A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR. SANGEETA CHOWDHRY AND DR. SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR. SANGEETA CHOWDHRY AND DR. SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
An account of strangulation, its types, mechanism, causes of death, post-mortom signs of death due to strangulation, fracture of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, medico-legal aspects of strangulation
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
An account of strangulation, its types, mechanism, causes of death, post-mortom signs of death due to strangulation, fracture of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, medico-legal aspects of strangulation
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Immediate care of newborn, midwifery and obstetrical nursingNursing education
Having brief knowledge regarding immediate care of newborn The time of birth is one of transition from intrauterine life to an independent existence and call for many adjustment in the physiology of the baby. Normal infant are at low risk of developing problems in the new born period and therefore, require primary care only. That’s means the, new born care is comprehensive strategy designed to improve the health of newborn through intervention just soon after birth, in post natal ward and up to 28 days.
Essential care of the normal healthy neonates can be provided by the mothers under supervision of nursing personnel or basic or primary health care provider. About 80% of the newborn babies should be kept with their mothers rather than in separate nursery. The immediate care after birth is simple but very important. The baby has just come from warm quit uterus. So be gentle with the baby and keep the warm.
DEFINITION-
Newborn is the child of the first month of the life and transition of intrauterine life to extrauterine life.
Purposes-
1) To establish, maintain and support respiration
2) To prevent injury and infection
3) To provide warmth and prevent hypothermia
4) To identify actual or potential that may require immediate attention
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
3. “Hence ,it is obvious that in a case of
infanticide the matters to be proved are”
• Whether it was viable when born
• Whether the foetus was born alive.
• Whether it had separated existence for sometimes.
• That the cause of death was neither natural nor
accidental but was due to some deliberate act of
commission or omission
• That the dead infant examined belonged to the
woman charged for commission of the offence of
infanticide
4. Whether the foetus was born alive
• Viability or capacity to lead a separate
life outside the body of mother, depends
on many biological and physiological
factors.
• The acceptable age of viability of a foetus
is 210 days.
5. Whether it was viable when born
Two other condition of newly born
foetuses are recognised, when they
are not born alive.
These are:
1.Still born foetus
2.Dead born foetus
6. STILL BORN FOETUS
• According to WHO- “a still born child as one, which
has issued forth from the mother , after 28 wks of
pregnancy and didn’t at any time after being
completely expelled, breathe or show any sign of
life”
• In contrast to general conception, some still born
foetuses may show signs of respiration, when they
are still in the vagina or uterus.
( Vagitus vaginalis or Vagitus uterinus)
• Frequency of still birth rate is calculated as 1 in 18
births.
7. Medico legal aspects of still birth
• Charge of infanticide will not stand in
still birth cases.
• In India, killing after live birth is
considered as murder (302 IPC) and
to prevent live birth under 315 IPC.
8. DEAD BORN
• Death of a foetus inside the uterus.
Sign Of Dead Born Foetus
1.Rigor mortis
2.Intrauterine maceration (Autolytic decomposition)
Overlapping of skull bones (Spalding sign)
Soft tissue oedema: skin >5 mm
3. Intrauterine mummification
4.Putrifaction
Gas shadow in foetal heart& vassels(Robert's sign)
9.
10. LIVE BIRTH
The foetus is alive, complete birth?
OR
at least one part of its body comes out of the
mother’s body?.
11. Sign Of Live Birth
As Recognised By Civil Law
a. Cry of the baby- Vagitus vaginalis and
Vagitus uterinus
b. Movement of any part of body
c. Sneezing and yawning
d. Heartbeat
12. Sign Of Live Birth
(As Recognised By Criminal Law)
External Signs :
1.Shape of chest and its measurements:
increase AP diameter and circumference
2.Changes in skin
• Colour -bright red at birth
Brick red- 2nd to 3rd day
Yellowish -3rd to 6th day
Normal-7th to 10th day
• Desquamation of skin -begins over abdomen by 2nd day
and is completed by 3rd to 4th day
• Vernix caseosa
13. 3. Caput succedaneum
4. Cephalhaematoma
5.Change in the Umbilical cord
• Cut margin dries up by about 2 hrs.
