This study aimed to map fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources across districts in Karnataka, India and examine relationships to health effects. Water samples were collected from 5 sites in 29 districts across 4 zones and analyzed for fluoride using an ion-selective electrode. Fluoride concentrations varied substantially between districts and zones, with the highest mean in the northeast zone (1.61 ppm) and lowest in the southwest zone (0.41 ppm). Statistical analysis found highly significant variation between zones and districts. Mapping showed some districts had markedly elevated fluoride. Correlation analysis found fluoride levels correlated with lower temperature and rainfall.
The chemical investigation on water pollution of kurnool district by water qu...Avishkaarsgrowup
1) The document analyzes water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients and heavy metals in drinking water samples from 10 locations in the Nandyal region of Kurnool district, India.
2) Testing found the pH, conductivity, fluoride and heavy metal levels were within WHO guidelines for most locations, but some had higher turbidity and nutrients like nitrates.
3) The highest levels of parameters like copper, iron and manganese were found in samples from locations like Maddur and Kowlur.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples
ELECTRO DIALYSIS FOR THE DESALINATION OF BACKWATERS IN KERALAcivej
With the declining freshwater source and increase in demand for the potable water need of desalination
have increased. The electrodialysis can be put as an economic substitute for the desalination of the
brackish water. This paper deals with the assessment of the effect contaminants in the desalination of
natural brackish water using electrodialysis. The contaminants studied were Boron, Sulfate and
Magnesium in the presence of chloride. The study was based on the function of pH at a constant voltage
of 11 V. Magnesium, Chloride, and Sulfate was not affected by the pH variations and was removed to an
efficiency of 94%, 95%, and 74% respectively. But the boron was not removed in neutral pH and showed
a removal efficiency of 41% at pH 10 in an hour. There was significant interference in the removal of the
Chloride ion and Sulfate ion.
DocumThe effect of Amaranthus hybridus on fluoride removal by iron (III) salt...Hezron Mwakabona
The use of iron (Fe) (III) salts as fluoride coagulants in water is challenged by the requirement of high
pH for maximum efficiency. At their natural pH, these salts have low fluoride removal efficiency. This
study examines the effect of amaranth plants on enhancement of the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III)
salts as coagulants. Amaranthus hybridus plants were suspended in fluoride water treated with varying
concentrations of Fe (III) with its roots immersed completely in fluoride water for varying time from 720
to 1440 min. The study shows that fluoride coagulation by Fe (III) in the absence of plants is limited to
10%, whereas when plants were introduced, it increased from 10 to 40%. These results suggest that
amaranth plants enhance the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III). This enhanced removal may be
attributed to increased coagulation effected by exudates released by plant root which contain organic
compounds and CO2 or charged root surfaces by the formation of Fe (III) oxide film. The exact factor
that has a major contribution to enhanced removal observed remains to be subject of further studies.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
This document presents a study on the effects of potential leachate leakage from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill in Chikkathaguru, Bangalore, India. The study aims to examine the impact on physical and chemical properties of groundwater, determine the extent of contamination, and compare water quality to standards. Samples were taken from 8 groundwater locations and tested for various parameters. Results showed that most parameters exceeded permissible limits, including total hardness, TDS, chloride, phosphate and iron. The water was also acidic with a pH below standard limits. The study concludes the landfill is contaminating the surrounding groundwater.
The chemical investigation on water pollution of kurnool district by water qu...Avishkaarsgrowup
1) The document analyzes water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients and heavy metals in drinking water samples from 10 locations in the Nandyal region of Kurnool district, India.
2) Testing found the pH, conductivity, fluoride and heavy metal levels were within WHO guidelines for most locations, but some had higher turbidity and nutrients like nitrates.
3) The highest levels of parameters like copper, iron and manganese were found in samples from locations like Maddur and Kowlur.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples
ELECTRO DIALYSIS FOR THE DESALINATION OF BACKWATERS IN KERALAcivej
With the declining freshwater source and increase in demand for the potable water need of desalination
have increased. The electrodialysis can be put as an economic substitute for the desalination of the
brackish water. This paper deals with the assessment of the effect contaminants in the desalination of
natural brackish water using electrodialysis. The contaminants studied were Boron, Sulfate and
Magnesium in the presence of chloride. The study was based on the function of pH at a constant voltage
of 11 V. Magnesium, Chloride, and Sulfate was not affected by the pH variations and was removed to an
efficiency of 94%, 95%, and 74% respectively. But the boron was not removed in neutral pH and showed
a removal efficiency of 41% at pH 10 in an hour. There was significant interference in the removal of the
Chloride ion and Sulfate ion.
DocumThe effect of Amaranthus hybridus on fluoride removal by iron (III) salt...Hezron Mwakabona
The use of iron (Fe) (III) salts as fluoride coagulants in water is challenged by the requirement of high
pH for maximum efficiency. At their natural pH, these salts have low fluoride removal efficiency. This
study examines the effect of amaranth plants on enhancement of the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III)
salts as coagulants. Amaranthus hybridus plants were suspended in fluoride water treated with varying
concentrations of Fe (III) with its roots immersed completely in fluoride water for varying time from 720
to 1440 min. The study shows that fluoride coagulation by Fe (III) in the absence of plants is limited to
10%, whereas when plants were introduced, it increased from 10 to 40%. These results suggest that
amaranth plants enhance the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III). This enhanced removal may be
attributed to increased coagulation effected by exudates released by plant root which contain organic
compounds and CO2 or charged root surfaces by the formation of Fe (III) oxide film. The exact factor
that has a major contribution to enhanced removal observed remains to be subject of further studies.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
This document presents a study on the effects of potential leachate leakage from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill in Chikkathaguru, Bangalore, India. The study aims to examine the impact on physical and chemical properties of groundwater, determine the extent of contamination, and compare water quality to standards. Samples were taken from 8 groundwater locations and tested for various parameters. Results showed that most parameters exceeded permissible limits, including total hardness, TDS, chloride, phosphate and iron. The water was also acidic with a pH below standard limits. The study concludes the landfill is contaminating the surrounding groundwater.
Physico chemical characterization of the groundwater of kotur area hyderabad,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in the Kotur industrial area of Hyderabad, India. Water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. The results showed high levels of these parameters, exceeding WHO guidelines in many cases, indicating contamination from industrial and agricultural activities in the area. Statistical analysis found strong correlations between various parameters, suggesting a common surface source of contamination. The high concentrations of parameters reveal surface contamination originating from anthropogenic sources like nearby industries and agricultural activities.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of increasing sewage waste on microbe populations in the River Yamuna in India. Water quality parameters like BOD, ammonia, chlorides and sulphates indicated high levels of organic pollution, especially at sites downstream from urban and industrial areas. Populations of coliform bacteria and algae like Ulothrix, which thrive in polluted conditions, were highest where pollution loads were also highest. In contrast, populations of microbes like Paramecium, Difflugia and Cyclops declined significantly with increasing pollution, especially during summer months when pollution concentrations were highest due to lower water levels. The results suggest heavy pollution is negatively impacting the river's ecological balance.
