The First Amendment
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The document summarizes the key provisions and origins of the First Amendment to the US Constitution. It protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. It originated from government attempts to censor free expression in England and the colonies. Notable cases like John Peter Zenger's trial established truth as a defense against seditious libel. Over time, the First Amendment has been interpreted to protect various forms of expression from government infringement through a system of judicial review and balancing tests.
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First Amendment
The document discusses the key freedoms protected by the First Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. It provides details on what each freedom entails and prohibits the government from infringing on these rights. However, it notes that the First Amendment only applies to government restrictions and not actions taken by private individuals or companies. Some exceptions to free speech, like threats and copyright infringement, are also outlined.
First Amendment Rights
The First Amendment protects free speech and establishes four main types of speech: commercial, symbolic, libel, and slander. However, the freedom of speech is not absolute and can be limited if the speech incites violence, contains libel or slander, presents a clear and present danger, or uses obscenities.
Freedom of expression.
Human or fundamental rights include freedom of expression, which allows the free dissemination of ideas. After World War II, the UN was formed to protect these rights, including freedom of expression as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, some governments still repress this right, such as in China where dissent is not allowed. In Spain, recent austerity measures have led to many protests, but the government is trying to curb this by police abuse against demonstrators and plans to strengthen repressive legislation.
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Normative theories describe how media should operate within a society according to specific social values and political environments. The document discusses four main normative theories: authoritarian theory which supports government policies; libertarian theory which emphasizes press freedom; social responsibility theory which balances informing the public with ethics and private interests; and Soviet communist theory where media serves the state. It also covers the origins, assumptions, and criticisms of each approach.
Montesquieu and locke
The document discusses the views of Montesquieu and John Locke on the legitimacy, consent, separation of powers, and individual liberty of government. Montesquieu believed that laws were natural and there were three types: law of nations, political laws, and civil law. Both philosophers agreed that government should be derived from the consent of the people and protect individual rights and freedoms. Montesquieu advocated for the separation of government powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of power, an idea also supported by Locke. Additionally, they both felt that individual liberty should be ensured and only restricted by laws concerning public order and security.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a predominant ideology that emphasizes individual liberties and rights. It originated in the Enlightenment and was influenced by philosophers like John Locke. Liberalism seeks to limit government power and establish democratic and capitalist systems with protections for civil liberties. It has taken various forms like classical liberalism, social liberalism, and neoliberalism. The spread of liberalism in the 19th century impacted the Muslim world through reforms in the Ottoman Empire like the Tanzimat, which aimed to modernize the state but also contributed to a crisis of identity in Islam and rise of Islamic revivalism.
Walter lippmann and_public_opinion_in_early_20th
1. Walter Lippmann argued that people form "pictures inside our heads" and rely on stereotypes to understand the world, as most knowledge comes indirectly through limited and filtered sources.
2. These simplified mental pictures and stereotypes are influenced by media and culture and often fail to accurately reflect reality. They can be manipulated for political propaganda.
3. Lippmann was skeptical about the ability of the public to make informed decisions in the modern mass society, and argued elites must guide public opinion, in contrast to democratic ideals of an engaged citizenry.
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First Amendment
The document discusses the key freedoms protected by the First Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. It provides details on what each freedom entails and prohibits the government from infringing on these rights. However, it notes that the First Amendment only applies to government restrictions and not actions taken by private individuals or companies. Some exceptions to free speech, like threats and copyright infringement, are also outlined.
First Amendment Rights
The First Amendment protects free speech and establishes four main types of speech: commercial, symbolic, libel, and slander. However, the freedom of speech is not absolute and can be limited if the speech incites violence, contains libel or slander, presents a clear and present danger, or uses obscenities.
Freedom of expression.
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J.S. Mill
Slides on the political thought of John Stuart Mill for an undergraduate course in Political Thought that I taught between 2003-2005.
