armed conflict affect Eastern Africa and
compound the issues surrounding food security.
l Western Africa demonstrates mixed fortunes
with regard to food security. Affordability is
poor across most countries, although Benin,
Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Nigeria
have recorded the most improvement in
affordability over the past year. Hunger levels,
as measured by the proportion of
undernourished people, tend to be lower than in
Eastern Africa, which reflects relatively high
levels of food supply compared with other areas
of Africa. However, factors such as poor
infrastructure, political instability, weak
institutions and corruption undermine
Availability and Quality & Safety.
l Central Africa performs poorly on all aspects of
food security with the exception of Cameroon.
The sufficiency of food supply is low, agricultural
infrastructure is very poor, particularly in Chad
and the DRC, and the prevalence of malnutrition
is high.
Sub-regional highlights
Food affordability has a nearly perfect correlation
with food security in the GFSI. Low average
incomes, widespread poverty and a heavy reliance
on food imports make the region, which already
suffers from low availability, vulnerable to
fluctuating food prices. Prices of internationally
traded food commodities have declined since
reaching a historical high in August 2012. The price
fall, particularly in the second half of 2013 and
opening quarter of 2014, reflects record harvests
of wheat, maize and rice, increasing availability of
supplies, and stronger global stocks that have
continued to drive down global prices. However,

global food prices remain high by historical
standards and are not far off their 2012 peak.
Food prices typically vary considerably among
the Sub-Saharan sub-regions and across countries,
reflecting localised variations in agricultural
output. For instance, cereal prices in Western
Africa have remained stable or dropped as
increased supplies from coastal countries have
offset limited production in the Sahel. In Eastern
and Central Africa, maize prices have remained at
high levels but have decreased slightly in line with
favourable harvests and strong supplies. On the
other hand, maize prices in Southern Africa have
remained high or increased owing to tight
supplies, strong demand, currency depreciations
and concerns about future harvests.
Dry weather and rising demand have worsened
food shortages in parts of SSA, particularly
Southern Africa. In parts of Southern Africa,
drought has damaged crops and cut food supplies
for countries lacking the resources to import
cheaper grain from overseas. For instance, Malawi
saw a sharp seasonal rise in food price inflation in
early 2013, as supplies were stretched, and then a
steep fall once local cereal harvests were collected
in May. Sharp currency depreciation following the
shift to a floating exchange-rate regime in May
2012 contributed significantly to the rise in food
prices in Malawi, affecting the price of food imports
as well as the cost of key inputs such as fuel and
fertilisers.
Food security successes
South Africa and Botswana have by far the highest
overall food security score in SSA, although both
have experienced a fall in the past year. South
Africa is the most developed and second-largest
economy (behind Nigeria) in SSA and is one of the
region’s wealthiest, while both South Africa and
Botswana have well-developed agricultural
infrastructures by regional standards, which
includes adequate food storage that helps reduce
food loss. South Africa has a well-developed
agricultural economy, with a large commercial
farming sector and more subsistence-based
production in remote rural areas, which collectively
make South Africa self-sufficient in virtually all
major agricultural products and a net food
exporter. Botswana is nearly self-sufficient in most
agricultural products.
Uganda has the most improved overall score in
the region, driven by improvements across eight
indicators. A reduction in agricultural volatility and
a decrease in the share of household income spent
Correlation between overall score and affordability score
Overall score v Affordability, Sub-Saharan Africa
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Affordability
Overall score
Overall score: Rating 0–100
Affordability: Rating 0-100
Correlation (x,y) 0.99
CONGO (DEM. REP.)
CHAD
MADAGASCAR
TANZANIA
BOTSWANAUGANDA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CAMEROON
TOGO
BURUNDI
NIGER
MOZAMBIQUE
BURKINA FASO
MALAWI
ETHIOIA
GUINEA
SUDAN SIERRA LEONE
BENIN
GHANAKENYA
SENEGAL
NIGERIA
RWANDA
ZAMBIA
MALI
SOUTH AFRICA