Assessment of pesticide residues in sediments collected from river ravi and i...Alexander Decker
The study assessed pesticide residue levels in sediments collected from 18 sites along the River Ravi and its tributaries in Pakistan. All sediment samples were found to contain pesticide residues below national and international tolerance limits, with endosulfan being the most prevalent. Sediment samples collected downstream of the Degh fall and Hudiara drain tributaries, which receive untreated industrial and domestic waste, exhibited the highest contamination levels of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical properties of groundwater samples collected from 10 locations across Delhi, India. Key findings include:
1) Concentrations of total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, and fluoride exceeded desirable limits at some sampling locations.
2) Strong positive correlations were found between total hardness and calcium hardness, and total dissolved solids and turbidity.
3) Moderate correlations existed between pH and chloride, total hardness and turbidity, total hardness and sulphate, and total dissolved solids and fluoride.
4) The study suggests periodic evaluation of water quality parameters and management practices are needed to protect groundwater resources in Delhi.
11.ground water quality assessment of nagercoil townAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from 15 hand pumps in 3 towns in Nagercoil, India. Testing found that pH, total alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, sodium, potassium, iron and phosphate levels were above permissible limits in some samples. The study concludes that higher levels of dissolved constituents were found due to greater interaction of groundwater with geological materials.
Ground water quality assessment of nagercoil townAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from 15 hand pumps in Nagercoil Town, Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that the pH of the water samples was slightly acidic, and that total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate, sodium, potassium, iron and phosphate levels were above permissible limits. The document provides details on the materials and methods used to collect and analyze the water samples. It discusses the results, noting that hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate levels exceeded guidelines in some locations. The conclusion states that higher dissolved constituents were found due to interaction with geological materials.
Application of magnetic nanoparticles in drinking water purification城材 李
1) Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized with poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) were shown to effectively remove four pathogenic bacterial species from drinking water - Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Over 99.5% removal was achieved when bacterial counts were less than 105 CFU/mL.
2) MNPs had different adhesion effects on different bacterial species, adhering best to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas due to their external cell structure and ion exchange capacity.
3) Testing on real drinking water samples achieved 99.48% bacteria removal and residual counts below WHO standards, demonstrating the potential of this technique for practical drinking water
This document presents a project proposal for analyzing the biological components of groundwater in selected industrial and residential areas in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. It introduces the significance of groundwater and issues of contamination from human and other activities. Key water quality parameters that will be analyzed include microbiological (total coliform, E. coli), chemical (COD, BOD), and physical properties. Methodologies for sample collection, handling, and analyzing COD, BOD and total coliform are described, including calculations. Health risks of coliform contamination are also discussed. The analysis will assess water quality and identify sources of pollution to inform water management.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
The Efficiency of Eicchornia crassipes in the Phytoremediation of Waste Water...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Eicchornia crassipes in the
phytoremediation of a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. The
physiochemical characteristics of the waste water were determined before and after the treatment. The
experiment lasted for three weeks and the rate of reduction was recorded. The highest rate of mean reduction
were for heavy metals accounting 99.0%, 95.0%, 96.3%, 100%, 99.3% and 94.3% of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn, Pb and
Ag respectively. Other physiochemical parameters include Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 90%, Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) 54.3%, Nitrate 86.3%, Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) 13.7%, Conductivity 11%, Total
suspended Solids (TSS) 55.7%, Turbidity 18%, 87% Total Solids (TS) and the pH 4%. Ecchornia crassipes is a
suitable candidate for effective phytoremediation of water from Romi stream.
IRJET- Analysis of Physico Chemical Parameters of Underground Water Sample fr...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of underground water samples from selected areas of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and tested for various parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, and COD. The results found that most parameters were within permissible limits but the water quality was not suitable for drinking due to higher levels of certain parameters. While the water quality needs improvement, most parameters met groundwater quality standards. The analysis helps communicate the current water quality to citizens and policymakers.
1. Cellulose was extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth using various methods including mercerization with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and Soxhlet extraction.
2. The extracted cellulose was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption process.
3. Preliminary results found that mercerization with 5% sodium hydroxide produced cellulose with high crystallinity, thermal stability, and aspect ratio, making it a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of Fuzzy Tsukamoto Membership Function using Genetic Algorithm t...IJECEIAES
Some aquatic ecosystems in rivers depend on the river water, so it needs to be maintained by measuring and analyzing the river water quality. STORET is one of the methods used to measure the river water quality, but it takes a quite high of time and costs. Fuzzy Tsukamoto is an alternative method that works by grouping the river water data, but it is difficult to determine the membership function value. The solution offered in this study is the use of genetic algorithm to determine the membership function value of each criterion. Based on the test results, the optimization of fuzzy membership function using genetic algorithm provides higher accuracy value that is 95%, while the accuracy value without optimization process is 90%. The parameters used in genetic algorithm are as follows: population size is 80, generation number is 175, crossover rate (cr) is 0.6, and mutation rate (mr) is 0.4.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON CALCIUM AND BERYLLIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Water quality is an important issue for human health management.The aim of this research was to compare calcium
and beryllium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number two (WTP2) in Ahvaz city
and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process. Materials and Methods: Fourteen
samples of Karun river water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water
treatment process were collected during five months (September2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen
times, each time; five, one liter samples were collected. The samples were then mix and one liter composite sample was isolated
and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and pro tection
by nitric acid the pH adjusted ≤2 and was analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: it was shown that average of Calcium in water at the inlet
of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 164.714, 94.571,
111.714, 54.485, 124.571, and 17.528 μg/l ,respectively. Also, average of Beryllium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus
and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 15.142, 5.714, 8.714, 2.571, 9.428 and 2.285
μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in waters
Keywords: Karun River, beryllium, calcium, water treatment process, ICP-MS.
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
The NEERI Chennai Zonal Laboratory has been conducting environmental research and assisting local industries since 1969. It focuses on areas like pollution monitoring, biotechnology, waste management, and more. The laboratory has contributed significantly to solving pollution problems in southern India and conducted many projects with international organizations. It has provided important wastewater treatment solutions and environmental impact assessments for major projects.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor LakeIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that assessed the water quality of Paravoor Lake in India. Samples were taken from 7 locations around the lake and tested for various parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The results showed that most sample locations had higher than permissible levels of chlorides and hardness due to high salinity in the lake water. The study then used a Microbial Desalination Cell technique with two types of algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis salina, to desalinate the lake water samples. Chlorella vulgaris was able to reduce the chloride levels in 10 days but further treatment
This document summarizes a study that used portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) to rapidly detect toxic metals like lead in non-crushed oyster shells. The researchers developed a methodology to use a portable XRF to simultaneously detect multiple elements in oyster shells without crushing them. Lead contamination was confirmed in contaminated oyster shells using both XRF and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEMeEDS). The portable XRF provided a quick, non-destructive, and cost-effective way to assess lead contamination in oyster shells.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Thalidomide The Irish Experience Presentation2Carmel Daly
Thalidomide was sold over-the-counter in Ireland between 1958-1962, resulting in 105 babies born with limb anomalies, of which 87 survived. After lobbying, the Irish government agreed in 1974 to provide compensation and healthcare support to Thalidomide survivors similar to Germany's scheme. However, 35 years later survivors assert the support is inadequate and does not address their increasing needs due to disabilities and aging. Survivors continue negotiating with the government for improved financial settlement and healthcare provisions.
