High fluoride concentration in ground water has been reported in Begunia, Bolagarh blocks of Khurda district and Bhapur Block of Nayagarh District, Orissa. Preliminary geological & geochemical studies were carried out to trace the source of fluoride in ground water.
Fluoride and Arsenic in Ground water.
Causes for groundwater pollution.
Fluoride in groundwater , sources for fluoride , Health implications.
Arsenic in groundwater , sources for arsenic , Health implications.
Irrigation development- In respect to State of MaharashtraAmit Arya
Irrigation Development- In respect to State of Maharashtra. Its History, region-based crop strategies, problems, irrigation schemes by Government of India, irrigation projects, reforms, flagship programmes, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, Jalyukta Shivar Yojana,Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, water conflicts of Bhima and Goadavari, suggestions, changing scenario
Fluoride and Arsenic in Ground water.
Causes for groundwater pollution.
Fluoride in groundwater , sources for fluoride , Health implications.
Arsenic in groundwater , sources for arsenic , Health implications.
Irrigation development- In respect to State of MaharashtraAmit Arya
Irrigation Development- In respect to State of Maharashtra. Its History, region-based crop strategies, problems, irrigation schemes by Government of India, irrigation projects, reforms, flagship programmes, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, Jalyukta Shivar Yojana,Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, water conflicts of Bhima and Goadavari, suggestions, changing scenario
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Tushar Dholakia
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM in Chambal Command, Rajasthan - Er. C.M. Tejawat, F.I.E., P. Eng., B.E. (Ag.), M.Sc. (Land Drainage Engineering) Deputy Director (Monitoring), CAD Chambal, Kota (Raj.)
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Tushar Dholakia
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM in Chambal Command, Rajasthan - Er. C.M. Tejawat, F.I.E., P. Eng., B.E. (Ag.), M.Sc. (Land Drainage Engineering) Deputy Director (Monitoring), CAD Chambal, Kota (Raj.)
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fluoride Consumption in Endemic Villages of India and Its Remedial Measuresinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Magnesium on Fluoride RemovalIJRES Journal
Fluorides in drinking water are known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. The fact that the problems associated with the excess fluorides in drinking water is highly endemic and widespread in countries like India prompted many researchers to explore quite a good number of both organic and inorganic materials adopting various processes from coagulation, precipitation through adsorption, Ion exchange etc. for fluoride removal. Some are good under certain conditions while others are good in other conditions. Leaching of Fluoride from the earth crust is the chief source of fluoride content in ground water; however the other sources like food items also add to increase the overall ingestion of fluoride into the human body. The soil at foot of the mountains is particularly likely to be high in fluoride from the weather and leaching of bed rock with a fluoride. The present paper aims to encompass the work carried out by various researchers in various fluoride affected areas and to access the effectiveness of using magnesium for fluoride removal.\
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Kerala state is having abundant water source and people are really proud of it and lavishly wastes water.But due to the uprising scarcity of good potable drinking water we should think about conserving water before polluting the sources.This presentation is a description about the water scenario in India briefly and describes about the major water pollution and the main regions that are being affected severely.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Hydro-geologically induced diseases in SrilankaHome
Geology of Srilanka is influenced to ground water and it can affect the quality of water. So, hydro-geologically induced diseases are mainly affected by the geological conditions. This gives a brief explanation about hydro-geologically induced diseases in Srilanka, where much people in the country depend on Ground water for drinking purpose.