on food are the main drivers of Uganda’s
improvement, while the country has also benefited
from greater political stability. A central tenet of
government policy has been the modernisation of
Uganda’s agricultural sector, which has resulted in
improvements across all categories. Uganda and
Côte d’Ivoire both score relatively highly in terms
of affordability compared with their SSA peers,
despite their low levels of GDP per head (PPP),
reflecting the relatively low share of household
income spent on food items and the comparatively
small proportion of the population below the
global poverty line in both countries. Food
availability is fairly high in Côte d’Ivoire, facilitated
by a combination of domestic food supply and food
aid, while volatility of agricultural production in
both countries is very low.
Other countries across the region have
experienced score improvements. Most notably,
reductions in the volatility of agricultural
production and improved infrastructure and
political stability have resulted in Togo’s score
increase, while improved nutritional standards,
diet diversification, enhanced affordability and
greater political stability have driven change in
Malawi. In Burundi, improvements have been
propelled by a reduction in the share of household
income spent on food and the increased presence
of food safety nets.
Food security challenges
Very low incomes and high poverty rates, together
with a lack of adequate safety nets, mean that the
DRC, Chad and Madagascar are the worst-
performing countries in the GFSI. Agricultural
infrastructure is very weak following years of
underinvestment, while high levels of political
instability and security concerns further undermine
food security; diets, particularly in the DRC and
Madagascar, are imbalanced and lack essential
nutrients. The situation is compounded by
inefficient and weak institutions, with little
government focus on food safety and nutrition.
Madagascar recorded the greatest deterioration
in overall food security in the region owing to
political instability and insecurity over the past
year, although conditions improved in early 2014
following the presidential election in late 2013.
Despite this, the risk of civil conflict remains
significant. Weakened government effectiveness
and public institutions have seen a deterioration in
nutritional standards, while underinvestment in
agricultural infrastructure and low household
income growth have contributed to the
deterioration in the country’s overall food security
score. Other countries in SSA showing the greatest
deterioration include Niger, where food security
has been undermined by political instability,
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Jan
2000
Jan
2001
Jan
2002
Jan
2003
Jan
2004
Jan
2005
Jan
2006
Jan
2007
Jan
2008
Jan
2009
Jan
2010
Jan
2011
Jan
2012
Jan
2013
Malawi Food price inflation
Jan 2005=100
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit; FAO.

security concerns and mediocre economic growth
by regional standards, and Mozambique, where
food security has suffered from limited and
ineffective government intervention in the
agricultural sector, which has seen productivity
stagnate and nutritional standards fall.
Additionally, flooding has undermined harvests
and contributed to an increase in the volatility of
agricultural output over the past year.
Real GDP growth in South Africa lags behind that
of many other countries in the region, and the
country has suffered from a period of currency
weakness amid concerns about slow growth, a
large trade deficit, weaker commodity prices,
strikes and global monetary uncertainty. Sluggish
economic growth, persistently high levels of
unemployment and currency weakness have
curtailed income growth and undermined the
purchasing power of South African households,
which has affected the country’s food security.
Nonetheless, South Africa remains the regional
leader in food security.

Appendix
Asia & Pacific Central & South
America
Europe Middle East &
North Africa
North America Sub-Saharan Africa
Australia Argentina Austria Algeria Canada Angola
Azerbaijan Bolivia Belarus Egypt Mexico Benin
Bangladesh Brazil Belgium Israel United States Botswana
Cambodia Chile Bulgaria Jordan Burkina Faso
China Colombia Czech Republic Kuwait Burundi
India Costa Rica Denmark Morocco Cameroon
Indonesia Dominican Republic Finland Saudi Arabia Chad
Japan Ecuador France Syria Congo (Dem. Rep.)
Kazakhstan El Salvador Germany Tunisia Côte d’Ivoire
Malaysia Guatemala Greece Turkey Ethiopia
Myanmar Haiti Hungary United Arab Emirates Ghana
Nepal Honduras Ireland Yemen Guinea
New Zealand Nicaragua Italy Kenya
Pakistan Panama Netherlands Madagascar
Philippines Paraguay Norway Malawi
Singapore Peru Poland Mali
South Korea Uruguay Portugal Mozambique
Sri Lanka Venezuela Romania Niger
Tajikistan Russia Nigeria
Thailand Serbia Rwanda
Uzbekistan Slovakia Senegal
Vietnam Spain Sierra Leone
Sweden South Africa
Switzerland Sudan
Ukraine Tanzania
United Kingdom Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Country selection table

