Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication, facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Several drug delivery systems utilise carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers, nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand, represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Niosomes are vesicles formed by hydrating a combination of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol. These non-ionic surfactant vesicles serve as carriers for both amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. In the drug delivery system using niosomes, the medication is enclosed within a vesicle. Niosomes in tuberculosis (TB) possess biodegradable and biocompatible properties, are non-immunogenic, and demonstrate versatility in their structural composition. It’s a serious and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the recent update, WHO still estimates 9.9 million new TB cases in 2022 at the latest. Involvement of niosomes improves the treatment of TB with much more advanced technology and an advanced drug nanocarrier with better treatment. The main highlights of this review paper are to summarise the structure, compositions, preparation methods, and ICH stability guidelines for the formulation of niosomes and their applications in TB with their several stages of treatment by niosomal formulations.

1. ORAL PRESENTATION
IRTEC 2.0-2024
Presented by: *Rahul Pal, Prachi Pandey
The Second International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research Trends in
European, Asian, and African Countries (IRTEC 2.0-2024)
*Department of Pharmaceutics, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan,
Jaipur, 303121, India.
PaperTitle(CNID: OP0356)“TheCurrentAdvancedDrugDeliverySystem:Non-Ionic SurfactantVesicles
asPotentialVesicularDeliveryCarriersforTuberculosis”

2. INTRODUCTION: TARGETED DRUG
DELIVERY
 Targeted drug delivery is a revolutionary approach in the field of medicine that aims to enhance the therapeutic
efficacy of pharmaceuticals while minimizing side effects.
 Targeted drug delivery systems can also contribute to improved patient compliance by reducing the frequency
of drug administration and minimizing the inconvenience associated with traditional treatments.
 The various carriers or delivery systems have been developed to achieve these goals. These carriers such as
liposome, micelles, nanoparticles, transdermal patches, dendrimers, nanotubes and others.

3. ADVANCED NANO-CARRIER’S
Figure. 1: The several advance nano-carrier in
tuberculosis
These carriers, at the nanoscale, can be engineered for specific purposes, such as targeted delivery, controlled release,
and minimizing systemic side effects. Nano-carriers are the miniature workhorses of the targeted drug delivery
revolution. These microscopic vehicles, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in size (about 100,000 times
smaller than the width of a human hair).
Figure. 2: The list of nano-carriers merits compared
with traditional form

4. NIOSOME (NON-IONIC SURFACTNT
VESICLES): OVERVIEW
 Niosomes can entrap solutes in a manner analogous to liposomes, are relatively more stable in-vitro and can
improve the stability of entrapped drug as compared with the stability in conventional dosage forms.
 Niosomes may overcome the problems associated with liposomes, one of which relates to the chemical instability of
the constituent phospholipids. Owing to their predisposition to oxidative degradation, phospholipids must be stored
and handled in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Figure. 1: The diagrammatic representation of
composition of niosome Figure. II: The diagrammatic differentiation of niosome
with comparison of liposome
 Niosomes improve oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs and enhance skin penetration of drugs. Niosomal
surfactants are biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic.

5. TUBECULOSIS (TB)- INFECTIOUS
DISEASE
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs
but can also affect other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing
tiny droplets containing the bacteria.
TB is the second leading infectious killer after
COVID-19, with 10.6 million new cases and
1.6 million deaths in 2022. 1.3 million
children fell ill with TB in 2022.
https://www.statista.com/chart/31214/estimated-
number-of-deaths-from-infectious-diseases-
worldwide/
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.c
om/

6. NIOSOME’S IN TUBECULOSIS:
OVERVIEW
 TB can be divided into two types: 1) Latent TB infection: This is when the bacteria are present in the body but are
not causing any symptoms. People with LTBI are not contagious. 2) Active TB disease: This is when the bacteria are
actively multiplying and causing symptoms.
Figure. III: The stages of drug delivery through the nano-carriers

7. CONCLUSION
 The several anti-tuberculosis drug loaded niosome prepared with their outcomes as follows:
Drug Authors (Year) Preparation Method Key Outcomes
Rifampicin Talegaonkar et al.
(2011)
Rotary evaporation
followed by sonication
Increased drug loading and sustained release,
potentially improving compliance and reducing
frequency of dosing.
Isoniazid Sharma et al. (2017) Microfluidization Enhanced cellular uptake and improved anti-
tuberculosis activity compared to free drug.
Pyrazinamide Jain et al. (2015) Thin film hydration with
surface modification
Sustained release and targeted delivery to
macrophages, potentially reducing side effects and
enhancing efficacy.
Ethambutol Jain et al. (2014) Solvent evaporation
followed by extrusion
Improved dissolution rate and anti-tuberculosis
activity, potentially overcoming poor water
solubility.
Streptomycin Kumar et al. (2013) Solvent evaporation
followed by sonication
Reduced cytotoxicity and improved stability
compared to free drug, making it potentially safer
and more effective.
Clarithromycin Pathak et al. (2012) Thin film hydration with
pH gradient control
Enhanced macrophage targeting and intracellular
drug release, potentially improving treatment
efficacy.