1 st presentation# normative theories of mass communication
Normative theories describe how media should operate within a society according to specific social values and political environments. The document discusses four main normative theories: authoritarian theory which supports government policies; libertarian theory which emphasizes press freedom; social responsibility theory which balances informing the public with ethics and private interests; and Soviet communist theory where media serves the state. It also covers the origins, assumptions, and criticisms of each approach.
Montesquieu and locke
The document discusses the views of Montesquieu and John Locke on the legitimacy, consent, separation of powers, and individual liberty of government. Montesquieu believed that laws were natural and there were three types: law of nations, political laws, and civil law. Both philosophers agreed that government should be derived from the consent of the people and protect individual rights and freedoms. Montesquieu advocated for the separation of government powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of power, an idea also supported by Locke. Additionally, they both felt that individual liberty should be ensured and only restricted by laws concerning public order and security.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a predominant ideology that emphasizes individual liberties and rights. It originated in the Enlightenment and was influenced by philosophers like John Locke. Liberalism seeks to limit government power and establish democratic and capitalist systems with protections for civil liberties. It has taken various forms like classical liberalism, social liberalism, and neoliberalism. The spread of liberalism in the 19th century impacted the Muslim world through reforms in the Ottoman Empire like the Tanzimat, which aimed to modernize the state but also contributed to a crisis of identity in Islam and rise of Islamic revivalism.
Walter lippmann and_public_opinion_in_early_20th
1. Walter Lippmann argued that people form "pictures inside our heads" and rely on stereotypes to understand the world, as most knowledge comes indirectly through limited and filtered sources.
2. These simplified mental pictures and stereotypes are influenced by media and culture and often fail to accurately reflect reality. They can be manipulated for political propaganda.
3. Lippmann was skeptical about the ability of the public to make informed decisions in the modern mass society, and argued elites must guide public opinion, in contrast to democratic ideals of an engaged citizenry.
freedom of speech
The document discusses freedom of speech from both an Islamic and human rights perspective. It defines human rights and freedom according to Islam and notes that Islam recognizes several basic human rights, including freedom of thought and expression. However, Islam also teaches that freedom of speech must be exercised responsibly and without spreading harm. The document also examines freedom of speech as outlined in international agreements like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, noting it is not an absolute right and may be subject to restrictions to protect national security or public order.
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Press Law
This document provides an overview of media law issues relevant to high school student journalists, including censorship, libel, invasion of privacy, copyright, and freedom of information laws. It summarizes key court rulings that define the legal rights of student journalists, such as Tinker v. Des Moines, which established that students' First Amendment rights apply in school. The document also gives practical guidance on how to avoid legal issues, such as always verifying facts before publishing and getting permission before using copyrighted material. Resources for legal help with student media issues are also provided.
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The theory talks about the relationship between minority and majority of people and how they express themselves. It proves minority people keep silent on their views on any particular subject.
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This document discusses the ongoing debate around gun control and the 2nd Amendment. It provides historical context on the formation of state militias and debates whether the right to bear arms applies only to militia members or individuals. The document outlines key Supreme Court cases that have shifted interpretation from a states' rights view to recognizing an individual right to gun ownership. It also discusses variations in state and local laws and efforts to regulate firearms at the federal level. Competing perspectives in the current gun control debate are presented along with the possibility for compromise.
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Freedom of expression
The document discusses freedom of expression through various media such as mass media, the internet, and history. It provides definitions of freedom of expression and discusses how it has developed over time through significant events and figures. A survey was conducted that showed most people believe it is acceptable to criticize government but not religion. There was no consensus on censorship of violent or sexual content in media. While some think limitations are needed online, most believe the internet should remain free from restrictions. The document examines freedom of expression from different perspectives to understand its scope and limitations.
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2) The Brown case was a class action suit filed against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas on behalf of Linda Brown and other students who had to attend segregated schools far from their homes, despite closer schools for white students.
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The document summarizes the philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau regarding the state of nature and social contracts. For Hobbes, the state of nature is a state of war where life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. He argues people form social contracts and sovereign governments to escape this state. For Locke, the state of nature is characterized by perfect freedom and equality under natural law, though it can descend into a state of war. Rousseau posits the state of nature has freedom and force, and the social contract forms a general will where people agree to be compelled for their own freedom.