Appendix These tables list the rankings and scores for Sub-Saharan Africa in the overall index and across the three categories
(Affordability, Availability and Quality & Safety).
Overall Ranking Affordability
Overall Rank Country Score Rank Country Score
1 South Africa 61.1 1 South Africa 57.9
2 Botswana 60.7 2 Botswana 55.0
3 Uganda 45.6 3 Uganda 45.4
4 Côte d’Ivoire 44.7 4 Côte d’Ivoire 44.8
5 Ghana 43.1 =5 Benin 36.2
6 Kenya 40.1 =5 Cameroon 36.2
=7 Benin 38.4 7 Kenya 35.1
=7 Senegal 38.4 8 Ghana 34.7
9 Cameroon 38.1 9 Senegal 32.9
10 Nigeria 36.5 10 Angola 32.0
=11 Ethiopia 35.8 11 Ethiopia 30.5
=11 Sierra Leone 35.8 12 Sierra Leone 28.1
13 Angola 34.4 13 Guinea 27.8
14 Rwanda 34.2 14 Sudan 27.1
15 Malawi 33.9 15 Malawi 27.0
16 Mali 33.4 16 Burkina Faso 24.7
17 Sudan 32.7 17 Mozambique 23.4
18 Zambia 32.6 18 Burundi 23.0
19 Guinea 32.5 19 Togo 22.8
20 Burkina Faso 31.6 20 Zambia 22.2
21 Mozambique 31.0 21 Nigeria 21.7
22 Niger 30.5 22 Niger 21.5
23 Tanzania 29.9 23 Rwanda 20.1
24 Burundi 28.8 24 Mali 19.9
25 Togo 28.4 25 Tanzania 18.6
26 Madagascar 27.7 26 Chad 17.4
25 Chad 25.5 25 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 16.0
26 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 24.8 26 Madagascar 15.1
Availability Quality & Safety
Rank Country Score Rank Country Score
1 Botswana 67.8 1 South Africa 57.5
2 South Africa 65.3 2 Botswana 55.2
3 Côte d’Ivoire 52.7 3 Ghana 49.8
4 Ghana 48.3 4 Uganda 47.7
5 Nigeria 47.7 5 Rwanda 46.3
6 Mali 45.7 6 Cameroon 45.7
7 Uganda 45.0 7 Niger 45.6
8 Kenya 44.0 8 Nigeria 42.4
9 Senegal 43.4 9 Kenya 41.8
10 Zambia 43.3 10 Sudan 41.5
11 Ethiopia 42.8 11 Burundi 39.1
=12 Mozambique 42.6 12 Senegal 38.5
=12 Rwanda 42.6 13 Sierra Leone 38.3
14 Sierra Leone 42.0 14 Malawi 37.7
15 Tanzania 41.5 15 Benin 36.6
16 Benin 41.1 16 Burkina Faso 34.9
17 Madagascar 40.9 17 Guinea 34.2
18 Malawi 38.7 18 Chad 33.7
19 Cameroon 37.1 19 Angola 33.5
20 Angola 36.9 20 Mali 33.4
=21 Burkina Faso 36.6 21 Ethiopia 29.6
=21 Togo 36.6 22 Zambia 29.4
23 Guinea 36.0 23 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 28.5
24 Sudan 34.6 24 Tanzania 26.5
25 Niger 33.2 25 Madagascar 23.1
26 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 31.4 26 Côte d’Ivoire 22.2
25 Burundi 30.4 25 Togo 19.8
26 Chad 30.0 26 Mozambique 18.0