This document discusses the history and legal issues surrounding the drug Thalidomide. It was introduced in the late 1950s as a treatment for morning sickness but was found to cause severe birth defects. Over 400 victims in the UK suffered disabilities from missing or deformed limbs. Victims and their families struggled to obtain compensation through the legal system due to difficulties proving negligence. This led to a long campaign and eventual settlement establishing support for thalidomide victims through a trust fund.
Physico chemical characterization of the groundwater of kotur area hyderabad,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in the Kotur industrial area of Hyderabad, India. Water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. The results showed high levels of these parameters, exceeding WHO guidelines in many cases, indicating contamination from industrial and agricultural activities in the area. Statistical analysis found strong correlations between various parameters, suggesting a common surface source of contamination. The high concentrations of parameters reveal surface contamination originating from anthropogenic sources like nearby industries and agricultural activities.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of increasing sewage waste on microbe populations in the River Yamuna in India. Water quality parameters like BOD, ammonia, chlorides and sulphates indicated high levels of organic pollution, especially at sites downstream from urban and industrial areas. Populations of coliform bacteria and algae like Ulothrix, which thrive in polluted conditions, were highest where pollution loads were also highest. In contrast, populations of microbes like Paramecium, Difflugia and Cyclops declined significantly with increasing pollution, especially during summer months when pollution concentrations were highest due to lower water levels. The results suggest heavy pollution is negatively impacting the river's ecological balance.
Assessment of pesticide residues in sediments collected from river ravi and i...Alexander Decker
The study assessed pesticide residue levels in sediments collected from 18 sites along the River Ravi and its tributaries in Pakistan. All sediment samples were found to contain pesticide residues below national and international tolerance limits, with endosulfan being the most prevalent. Sediment samples collected downstream of the Degh fall and Hudiara drain tributaries, which receive untreated industrial and domestic waste, exhibited the highest contamination levels of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical properties of groundwater samples collected from 10 locations across Delhi, India. Key findings include:
1) Concentrations of total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, and fluoride exceeded desirable limits at some sampling locations.
2) Strong positive correlations were found between total hardness and calcium hardness, and total dissolved solids and turbidity.
3) Moderate correlations existed between pH and chloride, total hardness and turbidity, total hardness and sulphate, and total dissolved solids and fluoride.
4) The study suggests periodic evaluation of water quality parameters and management practices are needed to protect groundwater resources in Delhi.
11.ground water quality assessment of nagercoil townAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from 15 hand pumps in 3 towns in Nagercoil, India. Testing found that pH, total alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, sodium, potassium, iron and phosphate levels were above permissible limits in some samples. The study concludes that higher levels of dissolved constituents were found due to greater interaction of groundwater with geological materials.
Ground water quality assessment of nagercoil townAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from 15 hand pumps in Nagercoil Town, Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that the pH of the water samples was slightly acidic, and that total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate, sodium, potassium, iron and phosphate levels were above permissible limits. The document provides details on the materials and methods used to collect and analyze the water samples. It discusses the results, noting that hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate levels exceeded guidelines in some locations. The conclusion states that higher dissolved constituents were found due to interaction with geological materials.
Application of magnetic nanoparticles in drinking water purification城材 李
1) Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized with poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) were shown to effectively remove four pathogenic bacterial species from drinking water - Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Over 99.5% removal was achieved when bacterial counts were less than 105 CFU/mL.
2) MNPs had different adhesion effects on different bacterial species, adhering best to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas due to their external cell structure and ion exchange capacity.
3) Testing on real drinking water samples achieved 99.48% bacteria removal and residual counts below WHO standards, demonstrating the potential of this technique for practical drinking water
This document presents a project proposal for analyzing the biological components of groundwater in selected industrial and residential areas in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. It introduces the significance of groundwater and issues of contamination from human and other activities. Key water quality parameters that will be analyzed include microbiological (total coliform, E. coli), chemical (COD, BOD), and physical properties. Methodologies for sample collection, handling, and analyzing COD, BOD and total coliform are described, including calculations. Health risks of coliform contamination are also discussed. The analysis will assess water quality and identify sources of pollution to inform water management.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
The Efficiency of Eicchornia crassipes in the Phytoremediation of Waste Water...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Eicchornia crassipes in the
phytoremediation of a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. The
physiochemical characteristics of the waste water were determined before and after the treatment. The
experiment lasted for three weeks and the rate of reduction was recorded. The highest rate of mean reduction
were for heavy metals accounting 99.0%, 95.0%, 96.3%, 100%, 99.3% and 94.3% of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn, Pb and
Ag respectively. Other physiochemical parameters include Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 90%, Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) 54.3%, Nitrate 86.3%, Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) 13.7%, Conductivity 11%, Total
suspended Solids (TSS) 55.7%, Turbidity 18%, 87% Total Solids (TS) and the pH 4%. Ecchornia crassipes is a
suitable candidate for effective phytoremediation of water from Romi stream.
IRJET- Analysis of Physico Chemical Parameters of Underground Water Sample fr...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of underground water samples from selected areas of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and tested for various parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, and COD. The results found that most parameters were within permissible limits but the water quality was not suitable for drinking due to higher levels of certain parameters. While the water quality needs improvement, most parameters met groundwater quality standards. The analysis helps communicate the current water quality to citizens and policymakers.
1. Cellulose was extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth using various methods including mercerization with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and Soxhlet extraction.
2. The extracted cellulose was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption process.
3. Preliminary results found that mercerization with 5% sodium hydroxide produced cellulose with high crystallinity, thermal stability, and aspect ratio, making it a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of Fuzzy Tsukamoto Membership Function using Genetic Algorithm t...IJECEIAES
Some aquatic ecosystems in rivers depend on the river water, so it needs to be maintained by measuring and analyzing the river water quality. STORET is one of the methods used to measure the river water quality, but it takes a quite high of time and costs. Fuzzy Tsukamoto is an alternative method that works by grouping the river water data, but it is difficult to determine the membership function value. The solution offered in this study is the use of genetic algorithm to determine the membership function value of each criterion. Based on the test results, the optimization of fuzzy membership function using genetic algorithm provides higher accuracy value that is 95%, while the accuracy value without optimization process is 90%. The parameters used in genetic algorithm are as follows: population size is 80, generation number is 175, crossover rate (cr) is 0.6, and mutation rate (mr) is 0.4.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON CALCIUM AND BERYLLIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Water quality is an important issue for human health management.The aim of this research was to compare calcium
and beryllium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number two (WTP2) in Ahvaz city
and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process. Materials and Methods: Fourteen
samples of Karun river water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water
treatment process were collected during five months (September2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen
times, each time; five, one liter samples were collected. The samples were then mix and one liter composite sample was isolated
and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and pro tection
by nitric acid the pH adjusted ≤2 and was analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: it was shown that average of Calcium in water at the inlet
of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 164.714, 94.571,
111.714, 54.485, 124.571, and 17.528 μg/l ,respectively. Also, average of Beryllium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus
and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 15.142, 5.714, 8.714, 2.571, 9.428 and 2.285
μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in waters
Keywords: Karun River, beryllium, calcium, water treatment process, ICP-MS.