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The Civil Rights Movement began nearly 100 years after the Civil War to combat discrimination against African Americans. In the 1950s and 1960s, civil rights organizations and leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for desegregation and equal rights through nonviolent protests, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This led to important victories like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public places. However, discrimination continued in other areas like education, employment, and criminal justice.
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Freedom of expression is defined as an indivisible human right that forms the basis of other rights and measures the effectiveness of laws. It aims to enable all people to speak freely without fear of consequences. Several international agreements protect this right, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, issues like government censorship, cultural differences, technology limitations, and hate speech endanger this right. Repressive regimes in places like Cuba, Eritrea, Burma, Iran, North Korea, and China severely limit freedom of expression through imprisonment and online censorship of journalists and bloggers. Ensuring this right is important for public awareness, development, and holding governments accountable.
Origin of Nation State
The document traces the origin and development of the nation state system from the 16th century to present day. It discusses the rise of early nation states in Europe like Portugal, Spain, Britain and France. Key events and agreements that shaped the nation state system include the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), Utrecht Treaty (1713), Congress of Vienna (1815), and the two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945) which led to the dissolution of old empires and emergence of new nation states. The modern nation state is characterized by territoriality, a sense of nationality, sovereignty, and equal recognition under international law.
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normative theories of press of mass communication
normative theories of press of mass communicationThe English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad
The document summarizes several normative theories of mass communication:
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- Libertarian theory advocates for total freedom of press and speech.
- Social responsibility theory sees media as having obligations to society like truth and balance.
- Soviet media theory views media as serving the interests of the working class and disseminating propaganda.
- Additional theories include development media theory prioritizing national development, and democratic participant theory focusing on audiences' needs for information and interaction.Meeting 5: What is Enlightenment?
Kant argues that enlightenment involves humans emerging from self-imposed immaturity through courageously using their own understanding rather than relying on external guidance. He claims most people remain willingly immature due to laziness and find it easier to let others think for them through books, pastors, physicians, etc. Guardians have ensured the public sees maturity as dangerous by making them dependent on authority. True enlightenment only requires freedom of public reason and debate on all matters, which advances progress, while private reason may be restricted to maintain order. The 18th century represents an age of enlightenment, not complete enlightenment, as obstacles to independent thought are gradually diminishing.
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Thomas Hobbes and John Locke developed social contract theory to explain the formation of civil societies and governments. [1] Hobbes viewed humans in the state of nature as competitive and distrustful, leading to a state of war, so people consent to a social contract establishing an absolute sovereign to maintain order. [2] Locke believed humans in the state of nature were rational and respected natural rights, but formed governments through social contracts to more impartially protect rights and property. [3] Both philosophers argued people consent to governments to escape the difficulties of the state of nature, but Locke believed people could dissolve contracts if rulers became tyrannical.
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The school principal objected to two articles in the May 13 issue of the school newspaper Spectrum. One article discussed students' experiences with pregnancy, the other discussed the impact of divorce on students at the school. The principal was concerned that the students mentioned could be identified, and that the articles contained inappropriate content. He ordered the pages with those articles removed. The student journalists sued, arguing their free speech rights were violated. The court must determine if school officials can censor student speech in school-sponsored publications.
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This document provides 12 scenarios and asks the reader to identify for each: a) which constitutional right, if any, is being violated and b) which amendment from the Bill of Rights would offer protection. The scenarios involve issues like the right to legal counsel, right to a jury trial, prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, freedom from unlawful search and seizure, freedom of speech, freedom of religion and parental rights.
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The document discusses freedom of speech from both an Islamic and human rights perspective. It defines human rights and freedom according to Islam and notes that Islam recognizes several basic human rights, including freedom of thought and expression. However, Islam also teaches that freedom of speech must be exercised responsibly and without spreading harm. The document also examines freedom of speech as outlined in international agreements like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, noting it is not an absolute right and may be subject to restrictions to protect national security or public order.
