The document provides an overview of epilepsy, outlining its definition, pathophysiology, types of seizures, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis through clinical history and imaging, as well as various treatment options including medications and lifestyle modifications. Additionally, it offers guidance on managing seizures during an episode and encourages education for affected individuals and families.

1. School of clinical sciences
TOPIC:EPILEPSY AND EPILEPTIC SIEZURE
LECTURER: DR JALLOH
MODULE: PAEDRIATIC

2. PRESENTERS
• MOHAMED LAMIN SESAY
• MORLAI SESAY

3. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINATION
• PATOPHYSIOLOGY
• TYPES OF EPILEPTIC SIEZURE
• SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• RISK FACTORS
• DIAGNOSIS
• DIFFERENTIALS
• COMPLICATIONS
• TREATMENTS AND MANAGEMENTS
• THE DOS AND THE DONTS

4. INTRODUCTION
• The brain is the centre that controls and regulates all
voluntary and involuntary responses in the body.
• It consist of nerve cells that normally communicate
with each other through electrical activities
• A siezure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical
disturbance in the brain , results in changes in
behaviours , movements, feelings, and in level of
consciousness
• If the person has two or more seizures or tendency to
have recurrent seizures, then it is known as epilepsy.

5. DEFINATION
• EPILEPSY:The word epilepsy derived from greek word
Epilepsia which means seizure.
• Epilepsy is a group of syndromes characterized by
unprovoked,recuring seizure over time
• SEIZURE:Are sudden, abnormal electrical discharges from the
brain result in changes in
sensation,behaviour,movements,perceptions,or
consciousness.

6. PATOPHYSIOLOGY
• Due to etiological factors
• The integrity of the neuronal cell membrane is altered.
• The cell begins firing with increase frequency and amplitude
• When the integrity of the discharge reaches the threashold the
neuronal firing spreads to adjacent neurons.
• Ultimately resulting in seizure
• Seizure activity increases cerebral oxygen consumption and the need for
ATP.
• Supplies of oxygen and glucose are rapidly consumed.
• To meet these demands, cerebral blood flow increases during a seizure.
• If the seizure is ongoing severe hypoxia and lactic acidosis occur and
may result to brain tissue destruction.

7. TYPES OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
• PARTIAL/FOCAL SEIZURE
• GENERALIZED SEIZURES
• UNKNOWN SEIZURES

8. PARTIAL /FOCAL SEIZURES
• Partial seizures takes place when abnormal
electrical brain function occurs in one or more
areas of one side of the brain.
• Partial seizure is divided in to two categories
1 simple partial seizure
2 complex partial seizure

9. SIMPLE FOCAL SEIZURE
• In simple partial seizure, no loss of
consciousness and may involve unusual
sensations or movements
• COMPLEX FOCAL SEIZURES
In complex focal seizure, there is impairment of
consciousness and may involve repetitive
movements and confusion.

10. 2. GENERALIZED SEIZURES
• These are type of seizure that involves both
hemispheres of the brain from the onset. They
can result in a variety of symptoms and affect
consciousness, muscle tone, and behaviour.

11. TYPES OF GENERALIZED SEIZURES
• Tonic-clonic seizure
• Absence seizures
• Myoclonic seizures
• Atonic seizure
• Clonic seizure

12. Tonic-clonic seizure
• This is characterized by a combination of muscle stiffening(tonic
phase) and rhythmic muscle contractions(clonic phase)
• Absence seizures
• Typically involve brief lapses in awareness often mistaken for
day dreaming
• Myoclonic seizures
This is characterized by sudden , brief jerks, or twitches of the
muscle
Atonic seizures
This involves a sudden loss of muscle tone, which can cause the
person to collapse and fall. This typically last <15secs.

13. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Stiffening of the muscles
• Loss of consciousness
• Rhythmic jerking of the arms and legs
• Confusion
• Sudden loss of muscle tone
• Tongue biting
• Altered consciousness

14. RISK FACTORS
• Genetic factors
• Age
• Brain injury(head trauma, strokes,)
• Previous seizures
• Infections(meningitis, encephalitis etc)
• Developmental disorders
• Substance use(chronic alcohol use, drugs)
• Metabolic disorders (hypoglycemia electrolyte imbalance)
• Pregnancy and birth complications
• Environmental factors(exposure to toxins)

15. RISK FACTORS
• IN NEWBORN AND INFANTS
• Birth trauma
• Congenital problems
• Fever

16. DIAGNOSES
• Complete history and physical examination
• Electroencephalogram( EEG)
• Magnetic resonance imaging( MRI)
• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Urea and electrolyte
• Venous blood gas

17. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSE
• Febrile seizure
• Migraine
• Transient ischemic
• Multiple sclerosis
• Hypoglycemia
• Withdrawal seizures

18. COMPLICATIONS
• Fracture of bone
• Impair intelligence
• Socially stigmated
• Reduce quality of life
• Permanent brain damage
• Death

19. TREATMENTS AND MANAGEMENTSA
• 1 MEDICATIONS (ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS-AEDS)
phenytoin (dilantin)
Valproate
carbamazepine
Diazepam
Adverse effects: monitor for side effects, which can
include dizziness, fatigue ,and mood changes.

20. PRE HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT
• Move harmful objects out of the way from the
patient
• Cushion the head
• Protects the person from falling
• Loosen ties and tight fitting clothing.
• Do not put anything in the patient mouth
• If the person started vomiting turn the person on
his or her left side to protect the airway and to
help drain away any mouth secretions.

21. THE DOS AND DON’T ON EPILEPTIC PATIENT
THE DOS
• Cushion the persons head and remove dangerous
obstacles
• Turn the person on his side.
• Loosing tight clothing, especially ties and collars.
• THE DONTS
• Don’t put anything in the persons mouth
• Don’t panic, stay calm and call for help when the
need arise.

22. 2 .LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS
• Regular sleep: ensuring adequate sleep can reduce seizure frequency.
• Stress management: techniques such as yoga and mindfulness may help.
3 SURGERY: Resective surgery for patients with focal seizure not controlled
by medication, removing the seizure focus can be effective
4 VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION:A device implanted under the skin that sends
regular, mild pulses of electrical energy to the brain by vagus nerve
5 EDUCATION: Patient and family education in understanding epilepsy can
empower patients and families to manage the condition more effectively
and reduce stigma.

23. REFERENCE
• World health organization
• Rehman R
• Greeky medicine
• Kanner AM

24. THANK YOU