Fingerprint recognition involves comparing fingerprints to determine if they match. It operates by acquiring fingerprints, extracting minutiae features like ridge endings and bifurcations, and matching minutiae between fingerprints. It has high accuracy but can be affected by dirt or wounds. Applications include banking security, access control, and criminal identification. The presented algorithm accurately and quickly extracts minutiae and identifies corrupted regions for removal.

1. Fingerprint Recognition
Represented by:Represented by:
Karam ButtKaram Butt
Rana YasirRana Yasir
Tahzeeb AhmadTahzeeb Ahmad
Presented to:Presented to:
Mam IqraMam Iqra

2. OUTLINEOUTLINE
• Introduction to biometricsIntroduction to biometrics
• FingerprintFingerprint
• What is Fingerprint Recognition?What is Fingerprint Recognition?
• Fingerprint recognition systemFingerprint recognition system
• AdvantagesAdvantages
• DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• ApplicationsApplications
• ConclusionConclusion

3. BIOMETRICSBIOMETRICS
• Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring andBiometrics is the science and technology of measuring and
analyzing biological dataanalyzing biological data
• Biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyzeBiometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze
human body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eyehuman body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eye
retinas and irises, voice patterns ,facial patterns and handretinas and irises, voice patterns ,facial patterns and hand
measurements, for authentication purposes.measurements, for authentication purposes.
• The two categories of biometric identifiers include :The two categories of biometric identifiers include :
physiological characteristics.physiological characteristics.
behavioral characteristics.behavioral characteristics.

4.  PhysiologicalPhysiological characteristics :characteristics :
FingerprintFingerprint
face recognitionface recognition
DNADNA
palm printpalm print
hand geometryhand geometry
iris recognition(which has largely replacediris recognition(which has largely replaced
retina)retina)
Odour /scent.Odour /scent.
 BehavioralBehavioral characteristics :characteristics :
GaitGait
voicevoice

5. FINGERPRINTFINGERPRINT
• A fingerprint is the feature pattern of one finger.A fingerprint is the feature pattern of one finger.
• It is the pattern of ridges and valleys (also called furrows inIt is the pattern of ridges and valleys (also called furrows in
the fingerprint literature) on the surface of a fingertip.the fingerprint literature) on the surface of a fingertip.
• Each individual has unique fingerprints so the uniqueness ofEach individual has unique fingerprints so the uniqueness of
a fingerprint is exclusively determined by the local ridgea fingerprint is exclusively determined by the local ridge
characteristics and their relationshipscharacteristics and their relationships
• These local ridge characteristics are not evenly distributed.These local ridge characteristics are not evenly distributed.

6. • Fingerprints are distinguished by Minutiae, which are some abnormal points on the ridges.Fingerprints are distinguished by Minutiae, which are some abnormal points on the ridges.
• The two most prominent local ridge characteristics, called minutiae, areThe two most prominent local ridge characteristics, called minutiae, are
1) ridge ending and1) ridge ending and
2) ridge bifurcation.2) ridge bifurcation.
Fig 1. A fingerprint image acquired by an Optical
Sensor

7. • A ridge ending is defined as the point where a ridge endsA ridge ending is defined as the point where a ridge ends
abruptly.abruptly.
• A ridge bifurcation is defined as the point whereA ridge bifurcation is defined as the point where
a ridge forks or diverges into branch ridges.a ridge forks or diverges into branch ridges.
Fig 2.ridge and valley

8. WHAT IS FINGERPRINTWHAT IS FINGERPRINT
RECOGNITION?RECOGNITION?
• Fingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to asFingerprint recognition (sometimes referred to as
dactyloscopy) is the process of comparing questioned anddactyloscopy) is the process of comparing questioned and
known fingerprint against another fingerprint to determine ifknown fingerprint against another fingerprint to determine if
the impressions are from the same finger or palm.the impressions are from the same finger or palm.

