$ CONTENTS $
#Introduction
#Objective of granulation
#Essential properties of granules
#Mechanism of bond formation
#Mechanism of granule formation
#Method of granulation
#Modern equipments in granulation technology
$ CONTENTS $
#Introduction
#Objective of granulation
#Essential properties of granules
#Mechanism of bond formation
#Mechanism of granule formation
#Method of granulation
#Modern equipments in granulation technology
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)The establishment of a rational relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical property or characteristic of the same dosage form.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definitionIVIVC is a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in vitro property of a dosage form and a relevant in vivo response. Generally, the in vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed.
Milling is mechanical process of reducing the particle size of
solids.
Various terms has been used cursing,
disintegration, dispersion, grinding, and pulverization
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)The establishment of a rational relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical property or characteristic of the same dosage form.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definitionIVIVC is a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in vitro property of a dosage form and a relevant in vivo response. Generally, the in vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed.
Milling is mechanical process of reducing the particle size of
solids.
Various terms has been used cursing,
disintegration, dispersion, grinding, and pulverization
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
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Software Used In Formulation Design Process- Minor Project [Bachelor].pdfRAHUL PAL
In the field of formulations, various software tools are commonly used to streamline and optimize the development process. One such software is formulation management software, which helps in creating and managing formulations by allowing scientists to input ingredient quantities, calculate costs, and analyze ingredient interactions. Additionally, simulation software like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs are utilized to model and predict how formulations will behave under different conditions, aiding in the design of efficient manufacturing processes. Furthermore, statistical analysis software plays a crucial role in analyzing experimental data and optimizing formulations based on statistical models, ensuring that the final product meets desired specifications. Overall, these software tools enhance productivity, accuracy, and efficiency in the formulation development workflow.
Major Project (B. Pharm) OPIUM POPPY PROJECT.pdfRAHUL PAL
Opium cultivation, an ancient practice rooted in regions like the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent, involves a meticulous process blending nature and human intervention. Picture a serene landscape with gently rolling hills blanketed in lush greenery. Amidst this verdant tapestry stand tall, slender opium poppy plants, their delicate petals shimmering in hues of pink and white. These plants exude an air of mystique, their bulbous seed pods containing the coveted opium latex. Skilled farmers nurture these plants with utmost care, tending to their needs for water, nutrients, and protection from pests. The cultivation cycle begins with sowing the poppy seeds during specific seasons conducive to their growth. As the plants mature, they blossom into exquisite flowers, each harboring the potential for opium production. The farmers deftly slit the seed pods at just the right moment, allowing the milky sap to seep out and gradually solidify into opium. This labor-intensive process demands precision and patience, as any misstep can impact the potency and quality of the opium yield. Despite its allure, opium cultivation is not without controversy and challenges. Legal restrictions, environmental concerns, and the socioeconomic impacts on communities underscore the complex nature of this age-old practice. However, for those entrenched in the art of opium cultivation, it remains a delicate dance between tradition, livelihood, and the ever-evolving dynamics of global demand and supply.
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxRAHUL PAL
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems that have garnered significant interest in the pharmaceutical field. They are essentially vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol, forming a bilayer structure similar to liposomes. However, unlike liposomes, which are composed of phospholipids, niosomes are formed by self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants in aqueous media. This unique composition offers several advantages such as improved drug solubility, stability, and biocompatibility.
The introduction of niosomes as drug carriers has revolutionized the field of drug delivery due to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This versatility allows for targeted and controlled release of therapeutics, enhancing their efficacy while minimizing side effects.
Moreover, the surface of niosomes can be modified to achieve specific targeting of drugs to desired sites within the body, thus enhancing therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic toxicity.
Overall, niosomes hold great promise in the pharmaceutical industry and continue to be a subject of intense research for their potential applications in various fields including cancer therapy, gene delivery, and vaccine development.
