Flow test for fresh concrete
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The document describes a flow test procedure used to determine the workability of concrete. The test uses a flow table apparatus consisting of a rigid base and hinged table. A concrete sample is placed in a central mold and spread across the table using standardized strikes and lifts. The average diameter of the resulting concrete circle is measured to determine the flow, or workability, of the concrete sample.
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A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be
greater than 10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time)) min.
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The document describes an experiment to determine the aggregate impact value of a given specimen through a standardized test procedure. Three samples were tested by subjecting aggregates retained between 10mm and 12.5mm sieves to 15 blows from a falling hammer. The percentage of material passing a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value, with average values below 10 considered strong and above 35 too weak for construction. The tested samples had average impact values of 44.13%, indicating suitability for construction applications.
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The slump test is used to check the consistency and workability of concrete by measuring the amount it subsides after a slump cone is removed. The test involves placing fresh concrete in layers in a slump cone, tamping each layer with a rod, then removing the cone and measuring the distance the concrete falls. A true slump of 1-2 inches indicates low workability, 2-4 inches is medium workability, and over 4 inches is high workability. The simplicity of the slump test makes it a popular method for assessing concrete consistency in the field.
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We always prefer a larger initial setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the
concrete easily. According to ASTM specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less
than 45 min but in the field we prefer an initial setting time not less than 90 min.
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The document summarizes various tests conducted on cement, including:
1. Field testing to check for lumps, color, texture and consistency.
2. Standard consistency tests to determine the percentage of water required for a cement paste.
3. Fineness tests using sieving or air permeability methods to check particle size.
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This document describes a test to determine the aggregate impact value (AIV) of coarse aggregates. The AIV test measures the percentage of fines created when aggregates are subjected to a specified amount of impact. The test involves sieving aggregates into different sizes, filling a metal cylinder 1/3 full with coarse aggregates, subjecting it to hammer blows, then determining the weight of particles that pass through a 2.36mm sieve. The AIV percentage is calculated using the weights before and after impact. An AIV below 50% indicates aggregates suitable for construction, while above 50% suggests poorer quality.
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The document discusses various tests used to measure the workability of concrete, including slump tests, compacting factor tests, and Vee-Bee tests. The slump test measures how much the concrete sinks in a standard cone after it is removed. The compacting factor test measures the ratio of partially compacted concrete weight to fully compacted concrete weight. The Vee-Bee test indirectly measures workability for concretes that cannot be tested by the slump test.
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This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, production process, and testing. Some key points:
- Concrete is a composite material made of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. It can be classified based on its cementing material, mix proportions, performance specifications, grade, density, and place of casting.
- The production of concrete involves batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Proper batching and mixing are important to ensure uniform strength. Compaction removes entrapped air for maximum strength. Curing maintains moisture for proper hardening.
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The document discusses the compaction factor test for measuring the workability of concrete. The compaction factor test determines workability by measuring the compaction achieved when concrete falls freely from a hopper into a cylinder. A compaction factor of 0.75 to 0.8 is recommended, according to IS 456-2000 standards. The test involves partially filling a cylinder by simply allowing the concrete to fall in, then fully compacting it with a rod and calculating the ratio of the weights.
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The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
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This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
self-compacting concrete
a short presentation on self compacting concrete; its constituents, properties, tests, advantages and disadvantages
Stepped footing
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
Spring Box_compressed
The document provides instructions for constructing a spring box to capture and store water from a spring source. It includes materials needed and step-by-step directions. The summary is:
1) Clear the spring area and dig trenches to capture groundwater flowing into the spring. Fill the spring and trenches with stones.
2) Construct wooden forms and rebar frames to create cement walls around the spring box area. Pour cement into the forms.
3) Build a roof with rebar reinforcement and pour cement to create a sealed storage area for the captured spring water. Include an access door.
Concrete checking test
Concrete checking test at the site to achieve the desired quality, strength, and durability also useful to reduce the duration for that particular slab, column casting at the site.