The present study was carried out to know the Fluoride content in the groundwater. The occurrence of fluoride is mainly due to the over exploitation of groundwater. The ground water is contaminated with Fluoride because rock beds containing fluoride minirals come in contact with groundwater. The more incidence of dental fluorosis among the rural mass made it necessary to find out the fluoride contamination of ground water. And adopt remedial measures to the people on the risk of fluorosis. A total of 50 Groundwater (GW) samples were collected during the study period. The objective of the study is to find out the spatial distribution of fluoride in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period using GIS and remote sensing. The fluoride concentration in groundwater varies from 1.2 mg/l to 3.6 mg/L in pre-monsoon and 1.0 mg/L to 3.6 mg/l in post-monsoon. The overall distribution of fluoride concentration in the study area during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods indicates slight dilution effect owing to fresh water recharge on account of rain fall. The analysis was made in GIS for identifying the evaluation fluoride contamination region in the study area. The concentration of fluoride above 1.5 mg/l of fluoride concentration, which is a maximum permissible limit recently suggested by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) (BIS: 10500, 2010) was observed in 45 samples in pre-monsoon 43 samples in post-monsoon and remaining 5 and 7 samples in safe limit respectively. This study identified that Fluoride concentration is 2 – 3 ppm (46%) and 3 – 4 ppm (28%) in pre-monsoon and 25% in post-monsoon in Ranebennur Taluka, Haveri district. Further remedial measures for fluoride have to be carried out in the study area. Mapping of high fluoride areas are useful to plan and to bring safe drinking water from low fluoride areas
Book lets sensitization pdf_cmoh_bankura_NPPCF_Fluorosis_Medical Officer Boio...drdduttaM
Dear Consultants
Rajsthan
As per your request , I am uploading MO training booklets on NPPCF_Study Materials
I recommend Dr. Susheela Mam book for M.O. training .
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
Mineralization in Granitic intrusive Of Kanigiri area in Andhra Pradesh: A ro...Editor IJCATR
The Kanigiri-Podili tract of Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh were known for abnormal fluoride content and
interesting mineralogy. Kanigiri town in Topo-Sheet No.57M/11 of Survey of India is surrounded by granitic intrusive. Alkaline
magmatism was widespread in the granulite terrain of southern peninsular India during the proterozoic. The forty seven alkaline to
mildly alkaline plutons and carbonatite complexes of varying dimensions and shapes cover a total area of approximately 450sq.Km
and define an alkaline belt along the east coast of India. The rocks of the area are holocrystalline-hypidiomorphic texture and
composed mainly of orthoclase, microcline, albite, and zircon as chief accessory minerals fluorite, topaz, apatite are the other
accessosories as served in the rock.
The present work focuses on the origin of fluoride in waters around Kanigiri area. In general the dissociation of granitic
rocks exposed to prolonged sun and runoff results apatites in to water. This in turn enriches the Fluoride content. But here the
mechanism is different. Endemic fluorosis is prevalent amongst the habitants of the high fluorine content in ground water. Streaks and
Lenses of fluorite are common feathers in these granites. The earlier workers attributed the origin to the replacement of the existing
rocks by “granitic juice” having a high volatile content. Small patches of Sodalite-Cancrinite-Fluorite-Nepheline bearing syenites
hosted within the fluorite bearing grey granite near Podili. Detailed water sampling around Kanigiri and Podili has been made. They
are analyzed to their complete major-ion analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts of Khurda & Nayagarh District, Orissa (20)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts of Khurda & Nayagarh District, Orissa