𝐎𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐄𝐂 𝟐.𝟎-𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟒); The Curre...RAHUL PAL
Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication,
facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Several drug delivery
systems utilise carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers,
nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand,
represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Niosomes are vesicles
formed by hydrating a combination of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol. These non-ionic
surfactant vesicles serve as carriers for both amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. In the drug
delivery system using niosomes, the medication is enclosed within a vesicle. Niosomes in
tuberculosis (TB) possess biodegradable and biocompatible properties, are non-immunogenic,
and demonstrate versatility in their structural composition. It’s a serious and potentially deadly
infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the recent
update, WHO still estimates 9.9 million new TB cases in 2022 at the latest. Involvement of
niosomes improves the treatment of TB with much more advanced technology and an advanced
drug nanocarrier with better treatment. The main highlights of this review paper are to
summarise the structure, compositions, preparation methods, and ICH stability guidelines for
the formulation of niosomes and their applications in TB with their several stages of treatment
by niosomal formulations.
Introduction: This study explores the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical optimization technique, to optimize the SR properties of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) matrix tablets. PCM is a phenothiazine derivative used for treating schizophrenia, nausea, and vomiting. Sustained-release formulations offer extended drug delivery, potentially improving patient compliance and reducing side effects. RSM helps identify optimal combinations of critical formulation factors influencing drug release, such as polymer type and concentration, filler type, and drug/polymer ratio. The study likely involves designing experiments based on chosen RSM designs (e.g., Box-Behnken) with varying factor levels. Formulate SR tablets with different factor combinations. Evaluating the drug release profiles of each tablet formulation. Analyzing data using RSM software to build mathematical models relating factors to drug release and identifying optimal factor combinations that maximize desired release characteristics.
Objective: The ongoing research purpose to improve the advancement of a sustained release tablet containing Phenothiazine derivative PCM loaded matrix. This is achieved by utilizing DoE as a computational method to statistically validate the formulation.
THE CURRENT STATUS IN MUCOSAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (MDDS) AND FUTURE PROSPECT...RAHUL PAL
This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of
mucosal drug delivery systems (MDDS) and explore their future prospects in drug delivery.
MDDS have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance drug
absorption, improve therapeutic efficacy, and minimize systemic side effects. This review
critically evaluates the existing literature on MDDS, including various mucosal routes such as
oral, nasal, ocular, pulmonary, and vaginal delivery. Additionally, it discusses the challenges
associated with MDDS, such as formulation development, stability, and regulatory
considerations. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging technologies and innovative
strategies that hold promise for the future of MDDS. Overall, this systematic review provides
valuable insights into the current landscape of MDDS and offers recommendations for future
research and development in this field.
Design of Experiments (DoE) manipulation in the formulation and optimization ...RAHUL PAL
Introduction: In India, the regulatory body for catechu is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of
India (FSSAI). The FSSAI is responsible for regulating the manufacture, sale, and distribution of food in
India, including catechu. The FSSAI has set standards for the purity and quality of catechu, and it also
monitors the market for adulterated catechu. The FDA (The Food and Drug Administration) is
responsible for regulating the safety and efficacy of drugs and dietary supplements in the United States
(US). The FDA has not approved catechu as a drug or dietary supplement, but it does regulate catechu as
a food additive. The FDA has set limits on the amount of catechu that can be added to food
Objective: The primary objective of this research was to involvement of design of experiments (DoE)
manipulation in the formulation and optimization of a traditional Ayurvedic medicine derived from dried
extract of Senegalia catechu enhanced through statistical analysis.
Methodology: The dried extract of Senegalia catechu was collected and identified at the botanical
herbarium garden. Subsequently, it underwent a drying process and was ground into a powder.
The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Linco...RAHUL PAL
Objectives: The ongoing research aims to enhance the development of LNH-loaded nanogel by
utilizing DoE as the computational method to statistically validate their formulation.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol)
[PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized
using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio
(1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the
efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD,
employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to
ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent
variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent
variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release
(P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable
information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper
comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance
and quality of the Nanogels being produced.