Rolling Process.pdf
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and increase the length. There are two main types:
1) Hot rolling is performed above the metal's recrystallization temperature for lower pressure and improved ductility. It produces coarse grains and no residual stresses.
2) Cold rolling is performed below the recrystallization temperature, requiring higher pressures but improving dimensions, finish and strength through residual stresses and elongated grains.
Rolling mills are classified by the number of rolls used, including two-high, three-high, four-high and cluster/sendzimir mills. Continuous mills use multiple stands to continuously roll sheet metal.
Tensile strength test for concrete
This document describes the procedure for conducting a tensile test to determine the tensile splitting strength of a material according to BS 1881 standards. Specimens are placed between hardboard packing strips and steel loading pieces and loaded continuously in a testing machine until failure. The tensile splitting strength is calculated using the maximum load at failure, specimen dimensions, and material density.
Decking steps
These three sentences summarize the key steps to build standard exterior timber steps:
1) Measure the height of the deck and slope of the ground to determine the overall height of the steps, then divide this height by the maximum rise of 185mm to get the number and height of rises.
2) Mark tread positions on two stringers using a template, then cut rebates for the treads and nail them into place between the stringers.
3) Cut riser boards, nail them in place, and secure the completed steps by nailing the stringers to the deck and pouring concrete pads under the stringers.
Heals - structural presentation
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete and provides details on:
1. Materials required for RCC including reinforcing bars, cement, aggregates, and admixtures.
2. Coverings and lap lengths for different structural elements.
3. Equipment needed and steps for mixing, placing, and curing concrete.
4. Procedures for slump and cube tests to ensure proper quality of concrete.
5. Consumption rates of materials for different mix designs.
6. Checklists for formwork, reinforcement, and other items before concrete placement.
Standard penetration test
1) Foundations can be either shallow or deep, with shallow foundations having a depth less than their width and deep foundations having a depth greater than 3 meters.
2) Before construction, soil must be tested to determine its bearing capacity and strength.
3) Standard penetration tests involve drilling a hole, lowering a split-barrel sampler attached to rods, and recording the blow count as the sampler is driven into the soil in three successive 0.15 meter increments.
Magnumstone retaining wall
The document provides information on MagnumStone retaining walls, including:
- Their hollow core design uses less concrete than solid walls while maintaining strength.
- Installation involves excavation, compacting a gravel base, laying the first course of units, backfilling and drainage, and continuing unit installation in lifts up to the top of the wall.
- Proper planning, base preparation, drainage, backfill compaction, and continuing the layered installation process results in a securely installed retaining wall.
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Quality tests for aggregates and concrete mix design
This document provides information and procedures for testing the quality of aggregates used in concrete. It discusses testing the gradation of coarse and fine aggregates, determining specific gravity, and checking for clay lumps, flat and elongated particles, abrasion resistance, organic impurities, soundness, and stripping. Procedures are outlined for sieve analysis, specific gravity, clay lump, and flaky particle tests. The document also mentions mix design testing for concrete.
Cement properties & Types
Cement is a binding material that provides strength to concrete through a process called hydration. It consists of calcium, silica, alumina, and other ingredients. The main ingredients are hydrated lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide, and sulfates. There are different types of cement classified based on composition and used for various applications like general construction, structures exposed to sulfate ions, rapid construction projects, and structures requiring high sulfate resistance. Cement is tested for fineness, consistency, setting time, soundness, compression and tensile strength. Ordinary Portland cement gains 112.7 kg/m^2 compression strength at 3 days and 176 kg/m^2 at 7 days, while rapid hardening cement
Aggregates introduction, types and properties
This document discusses different types of aggregates used in concrete. There are four main types of aggregates: natural aggregates like granite, limestone, and sandstone; artificial aggregates like slag; aggregates classified by size like fine aggregates less than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger; and aggregates classified by shape like rounded, flaky or elongated. Important properties of aggregates include specific gravity, bulk density, moisture content, absorption, and crushing strength. Natural aggregates are preferred as they are stronger and less porous than artificial aggregates.
