Although all Textiles will burn, some are naturally more resistant to fire than others. Those that are more flammable can have their fire resistance drastically improved by treatment with fire retardant chemicals called flame Retardant Textiles.

1. Fire Retardant Textiles
Submitted to:- Dr. Apurba Das
Submitted by:- Subham -2017TTE2058
Gaurav Nagar -2017TTE2044
Himanshu Singh - 2017TTE2049
Shashi Sony - 2017TTE2052

2. Fire Retardant Textiles
Although all Textiles will burn, some are naturally
more resistant to fire than others. Those that are
more flammable can have their fire resistance
drastically improved by treatment with fire
retardant chemicals called flame Retardant Textiles.
Introduction

3. History
Asbestos was once a miracle substance. An abundant rock, it
breaks into fibers that mix easily with plaster, fabrics, tiles, and
construction materials, making them all extraordinarily fire
resistant. But those fibers don't stop there. When tiles break or
insulation crumbles, boilers shatter or dust accumulates, those
asbestos fibers crawl their way into people's lungs, where they
cause cancer and other diseases.

4. Importance of Fire Retardant Textiles
• Recent studies have revealed that in 24% of fire accidents, the first
item to catch fire is textiles
• 28% casualties were due to burns
• 48% due to smoke/gas
• 13% due to combined effects of burns, gas and smoke
• 11% due to other causes
• These emphasize the role of textiles in limiting the spread
of fire and casualties due to it.

5. Fabric flammability is an important
issue, especially for stage drapery that
will be used in a public space such as a
school, theatre or special event venue.
Use of reduced flammability materials,
testing of both materials and complete
products, regulations and legislation have
been applied to the problem.
Contd..

6. Factors Influencing The Flame Retardancy
• The thermal or burning behavior of textile fibers
• The influence of fabric structure and garment shape on the burning
behavior
• Selection of non-toxic, smoke-free flame-retardant additives or
finishes
• Design of the protective garment, depending on its usage, with
comfort properties
• The intensity of the ignition source
• The oxygen supply.

7. Flame retardancy is
commonly measured
by the LOI the amount
of oxygen needed in
the atmosphere to
support combustion.
Fibers / fabrics with
a LOI >25 are said to
be flame retardant,
meaning there must be
at least 25% oxygen
present for the fabric
to burn. The
higher the LOI the
more fire retardant the
fabric is.

8. Functions of fire retardant textiles
•Maintain a barrier to isolate the wearer from
the thermal exposure
•Traps air between the wearer and the barrier
to provide insulation from the exposure
•Reduce burn injury
•Provide escape time
•Does not burn, melt or drip

9. Requirements in FR Product:
• Fire and heat protection.
(Also, if necessary, other Protection properties: High visibility, antacids,
antistatic...)
• Comfort, aesthetics, durability.
(Breathability, strength, abrasion, stable colour fastness, easy care,
weather resistance.)
• Price.
(The cost must be reasonable and according to the different risk
situations. The best solutions at the best price)

10. Flame retardant fabric can be achieved by
some methods
• FR by chemical treatment
• FR by heat resistant fibers
• FR by suitable Structural Engineering

11. FR by chemical treatment
What is FR chemical treatment ?
Flame retardant is define as a compound used in cloth and plastic
material to raise the ignition point of the material, thus making it
resistant to fire.
So for improving the FR properties of clothes with help of chemical is
chemically treated FR fabric.

12. Classification of FR chemical treatment
On the basis of durability of the flame retardant finish-
• Non-durable treatment
• Semi-durable treatment
• Durable treatment
On the basis of functional group-
• Nitrogen containing flame retardants
• Halogen containing flame retardants
• Phosphorous-based flame retardants
• Inorganic compounds based flame retardants

13. Nitrogen Containing FR Mechanism
• Nitrogen gas is released into the atmosphere
• Inert gas lowers the concentration of flammable vapors
• Melamine transforms into cross-linked structures which promotes char
formation uses: Foams, Nylons and Polymers.

14. Halogenated FRs
• they Act in the Vapor phase
• Reduce the heat generated by flames, thereby inhibiting the formation
of flammable gases
• Behave according to a “Free Radical Trap” theory which is depicted as
follows:

15. Phosphorus Containing FRs
• Acts in solid phase
• Additive to material it’s protecting
• Reacts to form phosphoric acid
• Acid coats to form “char”
• Char slows down pyrolysis step of combustion cycle.
triaryl phosphate Ammonium polyphosphate
phosphate

16. Inorganic FRs
• Undergo decomposition reactions
• Release of water or non-flammable gases which dilute the gases
feeding flames
• Adsorption of heat energy cools the fire
• Promote production of non-flammable, resistant layer on the material’s
surface
• Uses: PVC, Wires and Propylene

18. FR by flame resistant fibres
• Textile products can be made FR by using fibers that are inherently
Fire resistant (e.g, polyoxazole, polymides, carbon, asbestos, glass,
kyrol, sulfur and aramides)
• Or by using manufactured fibers that have FR chemicals included in
the solution or melt before they are spun through spinneret rendering a
Fire retardant chemical structure. Examples : FR polyester, FR
polyamide, FR wool.

19. FR by Suitable Structural Engineering
• A Twill/satin woven fabric tends to reflect light if used in outer
surface.
• A flat yarn/fibre will reflect more heat due to more surface area.
• A suitably treated porous fabric [eg. non-woven] will tend to resist
propagation of heat from outer atmosphere to the wearers body.
• A hollow fibre and hollow yarn with low packing fraction will
insulate the body from influence of outer heat .

20. Fire protective clothing: 3 layer arrangement
(from bottom to top: outer shell, moisture barrier, and thermal liner)

21. LAYERED STRUCTURE
For the purpose of protection and comfort
Flame resistant outer shell and
Thermal liner composed of a moisture barrier
Thermal barrier and a lining material

22. Outer Shell
Purpose:-
• To resist direct flame without burning or degradation
• To reflect radiant heat
• To resist cut, tears and abrasion
• Flame-retardant fibres, such as aromatic polyamides (aramids)
and polybenzimidazole (PBI) are used
• The outer shell utilizes aluminized surface to reflect radiant heat

23. Moisture Barrier
Purpose:-
• To provide protection against water as well as against many common
liquids such as chemicals and blood-borne pathogens.
• The moisture barrier can be a micro porous or hydrophilic membrane or
coated textiles
• Micro porous poly tetra fluoro ethylene, hydrophilic polyurethane
laminates or coated fabrics or hydrophilic polyester laminates used.

24. Thermal liner
Purpose:-
• To prevent the transfer of heat from the environment to the body.
• It can consists of a spun laced, nonwoven felt or laminated to a woven
lining fabric
• At the same time it should allow the escape of moisture due to
perspiration.

25. Air Gap
• The air gap between the skin and the garment is an important
parameter to estimate the amount of heat that would be transferred to
the skin and hence cause burns
• It has been found that convection and radiation heat transfer modes
occur within the air gaps for gap widths that are bigger than 6.4mm
• While energy transfers by conduction and radiation modes for smaller
gaps

26. Ultralight, highly thermally insulating and
fire resistant aerogel by encapsulating fibers
Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight
material derived from a gel, in which
the liquid component of the gel has
been replaced with a gas.The result is a
solid with extremely low density and
low thermal conductivity.

27. Aerogels are good thermal
insulators because they almost nullify
two of the three methods of heat
transfer – conduction (they are mostly
composed of insulating gas) and
convection (the microstructure prevents
net gas movement). They are
good conductive insulators because they
are composed almost entirely of gases,
which are very poor heat conductors.
(Silica aerogel is an especially good
insulator because silica is also a poor
conductor of heat; a metallic or carbon
aerogel

28. Evaluation Parameters for FR Textiles
•Ease of Ignition
•After Glow Time
•Extent of After Glow
•Char Length
•Flame Spread Time, Debris or Drips
•Smoldering Time
•Limiting Oxygen Index
•Heat Transmission Factor
•Heat Transfer Index
•Molten Metal Splash Index
•Smoke Opacity
•Toxicity

29. Performance Testing
• Thermal protective performance (TPP) rating
• TPP rating - a reliable method to predict protective performance of
clothing.
• Thermal protective performance (TPP) rating - the time required for
total heat energy to cause a second-degree burn on the reverse side
of the fabric multiplied by the intensity level of the heat exposure
gives the TTP rating of the fabric.