1. ‘Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts of Khurda & Nayagarh District, Orissa.’<br />D.K.Kar,Geologist<br />B.K.Sahoo,Geologist<br />Directorate of Ground Water Survey & Investigation: Orissa<br />Abstract:-<br />Water, the vital need for all living beings compels one to search for its abundance either surface or underground. In a rapidly growing urbanization where we live, the water resources base is steadily diminishing due to irregularities in climatic and deterioration of environmental conditions. Usual practice of anthropogenic activities lead towards increase of water related hazards, which are the main concern for us. Fluorosis is a chronic disease resulting from prolonged intake of excessive Fluoride mainly through drinking water. WHO recommends the fluoride concentration in water less than 1.5 mg/l to be safe for drinking purpose and any thing more than this may lead to dental, skeletal fluorosis. High fluoride concentration in ground water has been reported in Begunia, Bolagarh blocks of Khurda district and Bhapur Block of Nayagarh District, Orissa. Preliminary geological & geochemical studies were carried out to trace the source of fluoride in ground water. Rock/water samples were analyzed to determine fluoride concentration. Lithological control over high fluoride concentration in ground water is hypothesized. Garnetiferrous granite gneiss and Charnockites are the major litho units of the area having apatite, biotite , hornblende as accessory constituents. The leacheable fluoride in these mineral is reflected in the top aquifer system of the area.<br />Regarding quality management, the most cost effective defluoridation techniques ( Nalagonda techniques ) are suggested towards reduction of high fluoride concentration in water.<br />Key words :-Fluorosis, Potable water , W.H.O, Nalagonda techniques and DDFU.<br />Introduction<br />Fluoride is known to contaminate ground water globally. Sporadic incidences of high fluoride concentration in ground water have been reported from India. Ground water containing more than 1.5 mg/l (WHO specified permissible limit ) of fluoride pose serious toxicological and geo environmental problems in 17 states of India. In Orissa, this endemicity covering over 22 districts and around 3.5 million people are at a risk of developing fluorosis. Deformed body with bending of legs, mottling of teeth coupled with ageing problems is a general feature seen in these villages. In view of the gravity of the situation a preliminary geological and geo chemical study was carried out by the Directorate of Ground Water Survey and Investigation to trace the source of fluoride in ground water.Geological mapping in Parts of Khurda (Begunia and Bolagarh block) and Nayagarh (Bhapur block) district were carried out in 1:50,000 scale to identify lithological units responsible for fluoride contribution(Fig-1).<br /> Rock samples were analysed to determine the fluoride content, ground water samples over different periods from different sources were collected.<br />General geology<br />The present study stretches from 20o N to 20o 23’ N Latitude & 85o 12’ E to 85o 32’ E Longitude(Fig-1). The area forms a part of Easternghats super group of rocks and major Litho units are granite gneiss (garnetiferrous granite gneiss and quartzofeldspathic gneiss ) Charnockites & its derivative showing a regional trend varying from WNW – ESE to EW with moderate to high dip ( 45o to ) in either direction. Recent alluvial cover dominates rest of the area.Litology map is shown in fig-2.<br />990600228600<br />Methodology<br /> During the study water samples from different bore wells, dug wells and ponds of various locations were collected for analysis of fluoride and other parameters. Geological mapping in 1:50,000 scale, rock samples were collected for microscopic and chemical analysis.<br />Discussion<br />Geochemistry of fluoride: Abnormal levels of fluoride in water is common in fractured hard rock zone composed of minerals like Fluorapatite, fluorite and fluoride replaceable hydroxyl ion in ferromagnesian silicates. Fluoride ion from this minerals leach in to the ground water and contribute to the high fluoride concentration. Rock minerals weather and form calcium and fluoride ions. However it is the leachable state of fluoride ions that determines the water fluoride levels. The leachability is governed by (i) pH of the draining solution,(ii) the dissolved carbon dioxide of the soil. The present study pertains the fluoride in phreatic ground water(top aquifer ) and it is in this regimen most of the hand pumps ,dug and bore wells are constructed.<br />Profile of fluoride in shallow ground water zone : High profile of fluoride in ground water is observed in some G.P of Bolagarh, Bhapur and Begunia as shown in Fig-3<br />The present study shows that the occurrences of fluoride is very sporadic .The incidences of very high fluoride zones are limited to certain patches of Bolagarh and Bhapur block and is scattered in Begunia block.Village Balasingh of Bolagarh block,Khurda district shows maximum fluoride concentration 5.88 mg/l in groundwater. Bolagarh block shows a wide variation of fluoride concentration while in Begunia and Bhapur the fluoride concentration in ground water ranges from 1.5mg/l to 2.8 mg/l. The distribution of fluoride in phreatic ground water in different villages of the study area is given in Table-1 and the concentration of fluoride ranging above 1.5 mg/l in phreatic ground water of the study area is shown in Table-2.