Alkali reaction in concrete
Alkali reaction in concrete can occur when alkali hydroxides from cement react with certain aggregates, causing expansion and cracking over many years. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which involves reactive silica aggregates, and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR), which involves dolomite aggregates. ASR forms a swelling gel that can damage concrete, while ACR forms brucite and calcite causing expansion. Both reactions are indicated by cracking, and can be reduced through the use of pozzolans like fly ash or lithium compounds.
Cement properties and types
Cement is a binding material that provides strength to concrete through a process called hydration. It consists of calcium, silica, alumina, and other ingredients. The main ingredients are hydrated lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide, and sulfates. There are different types of cement classified based on composition and used for various applications like general construction, structures exposed to sulfate ions, rapid construction projects, and structures requiring high sulfate resistance. Cement is tested for fineness, consistency, setting time, soundness, compression and tensile strength. Ordinary Portland cement gains 112.7 kg/m^2 compression strength at 3 days and 176 kg/m^2 at 7 days, while rapid hardening cement
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
This document summarizes the ultrasonic test method for determining properties of concrete. It discusses using PUNDIT machines to transmit ultrasonic pulses through concrete and measure the transit time. Factors that affect pulse velocity like frequency, path length, and aggregate size are covered. The document outlines how ultrasonic testing can be used to determine uniformity, detect defects, measure changes over time, and estimate modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of concrete. Corrections for the presence of reinforcing steel are also provided.
Pull out test for concrete
The document provides instructions for conducting pull-out tests to determine the compressive strength of concrete. It states that pull-out tests should be confirmed to BS 1881 Part 207 and give a direct tensile strength value. It describes how inserts can be cast into wet concrete or positioned in hardened concrete using an under-reamed groove. When testing, at least four pull-out tests should be performed at each location and a loading rate of 0.5 ± 0.2 kN/s should be used for 25mm diameter inserts. The compressive strength can then be calculated from the direct tensile strength value obtained during testing.
Pull off test for concrete
This document provides instructions for conducting a pull off test to determine the tensile strength of concrete. The test shall follow British Standard 1881 Part 207 and involves partially coring into the concrete and bonding a metal block to pull off from the surface using a hydraulic jack. Reinforcing steel should be avoided within the coring area or at a depth equal to the maximum aggregate size to obtain valid results. Six tests are typically needed at each test location.
Break off test
The document describes procedures for conducting a break-off test to determine the flexural tensile strength and compressive strength of concrete. Key steps include using a hydraulic jack to apply force and break off a concrete cylinder formed within the structure according to BS 1881 Part 207. This test directly measures flexural tensile strength at a predetermined depth below the surface. From these results, the tensile strength and compressive strength of the concrete can be determined using calibration curves.
Penetration resistance test
The penetration resistance test measures the compressive strength of concrete by firing a steel probe into the surface and measuring how deep it embeds. Three valid penetration measurements must be taken at least 200mm apart and 150mm from edges. The average penetration depth is then used to check manufacturer graphs to determine the approximate compressive strength. Any tests with probes not firmly embedded or with readings varying over 5mm are not valid and must be repeated.
Rebound hammer test (non destructive test
The rebound hammer test is a non-destructive test used to estimate the compressive strength of hardened concrete. Several factors must be controlled to obtain accurate results, including the concrete's surface condition and moisture level. To correlate rebound number readings to compressive strength, test specimens are measured with both the rebound hammer and compression testing machine. At least 9 readings should be taken on each face of specimens and averaged to estimate strength. The rebound hammer test provides an approximate strength measurement within 25% accuracy.
Cube test for compressive strength of concrete
The document provides procedures for testing the compressive strength of hardened concrete cubes according to British standards. Key steps include:
- Curing concrete cubes in a water tank at 20°C for at least 24 hours before testing.