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
The NEERI Chennai Zonal Laboratory has been conducting environmental research and assisting local industries since 1969. It focuses on areas like pollution monitoring, biotechnology, waste management, and more. The laboratory has contributed significantly to solving pollution problems in southern India and conducted many projects with international organizations. It has provided important wastewater treatment solutions and environmental impact assessments for major projects.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor LakeIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that assessed the water quality of Paravoor Lake in India. Samples were taken from 7 locations around the lake and tested for various parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The results showed that most sample locations had higher than permissible levels of chlorides and hardness due to high salinity in the lake water. The study then used a Microbial Desalination Cell technique with two types of algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis salina, to desalinate the lake water samples. Chlorella vulgaris was able to reduce the chloride levels in 10 days but further treatment
This document summarizes a study that used portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) to rapidly detect toxic metals like lead in non-crushed oyster shells. The researchers developed a methodology to use a portable XRF to simultaneously detect multiple elements in oyster shells without crushing them. Lead contamination was confirmed in contaminated oyster shells using both XRF and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEMeEDS). The portable XRF provided a quick, non-destructive, and cost-effective way to assess lead contamination in oyster shells.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Thalidomide The Irish Experience Presentation2Carmel Daly
Thalidomide was sold over-the-counter in Ireland between 1958-1962, resulting in 105 babies born with limb anomalies, of which 87 survived. After lobbying, the Irish government agreed in 1974 to provide compensation and healthcare support to Thalidomide survivors similar to Germany's scheme. However, 35 years later survivors assert the support is inadequate and does not address their increasing needs due to disabilities and aging. Survivors continue negotiating with the government for improved financial settlement and healthcare provisions.
This document discusses the history and legal issues surrounding the drug Thalidomide. It was introduced in the late 1950s as a treatment for morning sickness but was found to cause severe birth defects. Over 400 victims in the UK suffered disabilities from missing or deformed limbs. Victims and their families struggled to obtain compensation through the legal system due to difficulties proving negligence. This led to a long campaign and eventual settlement establishing support for thalidomide victims through a trust fund.
Este documento presenta 6 problemas de cinemática que involucran velocidad constante, distancia, tiempo y posición. Los problemas incluyen calcular el tiempo que tarda un ciclista en recorrer 12 km a 10 m/s, calcular el desplazamiento y distancia recorrida por Luisa al caminar 200 m a 2 m/s y regresar a 4 m/s, y calcular el tiempo de encuentro y posición de encuentro para vehículos que se mueven a velocidades constantes.
This document summarizes the operations of Burns Lake Sawmill and Sheraton Sawmill. The mills are locally owned and employ over 30 people in the Burns Lake area, providing entry-level jobs. They process low-grade timber and produce cant strips, chips, and biomass to supply local and international markets. The mills have grown substantially in recent years and expect further growth, creating additional employment opportunities. They aim to maximize the utilization of local forest resources through innovative harvesting methods.
El documento presenta una ecuación para calcular la densidad, masa y volumen y proporciona varios ejercicios para practicar el cálculo de estos valores usando la ecuación. Los ejercicios incluyen calcular la densidad de diferentes materiales dados su masa y volumen, calcular la masa dados el volumen y la densidad, y calcular el volumen dados la masa y la densidad.
The document discusses environmental outputs and commitments from a sawmill's point of view. It summarizes the sawmill's plans to:
1) Develop management plans for hazardous waste and implement supplier return programs for chemical containers.
2) Implement a wastewater management system to treat sewage and prevent contamination.
3) Establish an occupational health and safety program including worker training on hazards.
El documento describe los problemas asociados con los vertederos tradicionales de basura, como la contaminación del agua y la liberación de gases tóxicos. Luego discute un nuevo enfoque llamado "vertedero sistematizado" que puede convertir la basura en petróleo a través de un proceso de despolimerización térmica que imita lo que hace la naturaleza pero en un tiempo más corto. Este nuevo método puede ayudar a resolver problemas como la contaminación y la gestión de desechos de manera más ecológica.
Fluoride Contamination in Ground water in Mulbagal Taluk (Ashwin's report)biomeshubha
This study analyzed fluoride contamination in drinking water sources in 270 villages in Mulbagal taluk, Karnataka. Water samples from bore wells were tested for fluoride levels. 48 villages had fluoride levels above the permissible limit of 1ppm, and 15 villages had critical levels over 3ppm. The results were mapped to identify areas of contamination. High fluoride consumption can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis in humans. The study recommends raising awareness, identifying uncontaminated water sources, and promoting rainwater harvesting to address the problem.
Estimation of fluoride concentration in vegetations in ikot abasi, akwa ibom ...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that estimated fluoride concentrations in vegetation around an aluminum smelting plant in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. Vegetation samples including cassava, bitterleaf, and wire grass were collected in 2010 and 2011 from locations near the plant and analyzed for fluoride content using an ion selective electrode. Results found fluoride contents in the vegetation were far higher than background levels, with increases of over 1000% in some cases. As daily fluoride intake should not exceed 10mg per person, the study concludes there is a need for routine monitoring of fluoride emissions and controls around the smelting plant to prevent potential health impacts from fluorosis.
Thalidomide is a sedative that caused severe birth defects in the 1960s when prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness. It was discovered to be a potent teratogen, causing babies to be born with phocomelia (flipper-like limbs) and other malformations. While no longer prescribed for pregnancy, thalidomide is still used today under strict controls to treat cancers, leprosy, and other conditions. Several famous individuals were born with defects due to their mothers taking thalidomide, including musicians Thomas Quasthoff and Terry Wiles.
The document discusses the history and development of thalidomide and its analogues. Thalidomide was originally introduced in the late 1950s as a sedative but was found to cause birth defects in thousands of children after being prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness. This led to it being withdrawn in 1961. Researchers later discovered that thalidomide and its analogues have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to FDA approval to treat cancers and inflammatory diseases. New analogues like lenalidomide and pomalidomide were developed that are more potent with fewer side effects.
India; Studies on Estimation Of Fluoride and Defluoridation of Drinking WaterD5Z
The document provides acknowledgements and thanks to various people who helped and supported the author. It then outlines the contents which include an introduction on fluoride in India and the present work, methods to estimate fluoride concentration, development of a device to estimate fluoride, experiments to estimate fluoride using the device, experiments on defluoridation of water, discussion, and suggestions for future work. Tables and figures are provided to support the various methods and results discussed.
Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts o...BK SAHOO, GEOLOGIST,GWS&I
High fluoride concentration in ground water has been reported in Begunia, Bolagarh blocks of Khurda district and Bhapur Block of Nayagarh District, Orissa. Preliminary geological & geochemical studies were carried out to trace the source of fluoride in ground water.
This literature review examines 20 research studies and articles on various topics related to occupational health and safety. The key findings include:
- Piece rate wages can negatively impact worker health and safety.
- Ergonomic interventions in manufacturing and warehousing are financially beneficial due to reducing injuries.
- Infrastructure like bike lanes, lighting and paved surfaces can improve cyclist safety.
- Long work hours are associated with increased health risks and issues like hypertension, especially for men.
- Interventions to improve fleet safety in corporations show potential through programs like driver training.
- There is a lack of evaluation of occupational health and safety intervention studies, especially in small businesses.
- Engineered nanoparticles may present workplace hazards, and exposure monitoring
This document provides an introduction to health and safety in the workplace. It defines safety as the absence of accidents and discusses the need for safety to protect workers. It outlines the types of accidents that can occur and explains what health means in an occupational context. The document also discusses identifying hazards, management commitment to health and safety, and statutory provisions around health and safety in India. It provides an overview of building an effective health and safety management system and the importance of a health and safety program.
DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A CASE STUDY IN VAUVNIYA DISTRICT, DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKASivanesan Somanathar
This document summarizes a case study on dental fluorosis in the Vavuniya district of Sri Lanka. Water samples were collected from 72 wells and tested for fluoride concentration. Fluoride levels above the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg/L were found to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. The highest number of fluorosis patients were found in the Chettikulam area, where the highest fluoride level of 1.52 mg/L was recorded. Positive correlations were observed between fluoride levels and electrical conductivity, pH, and well depth. The study identified areas with high fluoride concentrations in groundwater and high rates of dental fluorosis. More research was recommended to develop techniques for removing fluoride from drinking water in affected rural
This study assessed fluoride levels in drinking water sources and residents in five villages in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India affected by fluoride contamination. Water samples from 109 sources found 67% contained fluoride above safe limits. Dental fluorosis was found in 33.5% of children surveyed. Urinary fluoride levels in adults correlated with water fluoride levels. Provision of alternate water sources in five villages significantly reduced urinary fluoride levels after 6 months, showing intervention effectively addressed the fluoride issue. Urinary fluoride is an effective tool to monitor success of such interventions.
This study evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of water from the Nzhelele River in South Africa, which is an important source of drinking water for rural communities. Membrane filtration and specialized equipment were used to analyze E. coli, enterococci, pH, conductivity, turbidity, and anion levels from January to June 2014. Results found high levels of fecal bacteria that exceeded limits for drinking water. However, measurements of pH, conductivity, and anions were within permissible limits. The study concludes that while chemical parameters of the river water meet guidelines, it is contaminated with fecal organisms and poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment.
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
IRJET- Use of Fly Ash from Soybean Husk and Maize Husk as an Adsorbent for Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using activated carbon extracted from soybean husk and maize husk as an adsorbent for removing fluoride from water. The study examines the effect of various parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and stirring rate on fluoride removal efficiency. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for maximum fluoride removal. Results showed that 50 minutes was sufficient contact time to reach equilibrium for both adsorbents. An adsorbent dose of 2g was found to be the equilibrium dosage. Maximum efficiency of 50.47% and 51.66% was observed for maize husk and soybean husk activated carbon respectively.
The present study was carried out to know the Fluoride content in the groundwater. The occurrence of fluoride is mainly due to the over exploitation of groundwater. The ground water is contaminated with Fluoride because rock beds containing fluoride minirals come in contact with groundwater. The more incidence of dental fluorosis among the rural mass made it necessary to find out the fluoride contamination of ground water. And adopt remedial measures to the people on the risk of fluorosis. A total of 50 Groundwater (GW) samples were collected during the study period. The objective of the study is to find out the spatial distribution of fluoride in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period using GIS and remote sensing. The fluoride concentration in groundwater varies from 1.2 mg/l to 3.6 mg/L in pre-monsoon and 1.0 mg/L to 3.6 mg/l in post-monsoon. The overall distribution of fluoride concentration in the study area during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods indicates slight dilution effect owing to fresh water recharge on account of rain fall. The analysis was made in GIS for identifying the evaluation fluoride contamination region in the study area. The concentration of fluoride above 1.5 mg/l of fluoride concentration, which is a maximum permissible limit recently suggested by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) (BIS: 10500, 2010) was observed in 45 samples in pre-monsoon 43 samples in post-monsoon and remaining 5 and 7 samples in safe limit respectively. This study identified that Fluoride concentration is 2 – 3 ppm (46%) and 3 – 4 ppm (28%) in pre-monsoon and 25% in post-monsoon in Ranebennur Taluka, Haveri district. Further remedial measures for fluoride have to be carried out in the study area. Mapping of high fluoride areas are useful to plan and to bring safe drinking water from low fluoride areas
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
The document summarizes a research study on drinking water contamination and related health risks in Charsadda District, Pakistan. It finds that over half the population lacks access to clean drinking water and relies on shallow tube wells vulnerable to contamination. Water samples were collected and analyzed, finding elevated levels of sulfate, nitrates, lead, cadmium, iron, nickel and zinc in some areas exceeding standards. A survey also linked contaminated water to health issues reported by residents such as hepatitis, anemia, and gastrointestinal problems. Overall, the study concludes drinking water in the area is contaminated through improper waste disposal and excessive fertilizer use, posing risks to community health.
This study examines high levels of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) in groundwater in Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan that pose health risks. Groundwater samples from two areas, Jallah Jeem and Dur Pur, contained As levels from 5.9-507 ppb and F- levels from 5.5-29.6 ppm, exceeding World Health Organization limits of 10 ppb for As and 1.5 ppm for F-. The sources of As and F- were determined to be both natural geologic processes and anthropogenic activities like coal combustion and agriculture. Residents exhibited arsenicosis and fluorosis from exposure. Health risks were assessed using estimated daily intake and target hazard quotients.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from synthetic wastewater using low-cost bio-adsorbents such as banana peel, groundnut shell, and sweet lemon peel. The study investigated the ability of these bio-adsorbents to adsorb fluoride at a neutral pH range. Banana peel was found to remove 94.34% of fluoride, groundnut shell removed 89.9%, and sweet lemon peel removed 59.59% when treating water with an initial fluoride concentration of 20 mg/L. Optimum conditions for each bio-adsorbent were determined, such as contact time and adsorbent dose. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order reaction model.
IRJET- Assessment of Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Drinking Water in W...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study assessing the physical-chemical characteristics of drinking water in Wagholi, India. Water samples were collected from 10 locations around Wagholi and tested for various parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, and microbiological contaminants. The results found that most physical parameters like temperature, odor and color were within acceptable limits, but hardness exceeded limits in some samples. Microbiological testing found E. coli in one sample, indicating potential contamination. The study concludes the water is generally safe but treatment is needed for hardness in some areas.
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
This lab report summarizes an experiment that tested the optimal foraging theory using beavers. Water quality, bottled water, and tap water were tested for various contaminants like ammonia, chlorine, and iron. The results showed that tap water generally had higher levels of contaminants than bottled water brands like Dasani and Fiji. This supported the hypothesis that bottled water undergoes more purification and would contain fewer contaminants. The report concluded that drinking bottled water may provide health benefits by reducing exposure to contaminants.
Iaetsd purification of water by natural adsorption processIaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes a natural purification process to remove contaminants like calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and fluoride from water. The process involves passing contaminated water through different natural materials including red soil, brick ash, and sand. In the first step, water is passed through red soil where no reactions occur. In the second step, fluoride is adsorbed from the water by brick ash. Finally, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are adsorbed by sand, resulting in purified drinking water. The process provides a low-cost way to purify water without using external energy sources.
Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha Riv...ijtsrd
We wants to present an extensive work on physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Mula-Mutha river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April “ May2016) monsoon (July “ August2016) and post monsoon (October “ November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav"Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/2509/analysis-of-water-quality-using-physico-chemical-parameters-of-mula-mutha-river-pune-maharashtra/sdjadhav
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
This study evaluated the surface and groundwater quality in Ashwaraopally village, Warangal district, Telangana, India for potability and irrigation. Water samples were collected from the Pangidi Lake, Dharmasagar Reservoir canal, and wells, and analyzed for physico-chemical and biological parameters. The results showed that many parameters exceeded drinking water standards, with the lake water being the most polluted. Common water-borne diseases reported in the area included typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, and dysentery. The study concluded that most water sources require treatment before use and recommended measures like boiling, filtering, controlling agricultural and sewage runoff, and installing a sewage treatment plant to improve water
Similar to Spatial distributiion mapping of drinking water fluoride levels in Karnataka. Chitta RC, et al. J Perspective in PH, UK (20)
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water is higher than 1.5 ppm, then the
possibility of dental fluorosis increases.
Variable ecosystems, lifestyles and
climatic changes influence the availability
and intake of fluoride in humans, and
hence, estimated values of fluoride
bioavailability may differ in view of
seasonal variations. Therefore, there is a
major requirement for health researchers
and healthcare professionals to gain
relevant knowledge regarding the fluoride
concentration of drinking water available
in order to promote good oral and
general health.
In view of the above considerations,
this study aimed to investigate the
fluoride concentrations of drinking waters
from natural sources, and also to
develop an effective and reliable spatial
mapping profile of available drinking
water fluoride concentration (and hence
the prevalence of fluoride-related health
effects) in differing districts of India’s
Karnataka state.
Materials and Methods
Water sample collection and
preparation
A total volume of 50 ml of special
polypropylene containers (Chemtron
Analytical Instrument Private Limited,
New-Delhi, India) were employed to
collect the samples. Prior to collection,
these containers were thoroughly
cleansed and washed with deionised
water and then autoclaved in order to
sanitise them. While collecting the
samples, the container was washed 3
times with water from the same source
as the sample collected. The samples
were labelled with the following
information: source of drinking water,
date of collection and temperature,
together with the weather condition of
the day of collection and the location of
the district. A dust-free environment and
uniform temperature (monitored by a
thermometer) were maintained within the
laboratory during F− determination
experiments.
Preparation of F− standard solutions
Deionised water was employed to adjust
the volume of the total ionic strength-
adjusted buffer (TISAB), and standard
solutions were also prepared using this
(the deionised water was checked for
any traces of fluoride present). The
TISAB II solution was prepared using
5.80 g of NaCl, 0.30 g of NaOH, 0.40 g of
trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane
N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetate monohydrate
(CDTA), and 5.70 ml of acetic acid
(glacial), and then adjusted to a final
volume of 100.0 ml with deionised water.
Water sample collection
The source was water samples collected
from 5 equidistant sites within each of 29
districts located within 4 zones (north-
east, north-west, south-east and south-
west) of Karnataka. Each zone was
identified from Karnataka state
geographical areas. The north-east,
north-west, south-east and south-west
zones contained 6, 5, 9 and 9 districts,
respectively. Distances between-districts-
within-zones ranged from 600 to 900 km.
The water collected was from the same
source as that available for the local
population to acquire for drinking
purposes.
Analysis of water samples with a
fluoride ion-selective electrode
Samples were analysed for their F−
concentrations using standard methods
in the Fluoride Research Division of the
Department of Oral Biology and Genomic
Studies at AB Shetty Memorial Institute
of Dental Sciences, Nitte University,
Mangalore, India.
This analysis was performed using an
ion-specific electrode (ISE) purchased
from ELIT Ion-selective Electrodes,
Nico2000 Ltd, UK. The analysis of F−
was performed by an adaption of the
method described in Rajkovic´ and
Novakovic´.17 A fresh standard solution of
analytical grade Na+/F− was prepared
with final concentrations of 10, 100 and
1,000 ppm. Freshly prepared TISAB was
added to the standard fluoride solutions
in order to adjust the pH of the sample
and to chelate trace levels of potentially
interfering, F−-complexing metal ions
such as iron(III) and aluminium(III). The
instrument was calibrated with three of
the standard solutions followed by
analysis of the water sample(s), and the
ratios displayed on the personal
computer (PC) monitor were checked
and printed. The electrode was clamped
to a stand in order to retain its lower
body immersed in the solution for
5.0 min., and the reading was recorded
at a stable potential for the sample. The
calibration curves, their gradients and
resulting sample F− concentrations,
together with responses to the standard
solutions were taken for every set of
samples and checked for any abnormal
variations; any errors detectable were
recorded. The necessary measures were
taken in order to ensure the validity of
data acquired, together with
maintenance of the specificity and
sensitivity of the electrode. The F−
concentration in the deionised water was
analysed before estimating that in
individual samples. Finally, any very low
trace deionised water F− levels
detectable were deducted from those of
the samples tested in this manner.
Statistical analysis of experimental
drinking water sample fluoride levels
The experimental design for this
investigation was a two-factor model
with districts (n = 5–11) ‘nested’ within
the four zones (north-east, north-west,
south-east and south-west, Model I).
Variance component analysis comprised
these two main effect factors (‘between-
zones’, and ‘between-districts-within-
zones’) and fundamental error. Analysis
of variance (ANOVA) was performed on
both the untransformed dataset, and
that subjected to the Box–Cox
transformation, the latter to further
satisfy assumptions of normality,
variance homogeneity
(homoscedasticity) and additivity. A
further ANOVA model employed involved
only the four zones as a main ‘between-
zones’ effect factor, and analysis was
again performed on both untransformed
and Box–Cox transformed datasets
(Model II). Further analysis of the
differences between the mean values of
all factor classifications was performed
by Tukey’s honestly significantly
difference (HSD), Fisher’s least significant
difference (LSD), and the Bonferroni and
Dunn–Sidak tests.
Primarily, Pearson correlation coefficients
(r values) between each of the district
temperature, rainfall, district area (km2) and
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Spatial distribution mapping of drinking water fluoride levels in Karnataka, India: fluoride-related health effects
water source F− variables were computed
in order to investigate the significance of
any relationships between them.
Subsequently, partial correlation
coefficients (i.e. rab(c) values) and their
corresponding two-tailed significance (p)
values were computed between a MV
dataset containing the district
temperature, rainfall and water source F−
concentration dataset (since the district
area (km2) variable was not found to
exert any significant, nor even minor
influence on drinking water F− levels, it
was excluded from this analysis). All
statistical analyses of our datasets were
performed with XLSTAT2014.
Ethical approval
Ethical clearance for this study was
obtained from the Central Ethics
Committee of Nitte University, Mangalore,
India.
Results
The drinking water concentrations of
F− in the different districts of Karnataka
ranged between 0.07 ppm (lowest) and
5.70 ppm (highest), with the overall
mean value being 0.83 ppm; the
distribution of fluoride in drinking water
collected from different zones of
Karnataka state is shown in Table 1. The
mean fluoride concentration of drinking
water is the highest in the north-eastern
zone (1.61 ppm), and that in the south-
eastern one is 0.79 ppm, followed by
0.65 ppm in the north-western, and
0.41 ppm in the south-western zones of
this state. For rapid and convenient
reference purposes, the spatial map
shown in Figure 1 has been developed
in order to visually demonstrate the
overall distribution of fluoride ion
concentration in drinking water in each
district of Karnataka state. Clearly, the
drinking water supply available in the
Koppal and Kolar districts of this state
have markedly elevated F−
concentrations, and for the latter one,
the mean district value recorded was as
high as 5.7 ppm. This spatial map also
demonstrates that there is a marked
and clear ‘between-district-within-zone’
variation in these fluoride
concentrations, in addition to that
notable ‘between-zones’.
