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1. Fractures
Mrs. Vineela Shyam kumar

2. Introduction
Our skeleton is tough and flexible. It supports weight and
protects our internal organs.
Bone tissue stores minerals such as calcium, and it is
constantly renewed, which is how our bones are able to
heal. Bones are cleverly designed to allow movement at the
joints and provide great stability. The bones provide a light
but strong framework for the body9s soft tissues. Bone
fracture is a medical condition in which there is a damage
in the continuity of bone. This can be the result of high
force, impact or stress.
The word "Fraktur" derives from Latin frāctūra ("a break"),
built from frāctus, passive participle of frangere ("to
break"), which is also the root for the English word
"fracture".

3. Definition
• A fracture is a partial or complete break in the
bone.
• A bone fracture is a crack or break in a
bone.(Yvette Brazier)
• A bone fracture is a medical condition in
which there is a partial or complete break in
the continuity of the bone.

4. ➢ COMMON SITES:
• Clavicle (collar bone)
• Tibia
• Ulna
• Femur
• Distal radius (in children)
➢ ETIOLOGY:
There are mainly three common causes of bone fracture-
1. Trauma - This includes falls, twisting injuries, sports
injuries, car accidents or even
fights.
2. Medical conditions that weaken the bone - This includes
osteoporosis, infections,
osteogenesis imperfecta, chronic steroid use or tumors that
occur in bones.
3. Overuse injuries – Commonly seen in athletes, stress
fractures result from repetitive motions and repeated
stresses on the bone.

5. Fracture
Based on
relationship
with the
environment
Based on
Displacement
Based on
Fracture
pattern
Based on
Etiology
Anatomical
classification
Based on
force

6. Based on relationship with
the environment
Closed fractures
• A closed fracture occurs
when the bone is broken,
but the skin remains intact.
Open fractures
• An open fracture, also
known as a compound
fracture, occurs when the
broken bone breaks through
the skin.
• Open fractures are rare.
They can become infected if
not treated appropriately
and require immediate
surgical attention.

8. Based on Displacement
Displaced
• When a fracture is displaced,
the ends of the bone have
come out of alignment. In such
cases, the broken bone needs
to be set back into alignment
so it will heal properly. This is
called a reduction. After the
reduction, the injured limb is
immobilized with a brace,
splint, or cast while the bone
heals. If the reduction is
unsuccessful, other treatment
may be necessary.
Non displaced
• the bone typically stays
aligned in an acceptable
position for healing. Such
fractures are usually treated
with a splint, brace, or cast.
This immobilizes the injured
bone, promotes healing,
and reduces pain and
swelling.

9. Based on Displacement
Displaced types
• Angulated fractures: The two
ends of the broken bone are at an
angle to each other
• Translated fractures: The ends of
the bone have shifted out of
alignment
• Rotated fractures: The bone spun
(rotated) when it broke.
• Greenstick fractures: One side of
the bone is broken, causing the
other side to bend. A greenstick
fracture resembles a broken tree
branch. The branch cracks on one
side but remains partially intact
on the other.
Non-displaced types
• Single non-displaced fractures: The
bone cracks or breaks but stays in place.
• Stress fractures (hairline
fractures): Tiny cracks form in the bone,
usually as a result of overuse or
repetitive stress-bearing motions.
Stress fractures are common in children
who run track or participate in
gymnastics or dance.
• Torus or buckle fractures: One side of
the bone bends (buckles) upon itself.
The bone is dented but not broken. This
is a common childhood injury that
typically results from a simple fall.

10. Non- displaced Displaced

11. Based on Fracture pattern
• Transverse fracture - A fracture in which the fracture
line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
• Oblique fracture – A fracture in which the fracture line
is at the oblique angle to the long axis of the bone.
• Spiral fracture – A severe form of oblique fracture in
which the fracture plane rotates along the long axis of
the bone. These fractures occur secondary to
rotational force.
• Longitudinal fracture – Fracture in which the fracture
line runs nearly parallel to the long axis of the bone. It
can be considered as a long oblique fracture.

13. Based on Etiology
Traumatic
• A traumatic
fracture occurs
when significant
or extreme force is
applied to a bone.
Pathological
• A pathologic
fracture is a
break in a bone
that is caused by
an underlying
disease