- Determining the density of cubes through water displacement and calculating density based on the cube's mass and volume.
- Crushing cubes in a compression testing machine at a rate of 2-4 kg/cm2/second and calculating compressive strength as the crushing load divided by the cube's surface area.
- Calculating the standard deviation of compressive strengths to ensure it is less than 15% for valid results.
Air content test for fresh concrete
This document describes the procedure for determining the air content in fresh concrete using an air entrainment meter. Key points:
- An air entrainment meter is used to introduce water and apply air pressure to a concrete sample to measure its air content percentage.
- The procedure involves filling and compacting the concrete sample, sealing it in the meter, pressurizing the chamber, and noting the stabilized air content reading on the pressure gauge.
- The meter must be calibrated by removing a percentage of water from the container (5-10% depending on container size) and verifying the pressure reading corresponds to the expected air percentage.
Compaction factor test
The document describes the compaction factor test used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. The test involves using a compaction factor apparatus consisting of upper and lower hoppers and a cylinder to measure the density of partially and fully compacted concrete samples. The compaction factor is calculated as the ratio of the partially compacted density to the fully compacted density and can be used to determine whether the concrete has low, medium, or high workability.
Tests for fresh concrete slump cone test
This document describes several tests for fresh concrete:
1) The slump cone test measures the workability of fresh concrete by filling a slump cone with concrete and measuring how much it sinks after removing the cone.
2) Proper procedure involves filling the cone in three equal layers and tamping each with a rod, then removing the cone and measuring the slump.
3) The slump should be within +/- 13cm for columns and slabs to ensure proper workability.
Cbr aashto t193 plus proctor t180
This document summarizes procedures for conducting Proctor tests (AASHTO T-99 and T-180) and CBR tests (AASHTO T-193). It describes sample preparation, compaction, soaking, and testing methods. Samples are compacted in molds at different moisture contents to determine maximum dry density. For CBR tests, 3 samples are compacted at different densities and soaked prior to penetration testing to evaluate soil strength under wet conditions. Procedures are provided for compaction, mass and moisture measurements, swelling measurement, and loading during soaking.
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
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Flow test for fresh concrete
- 1. D.) Flow Test • To determine very high workability of Concrete Apparatus • Flow table, hinged to a rigid base shown in figure 1, have a plan area of 700 mm X 700 mm+-2mm • The centre of the table shall be marked with a cross lines and with a central circle 200 mm in dia. Mass of flow table 16+-1 kg • The front of the base frame shall extend a minimum of 120 mm beyond the flow table edges in order to provide a toe board • An upper stop and lower stop of flow table shall be in such position that the flow table is only allowed to travel up to specified limit of 40+- 1 mm in vertical direction, whenever operator want rise the flow table by lifting handles of flow table
- 2. • The lower front edge of the flow table shall be provided with two external hinges which transfer the load to the base frame • Mould/cone diameter of base: 200 ± 2 mm diameter of top: 130±2 mm height: 200±2 mm • Tamping bar made of hard wood having squire section side of 46+-1 mm and length 200 mm and further 120 mm to 150 mm shall be turned to a circular shape. (see figure 3). • scoop, about 100 mm • Sampling tray 900x900x50mm • Squire type shovel • Measurement tape
- 3. Procedure • Prepare the sample as per BS 1881 Part 101 or in the laboratory according to BS 1881 Part 125 • Keep the cone on the centre of flow table and grab with standing foot • Fill he cone in two equal layer with 10 strikes to each layer • Wipe extra concrete on the top of cone and remove • After 30 second of striking off concrete remove the cone within 3 to 6 seconds • let the operator stabilize the flow table by standing on toe board • Slowly rise the flow table with the help of lefting handle and as it touch the upper stop lift freely the flow table so that the lower stop will strike with base frame, repeat this cycle up to 15 times, each strike duration from 2 to 5 sec. • Check the diameter of concrete circle in x and y directions and calculate the mean diameter of circle as the slump of concrete