Indeed, very highly significant
differences in water fluoride
concentration were found ‘between-
zones’ and ‘between-districts-within-
zones’ with our Model I analysis (p = 10−9
for both the ‘between-zones’ and
‘between-districts-within-zones’ factors
for both untransformed and Box–Cox
transformed datasets). Similarly, for
Model II, the ‘between-zones’ factor was
highly significant for both the
untransformed and Box–Cox
transformed datasets (p = 9.03 × 10−6,
and < 10−9 respectively). These results
are displayed in Figures 2(a) and (b); for
Figures 2(c) and (d), deviations of the
zone mean from the overall Karnataka
state value are shown, so that positive
and negative mean zonal values reflect
higher and lower values, respectively,
than that of the overall state.
Partial correlation coefficients (and their
corresponding two-tailed significance (p)
values) were computed between a
multivariate (MV) dataset containing the
mean district temperature, mean district
rainfall and individual water source F−
concentration dataset in order to explore
inter-relationships and similarities/
dissimilarities between these three
variables. Partial correlation was selected
as an optimal method for the
investigation of these relationships since
it serves to provide realistic
representations of relationships between
pairs of the above three parameters
independent of the influence of (i.e.
co-correlations with) the third (potentially
interfering) variable, unlike simple
Pearson correlation coefficients. The
corresponding partial correlation
coefficient (rab(c)) matrix between these
variables is shown in Table 2.
Although all partial correlation
coefficients computed were low, those
between the drinking water sample F−
concentration and (1) district temperature
(rab(c) = −.175) and (2) geographic rainfall
level values (rab(c) = −.259) were significant
(p = .038 and .002 respectively), the latter
highly so. Corresponding Pearson
correlation coefficients (r values) between
the F− water level variable and their
localised temperature and rainfall
parameters were −0.221 (p = .008) and
−0.290 (p = .004) respectively. That
between district temperature and rainfall
levels was small and positive, although
weakly statistically significant (r = .193,
p = .021). No significant relationship was
found between drinking water F− content
and the overall areas (size in km2) of the
districts tested.
Discussion
In this investigation, we have explored
the spatial distribution status of drinking
water fluoride concentrations in all of the
Indian state of Karnataka’s zones and
districts. We collected replicated samples
of drinking water from all these districts
and determined the fluoride level using
an F− ion-selective electrode. Overall, an
effective spatial distribution/fluoride
mapping of this Indian state was
provided, and much evidence for
substantial and very highly significant
‘between-zone’ and ‘between-district-
within-zone’ components of variation
was provided.
The fluoride level of drinking water
recommended by the Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) is 1.5 ppm, although it
should be noted that the Indian Council
of Medical Research (ICMR)
recommends a concentration of 1.0 ppm.
Similarly, the Committee of Public Health
Engineering, Government of India also
recommends that drinking water should
have a level of 1.0 ppm. However, the
World Health Organization (WHO)
recommends that drinking water should
contain a fluoride concentration of
between 0.8 and 1.5 ppm.18 According
to the US Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), when the fluoride level
of drinking water exceeds 1.5–2.0 ppm,
the risk of developing fluorosis is
enhanced, especially in children of age
<8 years.4 This observation has been
corroborated by the International Society
of Fluoride Research (ISFR) and the
British Fluoridation Society.19–21 In view of
this consideration, we elected to visit
some of the fluorosis-prone districts of
Karnataka, and for this preliminary
examination found that 98% of
schoolchildren within the 12- to 15-year-
age group had dental fluorosis in these
areas (Figure 3) – the Tumkur district of
Pavagada featured in Figure 3 is located
in the south-eastern zone (although the
mean drinking water F− level is only
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Table 1
Fluoride ion concentrations in the drinking water of Karnataka state districts
Zones Districts Mean F−
concentration (ppm)
Water source Mean environmental
temperature (°C)
North-western
Mean F− concentration:
0.65 ppm
Bijapur 0.29 Tap water, bore well water;
water filtered thorough aqua-
guard system
30.6
Belgaum 0.48 Tap water 20.1
Bagalkot 0.83 Tap water; bore well water 30.5
Dharwad 0.66 Tap water –
Gadag 0.84 River water; bore well water 29.4
North-eastern
Mean F− concentration:
1.61 ppm
Bidar 0.32 Open well water; bore well
water
37.5
Gulbarga 0.37 Tap water 29.3
Yadgir 0.80 Tap water 32.5
Raichur 0.91 Tap water 31.1
Koppal 5.70 Tap water; bore well water 29.0
Bellary 1.58 Tap water; bore well water 29.3
South-eastern
Mean F− concentration:
0.74 ppm
Chitradurga 0.47 Tap water 28.1
Tumkur 0.24 Tap water 28.5
Bangalore 0.24 Tap water 29.6
Chikkaballapura 1.00 Tap water; bore well water 27.9
Ramnagar 0.24 Tap water 30.5
Kolar 3.06 Tap water 27.0
Chamrajanagar 0.22 Tap water; bore well water 32.0
Mysore 0.75 Tap water 39.0
Mandya 0.42 Tap water 38.3
South-western
Mean F− concentration:
0.41 ppm
Karwar 0.68 Tap water 28.5
Haveri 0.28 Tap water 39.1
Davengere 0.67 Tap water 27.5
Shimoga 0.07 Tap water 29.5
Udupi 0.37 Tap water 29.0
Dakshina
kannada
0.63 Open well water 28.5
Chikamangalore 0.68 Tap water; bore well water 31.0
Hassan 0.14 Tap water 39.8
Kodagu 0.15 Tap water 38.0
Concentrations of fluoride ion in drinking water collected from each district of Karnataka state. The bore well water source arises from a well dug
mechanically at an underground level via the drilling of a pipe system through soils in order to achieve water flow through the pipes (also known as a
tube-well). An electrically driven pump or manual pressure is employed to provide water from this sub-surface source. The open well source represents
a well dug via a conventional approach; the well opening has a larger diameter and is retained open. The tap water supply source is that collected from
a main source (river or underground) and reserved in an overhead tank or underground reservoir for public supply through pipelines (a task usually
performed by municipalities). The aqua-guard system involved is an apparatus available for water filtration processes which is commercially available.
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0.24 ppm within this zone, it nevertheless
contains a number of small district area
compartments with elevated drinking
water F− concentrations, that is, those
>2 ppm). The full study performed will be
reported in detail elsewhere.
The present study also found that
water sampled from the districts of Kolar,
Bellary and Koppal contained higher
fluoride concentrations than those of the
other districts investigated, an
observation similar to that found in
previous studies.22–24 Although districts
such as Bijapur, Belgaum, Dharwad and
Haveri have lower water fluoride levels
than the permissible limit, previous
investigations conducted25,26 found that
these values were higher than those
determined here. In contrast, mean
fluoride concentrations in the districts of
South Kannada (0.63 ppm) and Mysore
(0.75 ppm) are lower than the
recommended lower limit, the former
strikingly so. Using a zone-wise spatial
mapping profile of Karnataka state, we
find that among the four zones selected
(north-east, north-west, south-east and
south-west, Table 1), the fluoride
concentration is highest in the north-east
(mean value 1.61 ppm) and lowest in the
south-west zones (mean value
0.41 ppm), although it is important to
note that for the former value, this effect
predominantly arises from the extremely
high fluoride level present in Koppal,
which exerts a large weighting effect on
the overall mean value determined for the
north-east zone. The temperature varies
from 20.1°C to 38.8°C during the rainy
season, water consumption therein will,
of course, elevate with increasing
temperatures.