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfRAHUL PAL
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a heterogeneous system in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Unlike solutions, where solutes are completely dissolved, suspensions involve particles that are only partially soluble or insoluble in the liquid. These suspensions are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver medications that may be poorly soluble or unstable in their pure form. The solid particles, often in the form of powders or crystals, are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, creating a stable mixture through the use of suspending agents or stabilizers. These agents prevent the settling of particles, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of redispersion upon shaking before administration. Pharmaceutical suspensions offer advantages in terms of flexibility in dosing and formulation, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents in various forms such as oral liquids, injectables, or topical preparations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation and stability of pharmaceutical suspensions require careful consideration of factors such as particle size, density, and the choice of stabilizers to maintain a consistent and reliable product.
PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPOSITORIES & PESSARIES.pptRAHUL PAL
Suppositories and pessaries are both types of medication delivery systems that are designed to be inserted into body orifices for therapeutic purposes. While they serve similar functions, they are used in different parts of the body.
Suppositories:
Usage: Suppositories are typically designed for rectal or vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, bullet-shaped or cone-shaped dosage forms that contain medication in a base that melts or dissolves at body temperature.
Rectal Suppositories: Commonly used for medications that need to bypass the digestive system or when a patient cannot take medications orally. They are inserted into the rectum.
Vaginal Suppositories: Often used for localized treatment of gynecological conditions, such as yeast infections or hormonal therapy. They are inserted into the vagina.
Pessaries:
Usage: Pessaries are specifically designed for vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, oval-shaped or ring-shaped devices made of various materials such as silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Indications: Pessaries are mainly used to support the uterus, bladder, or rectum in cases of pelvic organ prolapse. However, they can also be used for the controlled release of medication into the vagina for the treatment of local conditions.
Maintenance: Pessaries need to be fitted by a healthcare professional and should be cleaned and reinserted regularly.
Partition Coefficient Determination (Pharmaceutics Practical).pptxRAHUL PAL
Partition coefficients are a fascinating and important concept in many fields, from chemistry and environmental science to medicine and pharmacology. They tell us about how a substance will distribute itself between two immiscible phases, like how a drug might move between your blood and tissues, or how a pollutant might spread through soil and water.
A partition coefficient, denoted as P or log P, describes the ratio of the concentration of a compound in one phase (usually organic) to its concentration in another phase (often water) at equilibrium.
Higher values of P indicate a greater preference for the organic phase, meaning the compound is more lipophilic (fat-loving).
Lower values of P suggest a higher affinity for the aqueous phase, implying the compound is more hydrophilic (water-loving).
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)RAHUL PAL
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
The Utilization of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Optimization of ...RAHUL PAL
The objective of the current studies to enhance the formulation of DS-loaded liposomes through the utilization of Response surface methodology (RSM) and involving the computation approach for their validation.
Investigational outcome represents the perceived responses were in related with the desired values and this represents the relationship of the RSM for optimization of % DR and % EE in DS loaded liposomal preparations.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...RAHUL PAL
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
MEDICAL RESEARCH: UNIT_III_ EUTHANASIA, COI, CONFIDENTIALITY RESEARCH METHODO...RAHUL PAL
Medical research in clinical settings is the study of human health and disease in people. It is the primary way that researchers determine if a new form of treatment or prevention, such as a new drug, diet, or medical device, is safe and effective in people.
A clinical trial is designed to learn if a new treatment is more effective or has less harmful side effects than existing treatments.
Clinical trail is basically have 4 phases: Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, Phase IV
(I) MEDICAL RESEARCH_ UNIT_III_RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS.pptxRAHUL PAL
Research Methodology and Biostatistics syllabus:
Medical Research: History, values in medical ethics, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, double effect, conflicts between autonomy.
Medical research has a long and varied history. It has evolved from rudimentary practices to sophisticated, evidence-based methodologies. Some key milestones include the development of the scientific method, the use of randomized controlled trials, the discovery of antibiotics, and the mapping of the human genome. Ethical concerns have also played a significant role in shaping the history of medical research, especially in response to various ethical violations, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Nuremberg Trials.
Resolving conflicts between these principles often requires careful consideration, ethical analysis, and, in some cases, consultation with ethics committees or boards. The specific course of action may vary based on the individual circumstances and ethical frameworks employed by healthcare professionals and researchers. Ethical guidelines and regulations also play a significant role in addressing and preventing these conflicts in medical research.
