2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Desmond Lee Hang "Agriculture & Nutrition Linkages: Lessons for Policy"
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Promoting regional trade and agribusiness development in the Pacific : 2nd PACIFIC AGRIBUSINESS FORUM "Linking the agrifood sector to the local markets for economic growth and improved food and nutrition security" Organised by PIPSO, CTA, IFAD, SPC and SPTO Tanoa Tusitala Hotel, Apia, Samoa, 29th August -1st September 2016
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2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum: Desmond Lee Hang "Agriculture & Nutrition Linkages: Lessons for Policy"
- 1. “Agriculture & Nutrition Linkages: Lessons For Policy” Desmond Lee-Hang, National University of Samoa
- 2. AGRICULTURE & NUTRITION LINKAGES: LESSONS FOR POLICY A Presentation on the Findings from the CTA-funded Samoa Rapid Scan on Food & Nutritional Security project at the 2nd Pacific Agribusiness Forum 2016 Tanoa Tusitala Hotel, August 30, 2016 Desmond Lee-Hang National University of Samoa National University of Samoa
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Food & Nutrition Security (FNS) is high on the global policy agenda With special significance for ACP countries • CTA has prioritised Strengthening the linkages btw Nutrition and Agriculture as one of the three key areas for 2015 and beyond in the ACP • At the regional level Pacific leaders prioritised the Food Secure Pacific programme which was endorsed at the 39th Pacific Islands Forum, Niue 19-20 August 2008 • In November 2008, organisations convened the Food Secure Pacific Working Group to progress the food security agenda in the Pacific
- 4. RAPID COUNTRY SCANS OBJECTIVES (3) To share the lessons learned (1) To undertake a rapid scan of related policies and interventions undertaken for improving Food and Nutrition Security In June 2015, CTA approached NUS to conduct the Samoa Rapid Scan on Food & Nutritional Security (2) To build the evidence base to strengthen the Agriculture - Nutrition nexus
- 5. THE SAMOA RAPID COUNTRY SCAN PROJECT • The Samoa Rapid Scan project was conducted between July and October 2015 • A comprehensive methodology was used including a desk review, as well as interviewing 46 key Stakeholders • The report was later endorsed by the local stakeholders at the National Validation Workshop on 23 October 2015 at NUS
- 6. SAMOA Population : 193,480 (2015 - estimated) Pop. growth rate: 0.5% (2001 - 2011) Surface area: 2,820 km2 Life expectancy : Male 70 years Female 77 years GDP (US$)/capita : 4,298 Data Source: WHO and Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Population and Housing Census
- 7. Increased Production = Lower Prices = Increased Consumption? Chung, Kimberly. 2012. An Introduction to Nutrition-Agriculture Linkages. Research Report 72E. THE AGRICULTURE & NUTRITION LINKAGE Governments and Development partners Fully integrate the goals of the diverse sectors Production ConsumptionNutrition
- 8. AGRICULTURE IN SAMOA Modified from: Land Use Map MNRE 1998 Source: Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 2013. Gross Domestic Product by Sector 20% 1990’s 10%Since 2012
- 9. NUTRITIONAL EATING HABITS Palusami Chinese Cabbage Taro Kangkong Taro leaves Cassava leaves lau pele Banana Esi Lyons, Graham, Taylor Mary 2014. ACIAR: Feasibility study on increasing the consumption of nutritionally rich leafy vegetables … 35% Ministry of Health. 2010-2015. NCD Policy.