This investigation also revealed that
drinking water from selected sources of
the north-eastern and south-eastern
zones (particularly the districts of Koppal
and Kolar, respectively) is unsuitable for
human consumption in view of the high
fluoride concentrations of these sources,
especially during the summer season
when there is a higher rate of
consumption by humans. Table 1 reveals
that the temperature is relatively higher in
the northern districts of Karnataka, and
the concentration of fluoride is also much
higher (p < 10−9). Partial correlation
analysis performed here confirmed that
there are weak but nevertheless
significant and highly significant negative
correlations between drinking water F−
concentrations and (1) mean district
temperature and (2) mean district rainfall
level, respectively. The negative partial
correlation observed between rainfall and
water F− content is not unexpected since
an enhanced availability of water from
this rainfall source will serve to effectively
dilute the F− level at available drinking
water sites. Notwithstanding, the weak
negative correlation observed between
district temperature and the aqueous
concentration of F− is not simply
explicable. However, we also noted a
positive, albeit non-significant partial
correlation between district temperature
and rainfall values (rab(c) = .139), and this is
likely to account for this confounding
effect (a simple Pearson correlation
coefficient between these two variables
was also found to be positive but
nonetheless statistically significant).
According to the United Nation’s
International Children Emergency Fund
Figure 1
Geospatial drinking water source fluoride content colour map of the
Karnataka State of India showing the location of the 29 districts investigated.
Districts with mean fluoride concentrations of 0.00–0.40, 0.40–0.80, 0.80–1.60
and >1.60 ppm F− are colour-coded as indicated
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Table 2
Partial correlations between district drinking water fluoride concentrations, mean rainfall levels and temperatures
T (°C) Rainfall (mm) F− (ppm)
T (°C) 1 0.139 (ns) −0.175 (p = .038)
Rainfall (mm) 0.139 (ns) 1 −0.259 (p = .002)
F− (ppm) −0.175 (p = .038) −0.259 (p = .002) 1
T: mean environmental temperature.
Partial correlation coefficient matrix for district temperature, rainfall and drinking water F− content within the Karnataka state of India.
Figure 2
(a) and (b), Plots of mean (untransformed) drinking water fluoride concentrations and associated 95% confidence
intervals (CIs) determined in Zones and Districts of the Indian state of Karnataka. This analysis was performed according
to the Model I ANOVA experimental design, and p values for the ‘between-Zones’ and ‘between-Districts-within-Zones’
components of variance were both <10−9. (c) and (d), Plots of standardised coefficients and associated 95% CIs for the
four Zones investigated according to the Model II ANOVA design for both untransformed (p = 9.03 × 10−6) and Box–Cox
transformed (p < 10−9) datasets respectively. The zero value on the ordinate (y) axes represents a mean-centred overall
mean value for the complete dataset
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(UNICEF),27 together with that of the
Fluoride Research and Rural
Development Foundation (FR & RDF), of
the 35 states in India, 20 are seriously
stricken by and endemic with the
fluorosis condition. However, one major
and valuable finding arising from this
study is that the state of Karnataka is
affected by a highly variable range of
fluorosis (ranging from 1% to 40%), and
that the determined mean district
drinking water source concentrations of
fluoride ion range from 0.07 to 5.70 ppm,
that is, there is a very high level of
district-within-zone-dependence, in
addition to a marked zonal one. Indeed,
according to UNICEF,27 the fluorosis-
affected districts in Karnataka comprise
Dharwad, Gadag, Bellary, Belgaum,
Raichur, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Chitradurga,
Tumkur, Chickmangalur, Mandya,
Bangalore rural, Mysore, Mangalore,
Shimoga and Kolar.27 Although this
information is generic, it correlates
strongly with our findings here.
It should also be noted that studies
focused on the incidence of dental caries
in districts within the south-western zone of
Karnataka performed in 200528 and 201529
concluded that the prevalence of dental
caries among the pre-school and 5- to
13-year age groups in such districts was
notably high. Indeed, the incidences of
missing and decayed teeth were found to
be 6.1% and 58.0%, respectively, for male,
and 3.5% and 67.6%, respectively, for
female pre-school children.29 Dental caries
still represents a significant oral health
problem in the majority of industrialised
countries, and is known to affect 60%–
90% of children, together with the great
majority of adults.30 It is highly prevalent in
selected Asian and South-American
countries, and pre-school children from
disadvantaged communities exhibit a
higher incidence of this oral disease than
that of the population in general.31
Moreover, it will also be of much value
to explore the incidence and severity of
further fluoride-related or fluoride-
dependent conditions such as dental
caries in each of the districts of
Karnataka, and relevant experiments to
evaluate these are currently in progress.
Conclusion
In conclusion, although this study provides
evidence that the concentrations of
drinking water fluoride in some districts of
Karnataka are within the optimum limits
set (an observation contrasting with
previous reports of this phenomenon but
focused on its north-eastern districts
only32–35), that consumed in selected
northern districts have much higher
fluoride contents, and in these areas up to
98% of children suffer from dental
fluorosis. Given the detrimental impact of
fluorosis on oral health and quality of life in
general, it is imperative that this issue is
addressed. Therefore, this study
recommends further investigations to
determine the severity of dental fluorosis in
such fluorosis-endemic areas. Conversely,
there is also a major requirement for
fluoridation of the drinking water supply in
fluoride-deficient areas. Hence, there
remains a stringent demand for the
performance of an operational study to
investigate means with which to maintain
the normal range of fluoride concentrations
in drinking water throughout the state of
Karnataka. Additionally, it is of fundamental
importance for healthcare professionals to
ensure that the local population is
adequately educated regarding the
internationally accepted requirements for
maintenance of the recommended daily
allowance (RDA) of fluoride within their
dietary intakes. Therefore, there is a major
exaction for frequent determinations of
drinking water fluoride concentrations in
each of the different regions of Karnataka
state, since there are substantial
‘between-zone’ and ‘between-district-
within-zone’ variations in this critical but
readily measurable, health-related
parameter. Moreover, judicial
supplementations of fluoride should
represent a major consideration for this
state’s health authorities.
Acknowledgements
The authors duly acknowledge Mr. N.V.
Hegde, Chancellor of Nitte University,
Mangalore, India, for his support and
continuous encouragement on this work.
They are also thankful to Ms. Gayathi
(Lecturer in Chemistry), Alva’s College
Moobbidre pre-University College, Udupi,
India, for her kind contributions during the
initial phase of the study.
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts
of interest with respect to the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
Funding and relevant logistical support for
this study was kindly provided by Nitte
University, Mangalore, India.
Figure 3
An example of one of the many cases of severe dental fluorosis in the Tumkur
district of Pavagada, in which the mean determined drinking water fluoride
concentration is 2.98 ppm
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