Research Article Published: "Optimization and formulation of dox loaded lipos...RAHUL PAL
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anticancer drug, but it is also associated with significant side effects, such as cardiotoxicity. Liposomal encapsulation of DOX can help to reduce these side effects and improve the drug's efficacy.
There are a number of different factors that can affect the optimization and formulation of DOX-loaded liposomes, including:
Lipid composition: The type and ratio of lipids used to form the liposomes can affect their size, stability, and drug encapsulation efficiency. Some commonly used lipids for DOX liposomes include hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, and distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG).
Drug loading method: There are a number of different methods for loading DOX into liposomes. Some common methods include the ammonium sulfate gradient method, the remote loading method, and the ethanol injection method. The choice of loading method can affect the drug encapsulation efficiency and stability of the liposomes.
Liposome size: The size of the liposomes can affect their circulation time in the body and their ability to target specific tissues. Smaller liposomes tend to have a longer circulation time and are better able to penetrate tumors.
Surface modification: Liposomes can be surface-modified with various ligands to improve their targeting and delivery properties. For example, liposomes can be conjugated with antibodies to target specific cancer cells.
The optimization of DOX-loaded liposomes is typically carried out using a quality by design (QbD) approach. QbD is a systematic approach to drug development that focuses on identifying and controlling the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug product. The CQAs of DOX-loaded liposomes may include particle size, drug encapsulation efficiency, stability, and in vitro and in vivo performance.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. JensMartensson
“Powders may be free flowing or sticky.”
Flowabilty of powder & chemical stability depends on the habit & internal structure of
a drug.
❖ Habit - Description of the outer appearance of a crystal.
❖ Internal Structure – Mainly depends on the environment for growing crystals.
• Powder flow property can affected by the change in particle size, shape & density.
The flow property depends upon following –
❑ Force of Friction – Generated by two surfaces that contacts & slide against
each other, angle & position of object mainly affected.
❑ Cohesion Force – Between one particle to another.
Example – Caking tendencies within a bag after shipping or storage time or
talcum powder.
❑ Powder Flow Properties
2
3. JensMartensson
Test to evaluate the flowability of a powder –
❑ Determination of Powder Flow Properties
3
1
➢Angle of Repose
2
➢Carr’s Compressibility
Index
3
➢Hausner’s Ratio
4. JensMartensson
• “A technique for estimating the flow properties of powder determined
by allowing a powder to flow through a funnel & fall freely on to a
surface.”
Other methods to determinding the angle of repose-
Static angle of repose.
Fixed funnel method.
Fixed cone method.
Kinetic & dynamic method.
Rotating cylinder method.
❑ Angle of Repose
4
5. JensMartensson
• The height & diameter of resulting are measured –
Where ,
h = Height or powder cone (pile).
r = Radius of circle.
Continue…
5
Angle of repose
(Degree)
Types of flow
<25 Excellent
25-30 Good
30-40 Passable
>40 Very poor
𝜽 = tan-1
𝒉
𝒓
6. JensMartensson
“One hundred time of the ratio of the different tapped density & bulk
density to the tapped density.”
➢Bulk Density = Ratio of weight to volume of sample
➢Tapped Density = Ratio of weight of sample to volume after trapping
a measuring a cylinder 500 times from a two inches height.
• It may be also known as “Percentage Compressibility.”
❑ Carr’s Compressibility Index
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7. JensMartensson
% Carr’s Index = (Tapped density – Bulk Density) /Tapped Density x 100
% Carr’s Index = (TD – BD) /TD * 100
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%Carrs Index Type of Flow
< or =10 Excellent
11-15 Good
16-20 Fair
21-25 Passable
26-31 Poor
32-37 Very poor
8. JensMartensson
• “Hausner’s is the ratio of tapped density to bulk density.”
❑ Housner’s Ratio
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Housner’s ratio =Tapped Ratio / Bulk Ratio
H.R =TD/BD
Hausner’s Ratio Flow Properties
1-1.11 Excellent
1.12-1.18 Good
1.19-1.25 Fair
1.26-1.34 Passable
1.35-1.45 Poor
1.46-1.59 Very poor