<br />Table-1 : Distribution of fluoride in phreatic ground water <br />in different villages<br />DistrictBlockFluoride concentration in mg/l.No. of villagesPercent of total villagesKhurdaBegunia– 1.01 – 1.51.5 –3.03.0 - & above.15787nil91%5%4%-Total villages:172Bolagarh0.0– 1.01 – 1.51.5 –3.03.0 - & above.1663328671%14%12%3%Total villages:233NayagarhBhapur0.0– 1.01 – 1.5 1.5 –3.03.0 - & above.128166nil85%11%4%-Total villages:150<br />Table -2: Concentration of fluorides above 1.5 mg/l in phreatic ground water in different villages<br />DistrictBlockG.P.VillageFluoride concentration range in mg/ltNayagarhBhapurBasupalliPatharpunji1.5 - 1.61ChakradharprasadAnandpur1.85DhanchangdaMahulapada2.65KarabaraTikiriapada1.8SalapadaKulab1.95 - 2.05Salapada1.7KhurdaBeguniaBotalamaAkhupada1.8KantabadaBasudevpur1.63RadhakantapurChakapada1.54 - 1.7Kalikaprasad1.66 - 1.88Radhakantapur1.63Suanala1.61SagadabhangaChhima2.8BolagarhArikamaBhabanipur3.86BadakumariKhalikot2.16DistrictBlockG.P.VillageFluoride concentration range in mg/lKhurdaBolagarhBadakumariSrichandrapur1.54BolagarhBolagarh2.45Mardabadi1.72Nandapalli1.81Panchukota1.62 - 2.58Rampur2.58DabardhuapatnaAsanapalli1.64Belapadar1.64 - 1.78Chuda1.53 -1.82Dabardhuapatna1.82 -1.92Ghoradia1.69Gopalipada1.68Grameswar1.71Kapasia1.69 - 1.71Rameswar1.55 - 1.64GediapalliSalatara1.92GopalpurAbhilo1.68Dakhina Parikuda1.72JaripadaJaripada1.72 - 2.02KalangaNaupada1.65KhanguriaJadapada1.68Khalipatna1.68Sikharpada1.71PatapursasanKharadapalli2.08SagaragaonBalasingh5.88Balasinghpatna1.52Benagadia1.63Godiali1.51 - 1.66Pallibalsingh2.82 -3.18Patrabandha2.56Podapatna1.82Sagargaon1.62 - 3.8Singhipur1.54 - 6.85SanapadarBayapalli1.51 - 2.1Biswanathpur2.1 - 2.16<br />The zone showing fluoride concentration in different ranges in Bolagarh block is shown in fig- 4<br />137477585090<br />The level of fluoride in phreatic ground water when compared over different periods (Nov-2004,March- 2005,Jan-2006)shows variations.<br />Table- 3: Fluoride concentration in ground water during different periods in the study area<br />DistrictBlockVillageSourceFluoride concentration in mg/l in different periodNov-04Mar-05Jan-06KhurdaBolagarhBalasinghpatnaDugwell10.611.28.7SagargaonTube well3.083.723.2BeguniaAkhupadaTube well1.82.11.54NayagarhBhapurSalapadaTube well2.52.91.8<br />It is seen that the fluoride concentration is also climatically controlled. The seasonal variation of fluoride concentration in ground water is shown in fig- 5<br />2362205715<br />General characteristic of ground water : The pH value of ground water in the study area varies from 7 to 7.5 indicating the alkaline condition which favours the solubility of fluorine bearing minerals.TDS varies from 72 mg/l to3831 mg/l. Bicarbonate content varies from 18.3mg/l to500.2 mg/l and this high value indicates intense chemical weathering of the parent granitic rock.<br />Probable source of fluoride: In an attempt to establish the geochemical source of fluoride in water, petrochemical data of the rocks of study area were collected to know their fluoride content and is given in Table-5.<br />Table-4: Fluoride content of various rock types in the study area<br />Rock typesLocation fluoride content in PPMGranite gneissSagargaon 1560 KhondalitesNagapalli 860QuartzitesExposure near Kaligiri river 265CharnockitesNagapalli 1292 <br />Biological appraisal: Several cases of Dental fluorosis, Skeletal and nonskeletal fluorosis are reported in the area which are shown in the photographs.<br /> <br /> <br />Quality management<br />No effective cures are available for either form of Fluorosis. However the diseases are preventable if fluoride intake is controlled. Geoscientists have an important role to play in the identification and amelioration of problems in areas at risk. As fluoride concentration in ground water originates naturally in the area hence following measures are suggested for prevention and control of Fluorosis. <br />Check against fluorosis: <br />Periodical survey of dental and skeletal fluorosis be made.<br />All the bore wells and dug wells having F more than permissible limit i.e 1.5 mg/l should be demarcated and abandoned. This water should not be used for drinking or cooking purpose.<br />Provision should be made for alternative drinking water source.