• The cord dries up about 24 hrs.
• Red ring appears around umbilicus on
the 2nd day.
• Cord falls off by 4th -5th day and
complete healing of the surface occurs.
14. B. Sign of live birth and separate
existence in dead infants
Internal Examination
1.Position of highest point of diaphragm
goes down from 3rd- 4th ribs to 6th / 7th
ribs.
2. Examination of lungs
• Ploucquet’s test.
• Hydrostatic test.
• Histological examination of the
lungs.
15. Character Unrespired Lungs Respired Lungs
Weight in relation to
body weight
1/70 1/35
Volume Small Large and covers the
heart
Consistency Liver Like: Dense firm
non crepitant
Soft, spongy, elastic,
Crepitant
Extension Up to the level of
4th and 5thrib
Up to the level of
6th and 7thrib
Specific gravity 1.04 0.94
16. Margin Sharp Rounded
Color Uniform reddish Mottled/ marbled
appearance
Air vesicles Not inflated Inflated
Section Little froth less blood
exudates on
pressure
Abundant frothy
blood exudates
Breslau’s second life test Whole or part sinks
in water
Expanded parts or
whole floats
Microscopy Cuboidal lining Squamous
Epithelium
Blood vessel Less patent More Patent
17. 3.Findings in the stomach and intestine-
• Breaslau’s second life test.
• Demonstration of air in x ray.
• Presence of milk / honey in stomach.
4.Meconium - large intestine is completely free
of meconium within 24 hrs after birth.
5.Change in the heart-
closure of foramen ovale occurs within
3 months after birth.
18. 6.Change in blood vessels-
• Umbilical arteries – start contracting within
10 hrs after birth and obliteration completed by
3rd day.
• Umbilical vein -start contracting by 2nd to 3rd day
after birth and completely obliterate by 4th to 6th
day.
• Ductus arteriosus starts to obliterate by 2nd to
3rd day after birth and completed by 7 to 10
days.
• Ductus venosus- starts to obliterate by 3rd to 4th
day after birth and completed by 10 days.
19. 7. Incremental line in the enamel of the teeth-
one of the surest sign of live birth.
8. Air in the middle ear.
9. Presence of some ossification centres e.g. at
the lower end of radius, heads of humerus
and femur and capitulum of humerus.
10.Changes in the blood-
• Nucleated RBC is absent in peripheral
circulation with in 24 hrs.
• Foetal haemoglobin 55 % to 60 % at birth.
11. Closure of fontanelle.
21. Natural causes :
• Prematurity
• Asphyxia
• Birth trauma
• Congenital malformation
• Haemolytic disease
• Neonatal infection
• Early separation of placenta
• Pre - eclamptic toxaemia in mother
• Infective condition during infancy
• Sudden infant death syndrome
22. Accidental causes during birth:
• Injury to mother on her abdomen
• Prolapse of cord
• Prolonged labour
• Twisting of cord around neck
• Premature separation of placenta.
• Mother’s death.
23. Accidental causes after birth :
• Non rupture of membrane.
• Cord around neck
• Head injury
• Non-availability of nursing care-neonate may
die due to smothering, choking, suffocation,
drowning.
• Precipitated labour-may cause death of the
newborn due to head injury, suffocation or
drowning or bleeding from umbilical stump.
24. Criminal causes
May be divided into two groups :
1.Acts of Omission
2.Acts of Commission
25. 1.Acts of Omission
or deliberate neglect
• Intentional failure to extend those cares to the
newborn, that may lead to its death and may
amount to infanticide.
• Examples-
A)failure to tie the cord
B)failure to protect the child from being
suffocated by linens
C)failure to protect it from exposure of cold or
other adverse site.
26. 2).Acts of commission to cause infant
death
• Suffocation by Smothering , Gagging, pressure over
chest wall
• Strangulation
• Drowning
• Poisoning
• Head injury
• Concealed punctured wound-may be caused by nail or
needle through fontanelle, inner canthus of eye.