9. • The fingerprint recognition problem can be grouped intoThe fingerprint recognition problem can be grouped into
two sub-domains:two sub-domains:
Fingerprint verification :Fingerprint verification :
Fingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of oneFingerprint verification is to verify the authenticity of one
person by his fingerprint.person by his fingerprint.
Fingerprint identification:Fingerprint identification:
Fingerprint identification is to specify one person’s identityFingerprint identification is to specify one person’s identity
by his fingerprint(s).by his fingerprint(s).

10. Fig 3.Verification vs. Identification

11. FINGERPRINT RECOGNITIONFINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
SYSTEMSYSTEM
• Fingerprint recognition system operates in three stages:Fingerprint recognition system operates in three stages:
(i) Fingerprint acquiring device(i) Fingerprint acquiring device
(ii) Minutia extraction and(ii) Minutia extraction and
(iii) Minutia matching(iii) Minutia matching
Fig 4. Fingerprint recognition system

12. 1.Fingerprint acquisition:1.Fingerprint acquisition:
For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conductFor fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-conduct
sensors are widely used. They have high efficiency andsensors are widely used. They have high efficiency and
acceptable accuracy except for some cases that theacceptable accuracy except for some cases that the
user’s finger is too dirty or dry.user’s finger is too dirty or dry.
2.Minutia extractor :2.Minutia extractor :
To implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage approachTo implement a minutia extractor, a three-stage approach
is widely used by researchers which areis widely used by researchers which are
 preprocessingpreprocessing
 minutia extraction andminutia extraction and
 post processing stage.post processing stage.

13. Fig 5.Minutia extractor

14. • For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage:For the fingerprint image preprocessing stage:
Image enhancementImage enhancement
Image binarizationImage binarization
Image segmentationImage segmentation
• The job of minutiae extraction closes down to twoThe job of minutiae extraction closes down to two
operations: Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking,.operations: Ridge Thinning, Minutiae Marking,.
• In post-processing stage, false minutia are removed andIn post-processing stage, false minutia are removed and
bifurcations is proposed to unify terminations andbifurcations is proposed to unify terminations and
bifurcations.bifurcations.

15. 3.Minutiae Matching:3.Minutiae Matching:
• Generally, an automatic fingerprint verification is achievedGenerally, an automatic fingerprint verification is achieved
with minutia matching (point pattern matching)instead of awith minutia matching (point pattern matching)instead of a
pixel-wise matching or a ridge pattern matching ofpixel-wise matching or a ridge pattern matching of
fingerprint images.fingerprint images.
• The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a referenceThe minutia matcher chooses any two minutia as a reference
minutia pair and then match their associated ridges first.minutia pair and then match their associated ridges first.
• If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are alignedIf the ridges match well, two fingerprint images are aligned
and matching is conducted for all remaining minutia.and matching is conducted for all remaining minutia.

16. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
 Very high accuracy.Very high accuracy.
 Easy to use.Easy to use.
 Small storage space required for the biometric template.Small storage space required for the biometric template.

17. DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
 Dirt , grime and wounds .Dirt , grime and wounds .
 Placement of finger.Placement of finger.
 Can be spoofed .Can be spoofed .

18. APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
 Banking Security - ATM security, card transactionBanking Security - ATM security, card transaction
 Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)
 Information System SecurityInformation System Security
 National ID SystemsNational ID Systems
 Passport control (INSPASS)Passport control (INSPASS)
 Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate controlPrisoner, prison visitors, inmate control
 VotingVoting
 Identification of CriminalsIdentification of Criminals
 Identification of missing childrenIdentification of missing children
 Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)

19. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
• The implemented minutia extraction algorithm is accurateThe implemented minutia extraction algorithm is accurate
and fast in minutia extraction.and fast in minutia extraction.
• The algorithm also identifies the unrecoverable corruptedThe algorithm also identifies the unrecoverable corrupted
regions in the fingerprint and removes them from furtherregions in the fingerprint and removes them from further
processing.processing.
• This is a very important property because suchThis is a very important property because such
unrecoverable regions do appear in some of the corruptedunrecoverable regions do appear in some of the corrupted
fingerprint images and they are extremely harmful tofingerprint images and they are extremely harmful to
minutiae extraction.minutiae extraction.