- 10. CHANGES IN FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS Can Foods Chicken Wheat and Rice Turkey Tails 56% of food expenditure SPC. 2014. Pacific Regional Food Security Policy Brief. External Factors - Availability of Food - Cultural Obligations - Family Income - Decrease in Agriculture - Migration Internal Factors - Taste (Meat, Salt & Sugar) - Ease of access & preparation Lyons, Graham, Taylor Mary 2014. ACIAR: Feasibility study on increasing the consumption of nutritionally rich leafy vegetables … MAF. 2011-2015. Samoa Agriculture Sector Plan (Volume I & II) FAO. 2013-2017. Country Programme Framework for the Pacific
- 11. POPULATION AT RISK%Population Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 18 - 64 years old (yo) 55.9% 28.9% 14.9% <18.5 ≥30.0≥ 25.0 Under Reported ¼ < 60 yo & > Climate Change BMI World wide Samoa Ministry of Health. 2014. Samoa STEPS Report. 51% 13 -15 years old Ministry of Health. 2011. Global School Health Survey. Non-Communicable Diseases 70% Ministry of Health. 2013. Food and Nutrition Policy. Cost of Inaction > Cost of Action Global Financial Crisis World Economic Forum = Source: https://journalofhealthcommunication.wordpress.com/tag/non-communicable-diseases/
- 12. ANAEMIA 51% of under-nutrition case 5% Ministry of Health. 2008-2018. Health Sector Plan- Annual Review Report Children under 2 and pregnant women being the most vulnerable groups
- 13. POLICIES Link between agriculture, nutrition and health conveyed through policies aiming to address issues threatening food and nutrition: - Availability of Food - Access to Food - Food Utilisation - Stability of Food Systems 19 goals, 75 strategies, 86 indicators and implementing agencies
- 14. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Assistance One UN & DPs - Assistance to Farmers - Import Substitution Monitors School Nutrition Standards Indicator for Public Schools - FNP Implementation (Nutrition Unit) - Media Campaigns Oversees all Health Programs /Healthy School NutritionSPAGHL NUS 4 Programmes - FAKTS - METI - SFA -WIBDI - SAME Community Private Sector GOVERNMENT OF SAMOA
- 15. BENEFITS TO THE COMMUNITY Awareness
- 16. LESSONS LEARNED Market Development Strengthening the linkage between Nutrition and Agriculture Production ConsumptionNutrition Agricultural Research Education to Promote Demand COMMUNITY
- 17. CONCLUSION (2) Build on ongoing programmes (such as: the FAKTS Pre-school programme, the WIBDI Farm to Table programme, and the SFA Capacity Building programme for Farmers), in collaboration with SAME, CoC and NUS programmes that link Production, Technology Adoption, Marketing/ Commercialization and Consumption (1) Increase harmonization between programmes in Nutrition and Agriculture (3) Support Agricultural-Nutrition Awareness Programmes such as the MoH-MESC-MAF School Nutrition Programme to increase consumption of locally produced affordable foods
Editor's Notes
- CTA approached the National University of Samoa to conduct the Samoa Rapid Scan on Food and Nutritional Security The objectives of the Rapid Scan was to undertake a rapid scan of related policies and interventions for improving Food and Nutrition Security To build the evidence base to strengthen the Agriculture- Nutrition nexus And to share lessons learned
- This project took place in 2015 between July and October Methodology used included desktop review of reports, scientific papers and policy documents As well as interviewing 46 key stakeholders
- Samoa has a population of about 193,480 (2015 estimated figure) Population growth rate is about 0.5% (between 2001-2011) Life expectancy for Males is 70 years and for Females is 77 years GDP (US$) / capita : $4,298
- Agricultural development has historically been focussed on increasing production, assuming that increased supply would lead to lower prices and therefore to increased food consumption. Traditionally, governments and development partners tended to separate agriculture, nutrition and health in different sectors. This segregation makes it difficult to initiate programmes and policies that fully integrate the goals of those diverse sectors. However, recently policymakers and development practitioners have taken a number of steps to advance the integration of agriculture and nutrition programming. In order to continue this integration, it is important to understand the complexity of the production-consumption-nutrition loop More recently, the focus has moved toward improving the linkage between agriculture and nutrition. The term “nutrition-agriculture linkages” describes the set of relationships that shows the mutual dependence of nutrition, health and agriculture. Changes in nutrition or health status are expected to affect agricultural production; conversely changes in the agricultural sector can have significant effects on individual health and nutritional status
- Forests and woodlands occupy almost 47% of Samoa’s total land area. Permanent crops occupy 24% of the total land area and another 19% is also suitable for agriculture less than 10% of females are involved in the labour intensive activities in subsistence and commercial agriculture and fisheries (3% in subsistence agriculture and 6% in commercial agriculture). FAO is planning to carry out an analysis on the situation of gender and agriculture. During the 1990s, the agriculture and fisheries sectors contributed around 20% of the gross domestic product (GDP), but by 2012 the sectors’ contributions had declined to just 9.7% of GDP, with agriculture contributing 4.5% and fisheries 5.2% [12]. Despite recent government initiatives encouraging people to go back to the land and giving them easier access to traditional crops planting materials and livestock, the Samoan agricultural sector’s contribution to GDP has remained stagnant at around 10% to 11% over the past five years.
- Present-day diets, especially in urban areas tend to lack consumption of fruits and vegetables [6]. About 35% of the Samoan population virtually have no fruit in its diet [7], The main green vegetable currently being consumed in Samoa is taro leaves cooked with coconut cream to make palusami, a Samoan delicacy . The region is abundant with highly nutritious leafy vegetables. It has been shown that traditional leafy vegetables Taro (Colocasia esculenta) has been described as a rich source in Vitamin A when cooked, the best leaves to eat being the first four produced. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is high in vitamin A, iron and zinc and can be easily grown in home gardens. A plot of around 10 square metres can produce 1-2 kg of young leaves per week, enough pro-vitamin A weekly for a family of six [7]. Looking at crop nutritional values and resilience to climate change, a plant such as Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) has strong potential as a food crop in Samoa. It grows widely on both main islands and is already consumed regularly by households of Chinese descent.