• Cut throat injury
• Burying of newborn alive
• Burning
• Twisting of neck –fracture dislocation of cervical
vertebrae
27. Sudden infant death syndrome
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) also
known as cot death or crib death is the
sudden death of an infant that is not predicted
by medical history and remains unexplained
after a thorough forensic autopsy and detailed
death scene investigation
28. Predisposing causes
• Season-commonly in rainy and winter season
• Premature birth
• Sex - M:F=3:2
• Age – mid-infancy is most vulnerable
• Social status-lower and middle class
• Time of death-death possibly occurring at late
night or after sometimes of 1st feeding of the
infant in the morning.
29. Precipitating causes
1.Prolonged sleep apnoea-presently accepted as
the most countable of the suggested cause
2.Pocal hypersensitivity of respiratory tract
3.Viral infection
4.Bed clothes and pillow falling accidently over
mouth
5.Prone position
6.Overlying
30. Medico-legal importance of SIDS
• Cot death being natural or very
occasionally accidental, the parent may
be wrongfully linked for having criminal
involvement or negligence.
• Some criminal infant death cases may be
presented as natural cot death cases.
31. Non-Accidental Injury Of Childhood
Battered Baby Syndrome
• Also known as maltreatment syndrome in
children or Caffey’s syndrome or child abuse
syndrome.
• A battered child is one who has received
repetitive physical injuries as a result of non
accidental violence, produced by parent or
guardian. in addition to physical injuries there
may be non-accidental deprivation of
nutrition, care and affection.
32. Features of Battered Baby Syndrome
• Age-usually less than 3 years old
• Sex-slightly more in male(55 to 63%)
• Position in family-eldest or youngest and
often unwanted
• Socio-economic factors-lower
socioeconomic status
• History-difference between nature of
injury and explanation given by parent
• Treatment-delay between injury and
medical attention
33. Injuries in Battered Baby Syndrome
• Surface injuries-mainly head face and neck
region. Mainly bruise, abrasion and laceration.
• Laceration of mucosa of upper lip, often tear
of fraenulum is most characteristic lesion.
• Violent shaking lead to subdural
haematoma(40% cases) and intraocular
bleeding in battered babies, so called
“Infantile Whiplash Syndrome”
34. • Bite mark, traumatic alopecia, retinal
haemorrhage, injuries to liver and spleen,
small pitted burn of cigarette.
• Skull fracture are common in occipital-parietal
area.
• Multiple rib fracture occur along posterior
angle of ribs. after one to two weeks, callus is
formed, and on X –ray “a string of beads”
appearance is seen in the paravertebral
gutter (NOBBING FRACTURE)
37. Munchausen’s Syndrome
• Munchausen syndrome is feigning illness or
injury and going from hospital to hospital for
unnecessary investigation and treatment.
38. Munchausen’s Syndrome By Proxy
• The term describe the action of one person
(usually mother) who inflict harm against
another person ( usually an infant or small
child) in an attempt to gain sympathy and
attention for both of her own and child’s
suffering.
40. • 2. Caffey syndrome is another
name of :
• Battered baby syndrome
• Battered wife
• Incest
• Death in cafeteria
41. • 3.breslau’s second life test is :
• Air in stomach and intestine
• Putrefaction
• Mummification
• Air in lungs
42. • 4. During hydrostatic test ,
unexpanded lung may float due to :
• Formation of putrefactive gases
• Air in stomach
• Air in the larynx
• Air in alveoli
43. • 5.Ploucquett’s test is for:
• Drowning
• Live birth
• Age with the help of teeth
• Range of a fire arm
44. • 6.Vagitus vaginalis means :
• Death of child in vagina
• Changes in the vagina during
delivery
• Crying of the child in vagina
• Movements of child in vagina
45. • 7. Wredin’s test detects
changes in :
• Lungs
• Brain
• Middle ear
• Heart
46. • 8. following are the act of
commission in the case of
infanticide:
• Strangulation
• Suffocation
• Burning
• All of the above
47. • 9. Crib death can be due to:
• Violence
• Poisoning
• Drowning
• Asphyxia
48. • 10. all of the following about
maceration are correct , except:
• It is a sterile process
• Macerated fetus is flaccid and
flattened
• Emits a sweetish but disagreeable
odor
• Skin assumes a greenish color