Comm201 Spiral of Silence
The Spiral of Silence Theory proposes that people are less likely to voice opinions that are in the minority for a group due to fear of isolation. As more people remain silent instead of expressing opposing views, the minority opinion becomes smaller and less supported, resembling a spiral. The theory was developed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in 1974 to explain phenomena during Germany's division and controversial political debates. It remains relevant to understanding how public opinion and willingness to speak out are influenced within groups.
Press Law
This document provides an overview of media law issues relevant to high school student journalists, including censorship, libel, invasion of privacy, copyright, and freedom of information laws. It summarizes key court rulings that define the legal rights of student journalists, such as Tinker v. Des Moines, which established that students' First Amendment rights apply in school. The document also gives practical guidance on how to avoid legal issues, such as always verifying facts before publishing and getting permission before using copyrighted material. Resources for legal help with student media issues are also provided.
Spiral of Silence
The theory talks about the relationship between minority and majority of people and how they express themselves. It proves minority people keep silent on their views on any particular subject.
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This document discusses the ongoing debate around gun control and the 2nd Amendment. It provides historical context on the formation of state militias and debates whether the right to bear arms applies only to militia members or individuals. The document outlines key Supreme Court cases that have shifted interpretation from a states' rights view to recognizing an individual right to gun ownership. It also discusses variations in state and local laws and efforts to regulate firearms at the federal level. Competing perspectives in the current gun control debate are presented along with the possibility for compromise.
Week 4 Platos Metaphysics
Plato founded the first university, the Academy, in 386 BC in Athens to train philosopher-rulers. Plato was influenced by the death of his teacher Socrates and sought to establish philosophy over politics. At the Academy, Plato's most famous student, Aristotle, studied for 19 years. Plato is best known for his dialogues, including The Republic, in which Socrates discusses justice, politics, and an ideal state through allegories like the cave and the divided line. Plato developed the theory of forms, that true knowledge comes from comprehending eternal, unchanging forms like beauty, rather than perceiving the imperfect physical world.
Freedom of expression
The document discusses freedom of expression through various media such as mass media, the internet, and history. It provides definitions of freedom of expression and discusses how it has developed over time through significant events and figures. A survey was conducted that showed most people believe it is acceptable to criticize government but not religion. There was no consensus on censorship of violent or sexual content in media. While some think limitations are needed online, most believe the internet should remain free from restrictions. The document examines freedom of expression from different perspectives to understand its scope and limitations.
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What is gatekeeping Theory and Who presented it? Who used this Gatekeeping Theory in Mass Communication? what is the process and what are the main Features of Gatekeeping Theory?
Brown Vs Board Of Education
1) Brown vs. Board of Education was a 1954 US Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of "separate but equal".
2) The Brown case was a class action suit filed against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas on behalf of Linda Brown and other students who had to attend segregated schools far from their homes, despite closer schools for white students.
3) The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that de jure racial segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. This landmark decision banned racial segregation in US public schools.
Teoria hipodermica
A Teoria Hipodérmica propõe que mensagens midiáticas são imediatamente aceitas e espalhadas igualmente entre receptores. Foi desenvolvida na década de 1920 para estudar propaganda de guerra, mas é criticada por ver receptores de forma homogênea. A teoria influenciou estudos posteriores e o uso político e econômico da mídia.
Hobbes, Locke, And Rousseau
The document summarizes the philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau regarding the state of nature and social contracts. For Hobbes, the state of nature is a state of war where life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. He argues people form social contracts and sovereign governments to escape this state. For Locke, the state of nature is characterized by perfect freedom and equality under natural law, though it can descend into a state of war. Rousseau posits the state of nature has freedom and force, and the social contract forms a general will where people agree to be compelled for their own freedom.
Civil rights movement
The Civil Rights Movement began nearly 100 years after the Civil War to combat discrimination against African Americans. In the 1950s and 1960s, civil rights organizations and leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for desegregation and equal rights through nonviolent protests, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This led to important victories like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public places. However, discrimination continued in other areas like education, employment, and criminal justice.