- Samoa has become considerably more dependent on food imports over recent years. The proportion of imports that are food increased from 24% to 30% between 2005 and 2009 [14] and represents 56% of total household food expenditure Several factors have been identified to explain the ever-increasing reliance on imported food, including the effects of climate change, a decrease in agriculture engagement and migration The imported foods are often high in sugar and salt and low in nutritional value but they are affordable (rice, wheat), appealing to the Samoan palate (lamb flaps, turkey tails) and convenient (ready-to-eat). The Impacts these foods are having, across the Pacific, on public health and food and nutrition security are profound Imported foods now compete directly with domestic foods that often have higher production costs and are less convenient to store and prepare [15, 17]. The increasing reliance on food imports has also heightened Samoa’s vulnerability to international food and fuel price fluctuations, which caused a steep rise in food prices in two recent periods, in 2007-08 and again in 2011 [15], notably of rice and flour products
- According to the Samoa Step Report 2014, the overall Body Mass Index (BMI) mean for the Samoan population aged between 18 and 64 years old was 32.1 kg/m2 (people with a BMI above 30.0 kg/m2 are considered obese) and only 15% of the population in that age group was considered to have a “normal” BMI. Women of all age groups had a significantly higher BMI mean than men [30]. [25]. The Global School Health Survey conducted in 2010 across the country showed that that 43% of boys and 59% of girls between 13 and 15 years old were overweight, of which 16% and 22% respectively were obese NCDs are the leading cause of death in Samoa accounting for 70% of all deaths. Cardiovascular disease (including heart attacks, stroke and coronary heart disease) is the principal cause of death. At least one quarter of NCD-related deaths in Samoa are premature (under the age of 60). the World Economic Forum nonetheless has ranked NCDs above climate change and alongside the global financial crisis in terms of the global risk they pose. the percentage of people considered underweight and the severity of malnutrition cases are not considered to be accurately reported in Samoa
- Of the malnutrition cases reported in 2006-2010, 51% were reported to have anaemia (Figure 2) with children 0-2 years and pregnant women reported as the most vulnerable groups. groups over 5% are considered as a risk group by public health authorities
- The overarching policy document guiding food and nutrition development in Samoa is the “National Food and Nutrition Policy 2013-2018” (FNP).
- Nutrition Unit of the Ministry of Health (MOH) is leading the implementation of the Food and Nutrition Policy (FNP) The main aim of the Ministry of Agriculture (MAF) is to support all farmers by providing them with TA and access to improved seeds and livestock. The main focus of the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Export Programme (SACEP) is producing locally-grown fruit and vegetables to replace some of those currently imported. Under SACEP MAF launched its agriculture-nutrition awareness initiative, with MOH assisting MAF in the media campaign which includes television advertisements and newspaper articles The School Operations Division within MESC is responsible for monitoring the School Nutrition Indicator as stipulated in the MESC Minimum Service Standards (MSS) for Samoan Government Schools SPAGHL oversees all health programmes. The activities carried out by SPAGHL include support in providing policy direction for national campaigns such as monitoring visits to schools for healthy school canteens, sanitation and hygiene MWCSD is mandated to link government initiatives with the community and is involved in a project under the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) which notably aims at developing subsistence farming that takes into consideration nutrition. This ministry tend to be overcommitted Also reaching the community are the NGO with SUNGO linking between NGOs and government. FAKTS (a women’s organisation which promotes nutrition programmes in schools), METI (an environmental organisation which has developed the Taiala life skill coach qualification that has a training component on farming), SFA (a farmers’ association which provides hands on farming training, seedlings and cooking lessons to farmers) and WIBDI, (a women’s organisation which has developed organic farming in Samoa and the Farm to Table programme which links organic farmers to restaurant and hotels). Most of the above organisations are involved in community gardens initiatives. NUS also has undergraduate and graduate programmes in four faculties or schools which involve a nutrition or agriculture component. Universities also reach the community and NUS offers 4 programs involving nutrition components. The Coc sit n many GoS committees and is mandated to consult with the private sector on policy changes.
- - Awareness Program (Codex, Media release) - Fortified food - Price Control on Basic Foods - Fruit Trees in School University Nutrition Programs HACCP Certification to improve food safety standard and access to market (very important for food diversification) Conventional and Organic Farming Support (Hands on Training, Seedling growing and Cooking Lessons) Community gardens District Nurses (no longer running but people advocated for their re-establishment during consultation)
- Strengthening the linkage between Nutrition, agriculture and health clearly requires a coordinated multidisciplinary approach including intervention in all components of the production consumption and nutrition loop, such as Agricultural research, Education programs to create demand as well as Market development. Above all, it is essential to have a strong community involvement (especially with only 15% of the population estimated to have a “normal” BMI).