This document provides information about English phonetic and phonology. It discusses long vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and their pronunciation. It also covers voicing, the larynx, respiration, plosives and the distinction between fortis and lenis consonants. Some key points include: - There are 5 long vowels in English which are longer than short vowels. - Diphthongs involve a movement from one vowel sound to another. There are 8 diphthongs described. - Plosives involve the closure and release of airflow. They can be voiced or unvoiced and are distinguished by aspiration in initial position. - Fortis consonants are strongly articulated while

1. ENGLISH
PHONETIC AND
PHONOLOGY
GROUP 6GROUP 6

2. Members of group 6
•Nguy n Th Thu Th oễ ị ả
•Lê Th Kim Th oị ả
•Mai Th Huỳnh Nhị ư
•Tăng Qu c Phúố

3. CONTENTSCONTENTS
•Chapter 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and
triphthongs
•Chapter 4: voicing and consonants

4. Chapter 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and
triphthongs
•I. Long vowels: /i:, u:, a , , :/.ː ɔː ɜ
• The long vowels are longer than
the short vowels in similar contexts.
• The symbols = one vowel + two dots.
Ex: /i:/ and /i/

5. 1. /i:/
• Mouth: like a smile.
•Tongue touches the sides of
teeth

6. 2. /u:/
•Make a lip into a circle.
•Put tongue up and back.

7. 3. /a /ː
•Open mouth wide.
•Tongue rest in the bottom
of your mouth.

8. 4. / /ɔː
•Put the front of tongue down.
•Round your lips.

9. 5. / :/ɜ
•Mouth and tongue should be
relaxed.

10. II. Diphthongs:
•consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to
another

11. Chapter 3: Long vowels, diphthongs
and triphthongs
II. Diphthongs: /i:/
- About length, diphthongs
are like the long vowels.
- The first part is longer and
stronger than another.
/e /ə

12. 1. / ə /ɪ
• Firstly, Mouth like a smile
with the / :/ soundɪ
• Then, open mouth
a little to move the /ə/ sound.

13. 2. /eə/
•Firstly, Mouth starts with
the /e/ sound.
•After, lips become less
around and finish with
the /ə/ sound.

14. 3. / ə/ʊ
•Firstly, Mouth closes like to
kiss someone.
•After, mouth slightly opens
to remove to the /ə/ sound.

15. 4. /e /ɪ
•Firstly, Mouth starts with
the /e/ sound.
•After, lips become less
Around and finish with
the /ə/ sound.

16. 5. /a /ɪ
•Firstly, place the tongue
in the / a /.
•Then the mouth close a little
to pronounce / /, pronouncedɪ
/a/ long, / / short and fast.ɪ

17. 6. / /ɔɪ
•Firstly, place the tongue in the
sound pronunciation position / :/ɔ
•After, finish with the / / sound,ɪ
pronounced /a/ long, / /ɪ
short and fast.

18. 7. /ə /ʊ
•Firstly, place the tongue in
the sound pronunciation position / ə /
•Then the mouth round to
pronounce / /, pronounce / ə / long,ʊ
/ / short and fast.ʊ

19. 8. /a /ʊ
•Firstly, place the tongue in the
sound pronunciation position / a: /
•Then the mouth round to pronounce
/ /, pronounce / a: / long, / / shortʊ ʊ
and fast.

20. Chapter 3: Long vowels,
diphthongs and triphthongs
•Exercise 1: Write the symbols for long vowels:
a)Cool
b)Seat
c)Car
Exercise 2: Write the symbols for diphthongs:
a) Ear
b) Out
c) Hair

21. Chapter 3: Long vowels,
diphthongs and triphthongs
•Exercise 1: Write the symbols for long vowels:
a)Cool => /u:/
b)Seat => /i:/
c)Car => /a /ː
Exercise 2: Write the symbols for diphthongs:
a) Ear => / ə /ɪ
b) Out => /a /ʊ
c) Hair => /eə/

22. • A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another
and then to a third, all produced rapidly and
without interruption.
TRIPHTHONGSTRIPHTHONGS

23. The triphthongs are formed by adding ɚ to five
closing diphthongs.
1. e + = e ( layer, player)ɪ ɚ ɪɚ
2. a + = a ( fire, liar)ɪ ɚ ɪɚ
3. + = ( loyal, royal)ɔɪ ɚ ɔɪɚ
4. ə + = ə ( lower, mower)ʊ ɚ ʊɚ
5. a + = a ( power, hour)ʊ ɚ ʊɚ

24. THE LARYNX
• Its main structure is made of cartilages ( less hard than bone), and
the larynx’s structure is made of two cartilages
• Important parts of the larynx:
• Adam’s apple ( trái cổ) : a point at the front of the larynx
• Vocal folds ( dây thanh): two thick flaps of muscle inside the box
made of two cartilages.
• Thyroid cartilage( sụn tuyến giáp): + the largest of the cartilages
of the larynx
+ at the front of the vocal folds
• Arytenoid cartilages( sụn phễu) : at the back of the vocal folds
• Cricoid cartilages( sụn nhẫn) : the top of cricoid attached with
arytenoid cartilages
• Glottis( thanh môn): the opening between the vocal folds.