Freedom of Speech & Expression
Freedom of expression is defined as an indivisible human right that forms the basis of other rights and measures the effectiveness of laws. It aims to enable all people to speak freely without fear of consequences. Several international agreements protect this right, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, issues like government censorship, cultural differences, technology limitations, and hate speech endanger this right. Repressive regimes in places like Cuba, Eritrea, Burma, Iran, North Korea, and China severely limit freedom of expression through imprisonment and online censorship of journalists and bloggers. Ensuring this right is important for public awareness, development, and holding governments accountable.
Origin of Nation State
The document traces the origin and development of the nation state system from the 16th century to present day. It discusses the rise of early nation states in Europe like Portugal, Spain, Britain and France. Key events and agreements that shaped the nation state system include the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), Utrecht Treaty (1713), Congress of Vienna (1815), and the two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945) which led to the dissolution of old empires and emergence of new nation states. The modern nation state is characterized by territoriality, a sense of nationality, sovereignty, and equal recognition under international law.
Role of media in democracy
The document discusses the history and evolution of media from ancient forms of communication like cave paintings and writing to modern forms like newspapers, television, and social media. It traces the origin of the word "media" to the 1950s and discusses how ancient empires like Persia and Rome developed early postal systems to disseminate information. The document also outlines how media is essential to democracy by ensuring transparency, accountability, and an informed electorate.
normative theories of press of mass communication
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The document summarizes several normative theories of mass communication:
- Authoritarian theory describes media controlled by the government to not publish anything against it.
- Libertarian theory advocates for total freedom of press and speech.
- Social responsibility theory sees media as having obligations to society like truth and balance.
- Soviet media theory views media as serving the interests of the working class and disseminating propaganda.
- Additional theories include development media theory prioritizing national development, and democratic participant theory focusing on audiences' needs for information and interaction.Meeting 5: What is Enlightenment?
Kant argues that enlightenment involves humans emerging from self-imposed immaturity through courageously using their own understanding rather than relying on external guidance. He claims most people remain willingly immature due to laziness and find it easier to let others think for them through books, pastors, physicians, etc. Guardians have ensured the public sees maturity as dangerous by making them dependent on authority. True enlightenment only requires freedom of public reason and debate on all matters, which advances progress, while private reason may be restricted to maintain order. The 18th century represents an age of enlightenment, not complete enlightenment, as obstacles to independent thought are gradually diminishing.
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Nature of man, state of nature and social contract -- john locke vs. thomas h...
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke developed social contract theory to explain the formation of civil societies and governments. [1] Hobbes viewed humans in the state of nature as competitive and distrustful, leading to a state of war, so people consent to a social contract establishing an absolute sovereign to maintain order. [2] Locke believed humans in the state of nature were rational and respected natural rights, but formed governments through social contracts to more impartially protect rights and property. [3] Both philosophers argued people consent to governments to escape the difficulties of the state of nature, but Locke believed people could dissolve contracts if rulers became tyrannical.
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Media Today - Spring 2016
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STUDENTS ARE SPEAKING UP ABOUT SPEAKING OUT.
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The document discusses the origins and evolution of freedom of speech protections in the United States as outlined in the First Amendment. It describes how early restrictions on speech and press in England and the American colonies influenced calls for protections. Key developments included John Peter Zenger's trial, the writings of John Milton, and Benjamin Franklin's view that little would be printed if everything had to avoid offense. The First Amendment was ultimately ratified in 1791, but its meaning has been shaped over centuries through Supreme Court interpretations of various types of speech and expression.
Civil Liberties, Vs Civil Rights; Best
The document discusses several key aspects of civil liberties and rights in the United States, including the evolution of the Bill of Rights, differences between civil liberties and civil rights, and Supreme Court cases that have helped define these concepts over time. It provides examples of specific rights protected by the Constitution and how the Supreme Court has ruled on issues related to freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly.
