This document discusses different types of fractures, sprains, and dislocations. It defines a fracture as a break or crack in a bone. Fractures are categorized as either closed, where the skin is not broken, or open/compound, where the skin is broken and the bone may be visible. Common types of fractures include hairline, stress, complete, greenstick, comminuted, depression, complicated, transverse, oblique, and spiral. The document also defines sprains as injuries to ligaments and dislocations as bones no longer being in proper contact at a joint. General treatment principles for injuries include resting, immobilizing, applying cold, and elevating the injured area.

1. Topic : Fracture
Lecturer: Dr. Jalloh

2. Fractures, Sprains, and
Dislocations

3. Fractures
 A break or a crack in a bone is called a fracture.
 Many types of fractures are difficult to determine.
 If a fracture is suspected, it’s wise to get it checked out

4. Fracture Categories
 All fractures are one of two types
1) Closed – skin over fracture is not broken
2) Open/Compound – where the
skin over the fracture is broken.
The bone may be visible.

5. Types of Fractures
 Hairline
 Stress
 Complete
 Greenstick
 Comminuted
 Depression
 Complicated
 Transverse
 Oblique
 Spiral

6. Hairline Fracture
 A very thin crack or break in the bone
Hairline fracture of the foot

7. Stress Fracture
 Fracture caused by repetitive stress to a bone

8. Complete Fracture
 When a bone breaks into two separate pieces
 (intracapsular, femoral neck fracture)

9. Greenstick Fracture
 When the bone cracks on one side only, not all the way
through
Ulnar greenstick fracture

10. Comminuted Fracture
 When the bone is broken into more than two
pieces or is crushed

11. Spiral Fracture
 Bone is broken by twisting
Spiral fracture of femur

12. Depression Fracture
 When the skull is fractured inward

13. Complicated Fracture
 When a broken bone may have caused damage to
internal organs
 There is more concern than the fracture itself

14. Transverse Fracture
 When the bone is broken straight across

15. Oblique Fracture
 When the bone is broken on a steep angle
fibula

16. Signs or Symptoms of a Fracture
 Pain and tenderness
 Loss of function
 A wound (with bone sticking out)
 Deformity
 Unnatural movement
 Shock
 Crepitus (grinding) (don’t test for this)
 Swelling and bruising

17. What is sprain?
 The bones at a joint are held together by tough bands
called ligaments.
A sprain is an injury to a ligament
 1st degree – stretched
 2nd degree – partially torn
 3rd degree – completely torn
 Most common are the fingers, wrist, ankle, and knee

18. Signs and Symptoms of a Sprain
 Pain that may be severe and increase with the
movement of the joint
 Loss of function
 Swelling and discoloration

19. What is a dislocation?
 When the bones at a joint are no longer in proper contact.
 Can be caused by severe twisting or indirect force, or even a
muscular contraction
 Most frequently dislocated joints
 Shoulder
 Elbow
 Thumb
 Finger
 Jaw
 Knee

20. Signs and Symptoms of a
Dislocation
 Deformity or abnormal appearance
 Pain and tenderness aggravated by movement
 Loss of normal function
 Joint may be locked in one position
 Swelling of the joint

21. General Treatment Principles
 Stop the activity.
 Survey the injured area.
 First Aid if qualified.
 Get help if not.
 Determine if additional medical attention is
necessary.

22. RICE
 R - Rest
 I - Immobilize
 C - Cold
 E - Elevate

23. IMTC - UNMIL 23
QUESTIONS