<br />Selection of source be identified in areas with low alkalinity and high calcium content.<br />Adequate calcium in daily diet and use of vitamins C must be practised in the endemic areas. <br />Biological control against fluorosis: <br />Biological defluoridation can serve as a best alternative to the conventional methods of defluoridation. Such methods would be cost effective and material employed would be biodegradable. Efforts are on in this direction and have yielded promising result. <br />Dr. Sriramchari (I.C.M.R) has suggested that inclusion of liquid concentrates of ripe tamarind fruit in the diet induces bio – unavailability of the fluoride ion thereby preventing the absorption of any fluoride by the body even when it is abundantly present in ground water.<br />Defluoridation techniques: The defluoridation techniques involve a number of methods described in brief.<br />A. High cost defluoridation techniques:<br />Ion exchange method: Before disinfection, a combination of cation exchanger and anion exchanger should be used to completely deionise the water. Then required amount of salt as per the B.I.S. standard can be added to the water.<br />Reverse osmosis method: At high pressure, solvent is allowed to pass through a semi permeable membrane from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution. On this principle of reverse osmosis the fluoride concentration can be reduced.<br />Distillation method: Distillation separates salts completely from water; also disinfection is carried on simultaneously. Later on required amount of salt can be added to match the mineral water standard.<br />In fact, habitation in the rural areas cannot accept the above technology owing to its high operational cost, complexity of handling techniques etc. Hence some alternative techniques also have been developed so that people can accept the technology. These methods are given below. These methods for removal of excess fluoride in water are cost effective and easy to implement.<br />B. Cost effective Defluoridation techniques:<br />Nalagonda techniques: It is an economical way of defluoridation developed and proposed by NEERI (National Environment Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur (1987). This is a cheap and simple techniques based on insequence addition of bleaching powder, lime and alum to water & is vigorously stirred by which the fluoride settle as flocs. The treated water contains permissible amounts of fluoride. This technique can be easily adopted by villages at domestic and community level.<br />Alumina based filters: Researches by IIT, Kanpur proved that activated alumina is more effective in removing excess fluoride. Thus activated alumina based Domestic Defluoridation Filter Unit (DDFU) need to be utilized in domestic level in each house. <br />3790950318770864870318770<br />Conclusion<br />The study revealed that high fluoride concentration more than 1.5 mg/l in ground water causes serious health hazards.So far as the origin of fluoride contamination is concerned, it can mainly attribute to be of natural rather than anthropogenic. High profile of fluorides in shallow zone ground water is due to the geochemical disposition. The toxicity of fluoride is also influenced by high ambient temperature, alkanity, calcium and magnesium contents in the ground water. Abnormal level of fluoride in water is common in fractured granitic, khondalitic & charnockitic rocks, which petrochemically contains higher concentrations of fluorides.<br />In general ground water contains more fluoride than surface water resources due to greater contact times with fluoride bearing minerals. The occurrences of fluoride concentration are always point specific. It is observed that within one village different wells often show wide variation in fluoride content. This indicates that geological formation is not the only factor responsible for fluoride in ground water. The weathering of rocks, local hydrogeological conditions govern the fluoride content of ground water. <br />Practically no treatment is available for advanced stage of Fluorosis..So far as fluoride endemicity is concerned participative approach should be made both by the government and non-government organization towards popularizing the use of Domestic Defluoridation Filter Unit (DDFU) in the affected areas for reduction of fluoride concentration However, through public awareness people should be made aware of the excess fluoride menace and they should be advised to be refrained from consuming water having high fluoride concentration when and wherever detected. Further they should be aware of safe drinking water habits.<br />--------------------<br />