Liberties
The document discusses civil liberties in the United States Constitution. It provides context on the Bill of Rights and how it protects individual freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, religion, and protections from unlawful search and seizure. It also discusses ongoing debates around balancing individual rights with societal interests and national security, including discussions on the USA PATRIOT Act and presidential powers in times of war or crisis.
How Does The First Amendment Protect Freedom Of Expression Lesson 30
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2) A seminal early case, the trial of John Peter Zenger, helped establish freedom of the press by establishing the importance of truth as a defense against libel charges.
3) While the First Amendment protects many forms of expression, the Supreme Court has determined some content-based restrictions and limitations are allowable, such as those relating to obscenity, advertising, and national security issues.
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The document discusses several key aspects of freedom of expression protections in the US:
1) Early protections for freedom of expression established some limits, including prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" or constituted libel or slander.
2) A seminal early case, the trial of John Peter Zenger, helped establish freedom of the press by establishing the importance of truth as a defense against libel charges.
3) While the First Amendment protects many forms of expression, the Supreme Court has determined some content-based restrictions are permissible, such as those relating to obscenity, advertising, and national security issues.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the first 10 amendments of the US Constitution known as the Bill of Rights. It discusses how the Supreme Court determines the meaning of the Bill of Rights and balances individual rights with societal needs. It then provides an overview of the freedoms protected by the first amendment, including freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government.
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The document discusses the origins and key provisions of the Bill of Rights, specifically the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments. It provides background on influences from English common law like the Magna Carta. It examines important Supreme Court cases that have interpreted and established precedents around rights to freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, bearing arms, unlawful search and seizure, and due process of law.
Ch 5 presentation
The document summarizes key aspects of civil liberties and rights protections in the United States, including:
- The Bill of Rights was drafted to protect individual liberties from infringement by the federal government.
- Through the 14th Amendment and the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court applied most Bill of Rights protections to state laws and actions as well.
- The First Amendment guarantees freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition. It also established limits on establishment of religion.
- Other amendments provide due process, privacy, self-incrimination, double jeopardy, public trial and counsel rights for the accused.
- The Supreme Court has interpreted and applied these rights over time, especially expanding
Civil Liberties
The document discusses the early interpretation and incorporation of civil liberties protections in the Bill of Rights against the states through the 14th Amendment. It covered how the Supreme Court initially did not apply the Bill of Rights to the states but began incorporating specific rights through the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment, starting with property rights in the late 19th century. The document then examines the incorporation of several First Amendment rights like freedom of speech, press, and religion through 20th century Supreme Court decisions.
Civil liberties
The document discusses various topics related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States, including: key terms like civil liberties and civil rights; the incorporation of the Bill of Rights to apply to states; landmark Supreme Court cases related to freedoms of speech, press, religion and privacy; the development of civil rights for groups like African Americans, women, and other minorities; and contemporary issues like affirmative action and national security laws.
Civil libertiesnew
The document discusses various topics related to civil rights and civil liberties in the United States, including: key Supreme Court cases that have shaped interpretations of civil rights and liberties provisions in the Constitution over time; the historical struggle for African Americans and women to gain equal rights and protections; debates around issues like affirmative action, privacy rights, and balancing civil liberties with national security concerns.
Civil Liberties & Rights
The document discusses various topics related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States, including: key terms; the differences between civil liberties and civil rights; the incorporation of the Bill of Rights to apply to states; landmark Supreme Court cases related to freedoms of speech, press, religion and other rights; the development of civil rights for women and African Americans; and contemporary issues like affirmative action and rights for other groups.
Civil liberties
The document discusses many topics related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States, including: key terms; the differences between civil liberties and civil rights; the incorporation of the Bill of Rights to apply to states; landmark Supreme Court cases related to freedoms of speech, press, religion and other rights; the development of rights for women and African Americans; and contemporary issues like affirmative action and national security laws.
Chapter6
The document summarizes key concepts around civil liberties in the United States, including:
- The Bill of Rights originally applied only to the federal government, but was later incorporated to also apply to state and local governments through Supreme Court rulings.
- Religious freedom is protected through the Establishment and Free Exercise clauses, though what constitutes separation of church and state has been debated.
- Speech is generally protected but restrictions on categories like obscenity, libel, and speech inciting violence have been upheld. Morality and sexuality are now less regulated areas.
- Criminal defendants have extensive constitutional protections like due process, right to counsel, protections against self-incrimination and cruel punishment.
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How Does The First Amendment Protect Freedom Of Expression Lesson 30
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More from Miriam Smith
Advertising 2015
The document defines key advertising and marketing terms:
- It defines full-service agency, narrowcasting, cost per thousand (CPM), gross rating points (GRPs), cost per point (CPP), reach or cume, average frequency, spot advertising, and Q rating.
- It also provides a brief overview of the different departments within an ad agency, including creative, account services, media, research, and account planning.
Our Electronic Media Timeline
This document provides an electronic media timeline, highlighting several important dates in the development of major communication technologies: 1877 - Invention of the phonograph; 1920 - Commercial radio begins in the US; 1928 - Invention of television by Philo Farnsworth; 1969 - Creation of the ARPANET which laid the foundations for the internet; 1991 - Invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee. It also notes the development of video games, mobile phones, smartphones, and social media sites from the 1970s through the 2000s.
Media Adoption
How long did it take Americans to adopt electricity, the telephone, radio, television and other media?
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The document is a timeline that provides key dates in media history from 1877 to 2007, including the years that commercial TV began in 1931 and the World Wide Web launched in 1991. It also asks whether new media slays old media and answers "no," suggesting different forms of media can coexist over time with changes in how people consume information.
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The document provides an overview of the U.S. legal system, beginning with the origins of common law in medieval England and continuing through the major sources of American law including the U.S. Constitution, federal and state statutes, administrative regulations, and court precedents. It discusses both civil and criminal legal procedures and jurisdictions.
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Media Economics & Communication Policy Fall 2011
The government can impact media businesses through communication policies and regulations. Regulators license broadcasters and impose obligations to promote goals like competition, pluralism, and localism. In the US, the FCC regulates under powers granted by Congress to effectively manage the broadcast spectrum in the public interest. The FCC pursues objectives like diversity, competition, and localism through rules governing media ownership and cross-ownership.
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This document provides an overview of how to read and understand key financial reports and metrics that are used to analyze the financial performance and condition of public companies. It discusses things like the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, financial ratios, and investment strategies. The key elements covered include the components and purpose of the main financial reports, important accounting concepts and terms, and various ratios used to evaluate areas like liquidity, management performance, profitability, and stock valuation.
Rights clearances 2011
The document discusses rights clearances needed for using music in films and television. It explains that two copyrights exist for each song - for the musical composition and the recording. Licenses are needed from the music publisher for the composition and the record company for the recording. Fair use does not apply to using music in movies or TV. International rights also need to be considered. The document provides guidance on how to determine copyright owners and properly license music for use in films, television programs, and other media.
Television
The document discusses the U.S. television industry, including its audience size, ownership trends, delivery options, and regulatory environment. It notes that the industry was historically dominated by the big three national broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) which had over 80% of primetime viewers in 1983. However, ownership restrictions and the growth of cable/satellite have led to increased options for viewers and consolidation among media companies over time. Regulation aims to balance competition and diversity with localism and public interests.
Policy & Economics (Law)
The government can impact electronic media firms through communication policy and regulation. Regulators license broadcasters and impose obligations to promote goals like competition, pluralism and localism. The FCC regulates ownership levels and other aspects of broadcasting in the US to balance economic and public interest factors. Regulations are intended to prevent monopolies and promote diversity, and are established by Congress and enforced by the FCC and other regulatory authorities.
Radio industry
The document provides a history of radio beginning in the 1840s and discusses key developments including the first broadcasts in 1919 and establishment of networks like NBC in 1926. It then summarizes regulations like the Radio Act of 1927 and ownership rules. Finally, it reviews the radio industry structure today including major station groups, formats, markets and revenue sources like advertising.
Music Recording Industry
The music recording industry has undergone significant changes since the 1850s with the development of recording technologies. By the early 20th century, the industry was dominated by a few major companies like Edison, Columbia, and Victor. Rock music in the 1950s brought more competition. Today, the global industry is worth $40 billion annually and is controlled by just a few major corporations like Universal Music Group, Sony/BMG, Warner Music, and EMI, which control the majority of charted albums and global market share. Top earning artists of all time include Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, Abba, and Queen.
Audience and Audience Measurement (Ratings)
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative audience research methods. Quantitative methods measure audience demographics and size using data from research firms like Nielsen. Key metrics for TV audiences include universe estimate, DMA, HUT, rating, share, and cume. Qualitative psychographic research examines psychological factors to segment markets and understand consumer behavior, but it is more complex and expensive. Common qualitative methods include focus groups, surveys, and lifestyle/activity research.
Financial Reports and Ratios
The document provides an overview of how to read and understand key financial reports and ratios that are used to analyze the financial performance and health of public companies. It discusses the different types of financial statements including the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. It also outlines various financial ratios that can be used to evaluate a company's short-term stability, long-term stability, management performance, and profitability.
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Economics
The document discusses key concepts in media economics, including market structure, supply and demand, costs of production, and barriers to entry. It provides definitions and examples to explain different types of markets (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly), costs (fixed, variable, marginal), and barriers to entry (capital requirements, economies of scale, product differentiation). The purpose is to define important economic terms and concepts as they relate to media industries.
Trademark Law
Trademarks, service marks, and trade names are used to identify and distinguish products and companies in commerce. The Federal Trademark Act of 1946, also known as the Lanham Act, protects these marks if they are used in commerce and are distinctive, without being generic, descriptive without secondary meaning, immoral, offensive, deceptive, or incorporating official insignia. Owners can lose trademark protection if a mark becomes generic or there is likelihood of confusion due to infringement by a similar mark. The Lanham Act also protects against dilution of a distinctive mark and unfair competition.
Obscenity and Indecency
This document discusses the legal definitions and history of obscenity, indecency, and profanity in media in the United States. It outlines key Supreme Court cases that have established and refined the definitions of obscenity and indecency, and delineated what types of sexual or profane content are protected by the First Amendment versus what can be restricted by the government. It also discusses how these restrictions have been applied differently to different media such as broadcasting, cable, mail, and zoning laws regarding adult businesses.
Commercial Speech/Advertising Regulation
Commercial speech refers to speech intended to generate marketplace transactions, such as advertising. The Supreme Court has established a four-part test to determine if restrictions on commercial speech are constitutional. Under the test, the speech must not be misleading, advertise lawful activity, and the government restriction must directly advance a substantial interest while being narrowly tailored. The Federal Trade Commission regulates false and deceptive advertising and requires substantiation of claims. Advertising to children requires special care.
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The First Amendment
- 1. THE FIRST AMENDMENT
- 3. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 1791
- 12. Give me liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.
- 15. Zenger trial
- 30. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. 1868
- 31. For present purposes we may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press--which are protected by the 1st Amendment from abridgment by Congress--are among the fundamental personal rights and "liberties" protected by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment from impairment by the states. Gitlow v. New York 268 U.S. 652, 666 (1925)
- 41. Applications
- 42. Megahuge Company allows employees to use the company’s e-mail system to announce opportunities for volunteer service projects, except for political parties or causes. If you work for Megahuge, are your First Amendment rights being violated?
- 44. The FCC restricts the maximum time that broadcasters may allocate to commercials during programming directed primarily to children on both commercial and cable television.
- 50. Freedom of the Press
- 54. What About “Dangerous Speech”?
- 56. Schenck v. United States
- 68. The First Amendment Part III
- 72. New York Times v. United States
- 75. United States v. The Progressive
- 77. What about negligent speech?
Editor's Notes
- http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/Zenger_order.htm
- http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/priorrestraints.htm
- http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/16.jpg
- http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/tables.jpg
- http://progressive.org/mag_issuecoversarchives