Appendix These tables list the year-on-year score changes, 2014 v 2013, for Sub-Saharan Africa in the overall index and across
the three categories (Affordability, Availability and Quality & Safety).
Overall Ranking Affordability
Country Y-o-Y change Country Y-o-Y change
Uganda 5.8 Benin 11.2
Togo 5.2 Malawi 10.5
Malawi 4.9 Senegal 7.6
Benin 4.8 Sudan 6.9
Mali 4.7 Nigeria 6.6
Sierra Leone 4.7 Uganda 6.5
Sudan 4.7 Sierra Leone 6.2
Côte d’Ivoire 4.3 Côte d’Ivoire 5.9
Rwanda 3.5 Ethiopia 4.3
Nigeria 3.4 Mali 4.3
Ethiopia 2.7 Chad 4.2
Congo (Dem. Rep.) 2.6 Zambia 3.5
Angola 2.4 Angola 3.3
Senegal 2.3 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 3.1
Chad 1.7 Burundi 3.0
Zambia 1.7 Cameroon 2.3
Kenya 1.4 Guinea 1.6
Cameroon 1.2 Botswana 1.0
Ghana 0.8 Rwanda 0.9
Guinea 0.4 Tanzania 0.7
Botswana -0.1 Togo 0.6
Burundi -0.2 Mozambique 0.6
Burkina Faso -0.4 Kenya 0.5
Tanzania -0.9 Ghana 0.5
South Africa -1.0 Burkina Faso -2.0
Mozambique -1.0 South Africa -2.9
Niger -1.6 Madagascar -4.3
Madagascar -3.1 Niger -4.8
Availability Quality & Safety
Country Y-o-Y change Country Y-o-Y change
Togo 11.8 Rwanda 11.9
Uganda 7.2 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 10.7
Côte d’Ivoire 5.0 Mali 9.7
Sierra Leone 3.8 Sudan 8.3
Mali 3.3 Malawi 7.4
Rwanda 2.6 Ethiopia 7.0
Angola 2.6 Burundi 6.1
Sudan 1.3 Nigeria 5.7
Benin 1.0 Ghana 5.2
Kenya 0.9 Kenya 5.2
Burkina Faso 0.9 Sierra Leone 3.5
South Africa 0.5 Cameroon 3.0
Niger 0.3 Zambia 2.2
Chad 0.2 Niger 1.4
Zambia 0.0 Uganda 0.5
Guinea -0.2 Chad 0.2
Nigeria -0.3 Botswana 0.0
Ethiopia -0.5 Burkina Faso -0.2
Cameroon -0.5 Angola -0.2
Ghana -0.6 South Africa -0.4
Tanzania -0.8 Benin -0.4
Congo (Dem. Rep.) -0.9 Senegal -0.8
Madagascar -1.1 Guinea -1.5
Botswana -1.1 Côte d’Ivoire -1.6
Malawi -1.2 Togo -1.8
Mozambique -1.3 Mozambique -4.3
Senegal -1.3 Tanzania -5.1
Burundi -5.3 Madagascar -5.7

Whilst every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this
information, neither The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. nor the
sponsor of this report can accept any responsibility or liability
for reliance by any person on this white paper or any of the
information, opinions or conclusions set out in the white paper.
Cover:Getty

London
20 Cabot Square
London
E14 4QW
United Kingdom
Tel: (44.20) 7576 8000
Fax: (44.20) 7576 8476
E-mail: london@eiu.com
NewYork
750 Third Avenue
5th Floor
New York, NY 10017
United States
Tel: (1.212) 554 0600
Fax: (1.212) 586 0248
E-mail: newyork@eiu.com
HongKong
6001, Central Plaza
18 Harbour Road
Wanchai
Hong Kong
Tel: (852) 2585 3888
Fax: (852) 2802 7638
E-mail: hongkong@eiu.com
Geneva
Boulevard des
Tranchées 16
1206 Geneva
Switzerland
Tel: (41) 22 566 2470
Fax: (41) 22 346 93 47
E-mail: geneva@eiu.com

Food Security in Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (16)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Food Security in Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa

Similar to Food Security in Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa (20)

More from DuPont

More from DuPont (12)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Food Security in Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa