Overview of fisheries research development and Extension Systems in India
1. WEST BENGALUNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL AND FISHERY
SCIENCES
FACULTY OF FISHERY SCIENCES
FEX - 501
Overview of Fisheries Research , Development
and Extension Systems in India
SUBMITTED BY :
Abdul Hannan mondal
M. F. Sc. 1st Yr 1st
Sem.
2020-2021
SUBMITTED TO:
Prof. Biswarup Saha
DEPT. OF FEX
2. WHAT IS EXTENSION :
1988: Extension is a professional communication intervention
deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary
behaviors with a presumed public or collective utility.
1997: Extension is the organized exchange of information and
the deliberate transfer of skills
3. INTRODUCTION
With timely action, fisheries can continue to
provide food. jobs and enjoyment for millions of
people worldwide. But ultimately this means
changing our focus from what is done to a fish to
what can be done for the fish. And the time for
that change is now.“
Now today allover world various fisheries
research programme are going on to developed
new scientific technique for sustainable fisheries
resources.
5. A) FAO Pelagic Fisheries Project (PFP)
• This internationally aided programme was aimed at
estimating mainly the pelagic fishery resources along
the neritic and oceanic waters using pelagic fishing gear
and acoustics from the FAO Research Vessel name
Rastrelliger, an all-weather boat.
• A considerable amount of research went into
standardizing acoustic procedures. This was the first
time in the tropical seas that such an innovative
acoustic survey programme to estimate fish stocks and
fishery resources was attempted.
Overview of fisheries research and development
6. B) Re-organization of the Fisheries Research
Institutes under the Indian Council Of Agricultural
Research
• ICAR, a major re-organization was undertaken in 1987. In
this process, the erstwhile institutes were realigned and
the following institutes were set up as :
1. CMFRI
2. CIFT
3. CIBA
4. CIFA
5. CIFRI
6. CIFE
7. NBFGR (National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources )
7. C) ROLE OF ICAR FISHERIES INSTITUTES IN THE
GROWTH OF FISHERIES RESEARCH
For the past half a century, the ICAR fisheries institutes have
been playing a dominant role in fundamental and applied
research in fisheries in the freshwater, coastal brackish water
and marine sectors, both in capture fisheries and in
aquaculture/mariculture. We shall look at these
developments in a sequential order.
The ICAR-CIFRI has ranched 586 of
Hilsa Broodfish in the upstream of
Farakka barrage for improving the
Hilsa Fisheries in the middle stretches
of the River Ganga in 2019.
8. I. RIVERINE FISHERIES :
Early years. research was directed towards surveys to
understand resource distribution, physical and ecological
features, hydrology of rivers, plankton, benthic biomass and
nutrient load, and pre-impoundment survey. Now today an
important achievement was the breeding and rearing of Hilsa/
ilisha at Allahabad. Research today is oriented towards the
protection of wild stock to prevent genetic drift in farm-reared
fish, the conservation of river habitats and biodiversity, the
protection of endangered riverine fauna.
9. II. UPLAND COLD WATER FISHERIES :
The ecology and hydrological conditions of a number of
natural lakes in the Kumaon Himalayas were studied.
Research has been done in induced Breeding of different
species of snow trout from wild stock for ranching in the
streams. In Bhimtal, the new Centre has also developed
composite fish culture suitable for the hill regions with the
following combination.
10. III. FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE:
The progress from spawn collection from natural spawning
grounds by stripping, to induced breeding of Indian major
carps (IMC), other carps, catfishes and other fish species,
was a giant step forward. In 1955, H. Chaudhuri
successfully spawned the Esomus species by pituitary
injection. After 1957 carps could be induced breed. Today,
Ovaprim prepared from salmon gonadotropin releasing
hormone and domperidone are widely in use with dosages
standardized for induce breeding of carps and catfishes.
• The importance of Ovaprim which has given a boost to
aquaculture in which fish seed production has increased
from only 490 million fish fry in 1973-74 to over 20,000
million fry today. Research has been underway in the use
of pheromones in fish reproductive physiology.
11. • Another important area of research in freshwater aquaculture
was composite fish culture.
• For increasing productivity and better economic returns,
research was initiated on integrated fish-farming involving crop-
livestock fish-prawns in various combinations.
• One of the recent developments has been the production of
pearls from the freshwater mussels.
12. IV. RESEARCH ON FISH GENETICS :
India is one of the few countries that have taken a lead in research
on fish and shellfish genetics. Until the early 1970s, fish culture
remained largely empirical and artisanal.
13. Cont.
• Then onwards, research in fish genetics started receiving
greater attention for the purposes of upgrading the quality
of cultivated species.
• NBFGR has been actively involved in the cytogenetic
analysis of Indian major carps, exotic carps, mahseers,
freshwater catfishes, snake heads and the endemic
species of the Western Ghats.
• They carrying on research on chromosome banding
techniques in many freshwater teleosts which has been
helpful in detecting polymorphism in Indian species at
inter-specific and inter-generic levels.
15. CONT...
• The mid-1980s witnessed intense activity around the world
in tropical fish stock assessment.
• CMFRI has developed a Multistage Random Sampling
Technique and for estimating the exploited marine fishery
resources.
• This Institute also develop the National Marine Living
Resources Data Centre, which is supportive of fisheries
research and management.
• Now they improved and conducted remote sensing as a
tool in marine fisheries.
• More recently, multi species stock assessment and ane
ecosystem approach to fishery management has been
taken up.
16. VI. TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCING
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTIVITY
a. Sex control : Monosex
culture of fish has the
advantage of growing one
sex with faster growth rate
and good meat quality.
b. Chromosomal
manipulation:
Chromosome sets can be
manipulated in externally
fertilizing fishes to
produce gynogenetic ,
androgenetic and
polyploid individuals.
17. C) Transgenic fish :
Research on transgenic fish is being conducted at MKU,
Madurai, in collaboration with CCMB, Hyderabad, and CIFA,
Bhubaneswar. At MKU, transgenic zebra fish, rohu and
Heteropneustes fossilis have been produced.
18. D) CRYOPRESERVATION :
Storage of fish milt, eggs and embryos without loss of
viability is of considerable importance in aquaculture. NBFGR
has taken a lead in th e cryopreservation of fish gamete s and
has deve loped cryopreservation protocol for 14 species of
teleost, which include some endangered and highly endemic
species.
19. VII) Coastal aquaculture and mariculture :
In the early 1970s, a major research effort was made to
develop coastal aquaculture (in estuarine, coastal
brackish water lagoons and wetlands) and mariculture
(sea farming).
Coastal aquaculture
20. Centre of Advance Studies in Mariculture :
The newly started mariculture research programmes of CMFRI in
the 1970s was to some extent hampered by a lag in research,
teaching and trained manpower. In 1979, a Centre of Advanced
Studies in Mariculture was established ' at CMFRI, Cochin. It
facilitated dozens of scientists from the Institute to go abroad for
training in . specialized subject areas such as fish and shrimp
nutrition, reproductive physiology, fish genetics.
Mariculture
21. RESEARCH ON BRACKISHWATER
AQUACULTURE :
The recent research advances at CIBA are in the
maturation, breeding and hatchery development of
penaeid shrimp. Specially formulated economical feeds
with good conversion efficiency have been developed
for shrimp.
Marine brackishwater
finfish culture
22. VIII) RESEARCH ON FISH DISEASES & MANAGEMENT :
During the 1980s and 1990s, fish culture in most parts of India and
natural fish populations in rivers and lakes were seriously afflicted by
Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS), where the fish developed
lesions on the body. CIFA, Bhubaneswar developed a medicine
"Cifax®" to control the disease.
Now many of vaccines, probiotices, specific pathogen
free, specific pathogen resistance are developed.
23. IX) RESEARCH ON HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST
TECHNOLOGIES :
I. FISHING TECHNOLOGY :
Research on appropriate design of fishing crafts and gear was
initiated from the very inception of the CIFT and today 90% of the
mechanised fishing vessels in the length range 7.6 to 15.2 m are built
on one of the 12 designs developed by the Institute.
25. II. FISHING GEAR :
The development of combination wire rope as an import substitute
for deep-sea fishing is a recent innovation which has now been
commercialized . Research on fishing gear has led to innovative
concepts and designs for multipurpose gear such as the high
opening trawl, high-speed demersal trawl, hybrid trawl, bobbin
trawl, large mesh trawl.
26. III) FISH PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY AND
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• Research on utilisation of fish products hasbeen high as
fishery by-products find application in several fields. A
major thrust in this area was the development of many
innovative programme,product development and value
addition.
• Chitin and chitosan from prawn shell waste are two such
products that have a wide spectrum of uses.
• CIFT has also developed a procedure for processing
shark cartilage.They also developed software for Hazard
Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), a modern tool
for quality assurance in processing plant .
• Now a wide variety of value added products and
specialised products such as dehydrated jellyfish,
"maasmin" from tuna, fish wafers, soup powders,
battered and breaded products have been developed
and commercialised.
27. DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS :
• The research results 'are published both in Indian and
foreign scientific journals.
• The ICAR controlled fisheries research institutes have
also a nodal journal. Each institute has its own scientific
association which also runs its own scientific journal.
• Some Institutes bring out a lot of extension literature,
especially for transfer of proven technologies.
• Some of the Associations are very active and organise
national and international scientific meetings, symposia,
seminars and workshops and publish proceedings of
these.
28. EXTENSION SYSTEMS IN INDIA
Such an institute , which mediates between
farmers and scientist was established and it
is called extension system .
29. • In India there are 4 major organizational streams
are working for rural development :
1. ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
institutes and Agriculture & Veterinary
Universities.
2. Extension System of Ministry of Agriculture and
State Departments of Agriculture.
3. Extension System of Ministry of Rural
Development and the State Development
Departments.
4. Voluntary organizations, business houses etc.
30. A) FIRST LINE EXTENSION SYSTEM
• The involvement of ICAR in extension started with the
formulation and implementation of several front line
extension programmes.
• The programs were as follows:
1. National Demonstration (1964)
2. Operational Research Project (1972)
3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (1974)
4. Lab to Land Programme (1979)
5. Frontline Demonstrations,
6. National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)
7. Agricultural Technology Management Agency(ATMA),
31. • 1) National Demonstration (ND) :
Launched in 1964.
Based on the concept of increasing the productivity per unit
area and time by using proven agricultural technology.
• Basic purpose :
1. To show the genetic production potentiality of new
technology of major crops.
2. To encourage the farmers to adopt and popularise the
technologies.
32. ND differed from other demonstrations in
the following major aspects:
• 1. There was a specific yield target and there was no
separate control plot near the demonstration.
• 2. The area of the demonstration plot was about one
hectare .
• 3. The agricultural scientists conducted these
demonstrations in association with local extension
agencies/workers.
• 4. The national demonstrations were intended to show
the genetic production potentiality of new technologies
and to influence both the farmers and the extension
agencies.
33. • 2) Operational research project (ORP)
Initiated in 1974-75 to identify technological as
well as socioeconomic constraints.
The performance of the new technology is to be
tested on farmers’ fields at operational level.
Role a)Calculate profitability of the new
technology meant for increasing production and
economic returns substantially.
b) Identify socio-economic constraints
affecting transfer of new technologies.
34. 3) Krishi Vigyan Kendra
• Established in 1974 at Pondicherry.
• Aimed at imparting training to extension workers,
practicing farmers and fisherman who wish to be self-
employed.
• Objectives of KVK :
1. To improve productivity in agriculture and allied
enterprises.
2. To empower and utilize the energy of rural youth and
farmwomen.
3. To generate employment in farm and non-farm sector.
4.Improve socio-economic condition of rural community
for better livelihood.
35. • Role of KVK:
Conduct Frontline Demonstration
Carry out On-farm Testing
Disseminate technologies in the districts by providing
training to the extension workers of the various line
departments.
36. • 4) Lab to land program (LLP) :
1) Implemented in 1979, by ICAR as a part of its Golden Jubilee
celebrations.
2) The aim of the programme is to improve the economic
condition of the small and marginal farmers and landless
agricultural laborers, by transfer of improved technology
developed by the agricultural universities, research institutes.
37. • Role of Lab to Land Program:
1. Assist the farmers to develop feasible farm plans.
2. Guide and help the farmers in adopting improved technologies.
3. Organise training programmes and other extension activities.
4. Make the farmers aware of the various opportunities and
agencies.
Reaching out many of farmers in
lab to land programme .
38. 5) Front Line Demonstration:
The field demonstrations conducted under the close
supervision of scientists of the National Agriculture
Research System are called front-line demonstrations.
“Seeing is believing” is the main principle behind
the demonstrations.
39. • Role of Front-Line Demonstration :
1. Demonstrate the newly released production technologies on
the farmers’ fields.
2. Organize the need based training programmes for subject
matter specialists and farmers, after identification of problems.
3. Exploit their maximum potential in a given farming system.
4. Prepare technical leadership in the villages by imparting desired
training.
40. B) Agricultural Technology Management
Agency(ATMA)
The Roles of ATMA are :
1. Strengthen research – extension – farmer linkages.
2. Provide an effective mechanism for co-ordination and
management of activities of different agencies involved
in technology adaption / validation and dissemination at
the district level and below.
3. Increase the quality and type of technologies being
disseminated.
4. Move towards shared ownership of the agricultural
technology system by key shareholders.
5. Develop new partnerships with the private institutions
including NGOs.
41. C) Voluntary organizations or NGOs
• Most VOs have been established with the basic
objective of serving the rural community.
• Most of the VOs are small organizations that
concentrate on a particular area.
• VOs are generally strong in programme
mangements
• VOs are primary service organisation and they can
modify general plans and models to suit local
needs.
• Principle - 1) ALTRUISM 2) VOLUNTARISM
42. VO or NGOs
VO are reffered in many
ways like NGO,CSO ,third
sector organisation ,
charitable organisation etc
43. Conclusion
• The research and development activites in
fisheries sector are urgently required to meet
the new challenges and make the whole
system sustainable and eco-friendly.
• Such research and development support
through various organisation will not only
boost fish production and productivity but
also ensure food security, employment
opportunities and socio economic uplifment
of people.