30. Convective Heat Test Method
• Standard - ASTM D4108-82
• Gas flame - Methane gas
• Heat flux - 84 ± 2 kW/m2
(2.00 ± 0.05 cal/ cm2/second)
• Distance between fabric
sample and the burner top –
50 mm
• Air gap between fabric and
copper sensor – 3.2 mm

31. Performance Testing
• Convective heat test method
• According to ISO 9151, incident heat flux can be calculated based on the
temperature rise data of the sensor as follows
where
m = mass of the copper disk (0.018 kg)
Cp = specific heat of the copper (385.0 J/Kg K)
R = the rate of temperature rise of the copper disk in the linear region
(oC/s)
T = temperature (oC)
t = time (s)
A = the area of the circular copper disc (m2)

32. Convective Heat Test Method
• The tolerance time can be calculated
from the temperature rise and the stoll’s
criteria
• TPP rating (cal/cm2) = Tolerance time
(s) x Incident heat flux (cal/cm2.s)
• Higher TPP rating of a fabric sample
represents its better protective
performance against flame exposures.

33. Radiative Heat Test Method
• Heat source - bank of nine
electrically heated quartz tubes
controlled by power stats
• Exposure time – 0.2 s
• Exposed area – 100 cm2
• Air gap between fabric and
copper sensor – 6.3 mm

34. Factors Affecting TPP Rating of Fabric
• Effect of exposure conditions – Convective or Radiative
Heat transfer through fabrics is generally higher when the
incident heat flux is radiative only, rather than a mixture of
radiative heat flux and convective heat flux
• Effect of Fabric properties
• Effect of fabric thickness
• Effect of bulk density
• Effect of weight
• Moisture effects
• Effect of air permeability
• Effect of fabric construction

35. Advantages
• Safe human Body from fire.
• Ensure safety in fire friendly working area.
• Reduce the amount of losses.

36. Disadvantages
• Less Comfort than other cotton made fabrics.
• More cost than cotton made fabrics
• Need extra care to maintain for long term use
• Not as much fashionable as other fabrics have.
• Very high add on (6-10%) (makes fabric heavy)
• Stiffening of material
• Brittleness and hand loss

37. • Back coatings for institutional Drapery, Upholstery, Carpets
• Aircraft /Automotive textiles
• Mattresses and bedding
• Racing suits
• Fire Fighters suits
• Children’s nightwear
• The military
Application field

38. Some Market Statistics
World annual Protective textile consumption

41. What Lies Ahead??
• Comfort & aesthetics
Breathability, strength, abrasion, stable colour fastness, easy care,
weather resistance.
• Smart clothing
Response to various physical, chemical environmental stimulii
• Environment friendly
Use of Natural and biodegradable fibres with an energy efficient and
less water requiring manufacturing process.

42. New Reasearches
Researchers at the Polytechnic University in Turin, Italy, have discovered a
safer fireproofing method. Whey, a byproduct of cheese production,
contains casein, which in turn contains a lot of phosphate groups. Phosphate
groups are important because when they catch fire, they quickly turn to char
and so give only a dead end for a flame to follow.

43. FABRIC FLAME TESTS
Flame-resistance fabrics.
From left to right: casein-
treated cotton, casein-
treated polyester, casein-
treated cotton-polyester
blend.

44. Inferences
 Flames on the casein-coated cotton self-extinguished after only
consuming 14 percent of the fabric.
 Only 23 percent of the polyester sample coated in casein burnt before
the fire ran out of fuel.
 The casein was unable to stop the fire burning up a cotton-polyester
blend, but it did slow it down, with the fire taking 60 percent more
time to consume the treated blend then it did an untreated blend.

45. Marlan
 Marlan® is a permanent flame resistant fabric, designed to protect
from molten metal splashesin foundries sector.
Marlan® meets with the highest values of European and American
Standards norms, related with molten metal hazards.
 According to the European Standard EN ISO 9185, this fabric has the
maximum value D3 for protection against molten aluminum splashes
and E3 for molten steel/iron splashes
 Marlan's protective properties are inherent, what means that the
protection level doesn't decrease with the fabric use, or after washing.

46. CONCLUSION
 Fire proof fabrics are arranged in the form of several layers, where
each plays its own function of thermal insulation, thermal barrier and
moisture barriers.
 Weight, thickness and structure of the fabric play an important role in
influencing the Moisture Vapor resistance Value and Radiant
Protection.
 The air gap between the skin and fabric play a very important role in
determining the amount of energy transferred to the skin, which is
described using various quantitative models built on different
parameters. The heat transfer takes place through conduction,
convection and radiation (greatest) depending on the air gap distance.

47. Thank You