25. Four different states of the glottisFour different states of the glottis

26. 4.2 RESPIRATION AND4.2 RESPIRATION AND
VOICINGVOICING
•Respiration and voicing are complex
phenomenon.
•There are many parts of our
body realize these phenomenon.

27. EGRESSIVE PULMONIC
AIRSTREAM

28. How air is moved in and out of the lungs?
The lungs are like sponges.
Sponge

29. If the rib cage is lifted upwards and outwards
→ there is more space in the chest for the lungs
→the lungs take more air.

30. There are some ways to make airflow into and out of the lungs:
•Obstruct the airflow by articulation.
•Form strictures in the vocal tracts.
•If the vocal folds are apart there will be no vibration,
→ no voicing will take place.
•If the vocal folds are intact there will be the voicing and
vibration.

31. Subglottal pressure:
1. Variations in intensity
2. Variations in frequency
3. Variations in quality

32. 4.3 Plosives
A plosive is a consonant articulation
There are some characteristics:
a)One articulator is moved against another.
b)After the stricture has been formed, it is released, the air
is allowed to escape.
c)The plosive is release → produce a noise ( loud enough
to be heard) called Plosion – a burst of noise.
d)There may be voicing during part or all of the plosive
articulation.

33. 4 phases in the production of plossives:
1. The first: closing phase
2. The second: compression phase
3. The third: release phase
4. The fourth: post- release phase

34. ENGLISH PLOSIVES
•English has six plosive consonants:
•Voiceless plosive: p, t, k
•Voiced plosive b, d, g

35. Features:
unvoiced
bilabial
stop
p
The six plosives

36. Features:
voiced
bilabial
stop
b
The six plosives

37. Features:
unvoiced
alveolar
stop
t
The six plosives

38. Features:
voiced
alveolar
stop
d
The six plosives

39. Features:
unvoiced
velar
stop
k
The six plosives

40. Features:
voiced
velar
stop
g
The six plosives

41. Positions of plosives
•Initial position ( CV)
•Medial position (VCV)
•Final position (VC)

42. Initial position ( CV)
•Closing phase
•P, t, k: no voicing takes place
•B, d, g: no voicing takes place
•Post-realease phase
•P, t, k ( Air escapes through vocal folds, making a
sound like h “aspiration”.)
•B, d, g ( there are no aspiration and vocing
continues)

43. Difference in the initial positions of
p, t, k and b, d, g.
•Aspiration
•B, d, g cannot be preceded by any consonant
•When P, t, d can be preceded by s, it is unaspirated (
ski, spy,…)

44. In what circumstances are plosives
aspirated and when they are not?
•Voiceless plosives are /p,k,t/
•Aspiration is a interval of the air heard between the
end of the plosive and the following vowel. It is
represented by the symbol /h
/. Only voiceless
plosives may be aspirated.
•Aspiration may be strong or weak.

45. Strong aspiration
•Voiceless plosives are strongly aspirated in initial
stressed position
•For example: pen-potato: /ph
en/-/pə’th
eitə /.ʊ
•Exception:
•When t,k,p are preceded by/s/. Ex: pain-
spain /ph
ein/-/spein/
•When they are followed by /l ,r, w, j/. Ex:
Play, pray.

46. Weak aspiration
•They are weakly aspirated in unstressed syllables
and in final position.
• Ex: pot /ph
ɒt/- tomorrow /t ’m r /ə ɒ əʊ

47. Medial position (VCV)
•Medial plosive may have the characteristics either of
final or of initial plosives.

48. Final position (VC)
•B, d, g have little voicing and if there is vocing , it is
at the beginning of the compression phase.
•P, t, k are obviously voiceless.
•The plosion following the release of p, t, t & b, d, g
is very weak and often not audible.

49. Fortis and Lenis
•Fortis sound is a strongly articulated
•Lenis sound is a weakly articulated
•In English, there are eight fortis-lenis pairs

50. fortis
lenis
PLOSIVES
FRICATIVES
AFFRICATES

51. PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Bilabial Alveolar Velar
Fortis
(voiceless)
p t k
Lenis (voiced) b d g

52. The Fortis and Lenis
distinction

53. Fortis lenis
• Voicing Unvoiced Voiced
• Length Longer Shorter
• Strength Stronger Weaker
• Aspiration May be aspirated Not aspirated
• Glottalization May be glottalized Not glottalized

54. FORTIS LENIS
• voicing unvoiced Voiced
- Initial to /tu:/ do /du:/
- Medial weighty /‘weiti/ lady /leidi/
- Final mate /meit/ made /meid/

55. FORTIS LENIS
• length longer shorter
initial tip dip
medial plenty lady
final mate made

56. FORTIS LENIS
• glottalization may be
glottalized
not
glottalized
Captive
Stopwatch
/kæ?ptiv/
/‘st ?pw p?t /ɒ ɒ ʃ

57. FORTIS LENIS
• Aspiration may be
aspirated
not
aspirated
cave-gave /keiv/
pie-buy /ph
ai/
/geiv/
/bai/

58. FORTIS LENIS
• strength stronger weaker
Supper-suber /‘su:pər/
(strong)
/‘su:bə/
(weak)

59. EXERCISES
•What are the main point of difference between /t/
and /d/ in feet and feed?
•The final plosive d in feed is lenis and voiced and
while the final plosive p in feet is fortis and
unvoiced

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