Financial instruments are financial contracts between institutional units that include a range of financial assets and liabilities. Some key types of financial instruments are deposits, special drawing rights (SDRs) issued by the IMF, borrowings, loans, shares and other equity, debentures or bonds, other accounts receivable and payable, financial derivatives like options and swaps, letters of guarantee, letters of credit, and financial commitments. Derivatives allow parties to exchange risks and can include options, forwards/futures, and swaps. Loans are evidenced by non-negotiable documents and can be short, medium, or long term. Shares represent ownership rights in enterprises and equity, while debentures or bonds are a form of
Hey, Do you want to know something about Debt or Equity? Then just one click on Link is given in PPT and you will get import information on it which will help you. So, Do just One Click on Link.....
Financial system and markets:
objectives of financial system-
Concepts of financial system-
Financial concepts-
Development of financial systems in India-
Weakness of Indian financial system
Hey, Do you want to know something about Debt or Equity? Then just one click on Link is given in PPT and you will get import information on it which will help you. So, Do just One Click on Link.....
Financial system and markets:
objectives of financial system-
Concepts of financial system-
Financial concepts-
Development of financial systems in India-
Weakness of Indian financial system
Financial Markets - Money market-Organized and Unorganized-Sub markets
Capital market- Primary market-IPO-FPO- NFO, Book Building-Right Issue-Private placement- Bonus issue-Buyback
Secondary Market-Stock exchanges- Role and functions of Stock Exchanges- BSE-NSE.
Regulatory authorities and their functions – RBI, SEBI
For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
Financial Markets - Money market-Organized and Unorganized-Sub markets
Capital market- Primary market-IPO-FPO- NFO, Book Building-Right Issue-Private placement- Bonus issue-Buyback
Secondary Market-Stock exchanges- Role and functions of Stock Exchanges- BSE-NSE.
Regulatory authorities and their functions – RBI, SEBI
For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
Stocks, or shares of stock, represent an ownership interest in a corporation. Bonds are a form of long-term debt in which the issuing corporation promises to pay the principal amount at a specific date.
Know About Banking Instruments And Their Types.pptxhansongroupus
Banking instruments classified as complex are those whose value depends not only on supply and demand but also on a series of factors that act simultaneously.
Describes the procedure of issuing securities. A company must adhere to certain rules and regulations that it must follow if it wants to issue bonds/securities. These are discussed
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
2. MEANING OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Financial instruments are financial contracts of different nature
made between institutional units. These comprise the full range of
financial claims and liabilities between institutional units, including
contingent liabilities like guarantees, commitments, etc.
• Financial instruments are contracts that gives rise to financial asset to one equity,
and a financial liability or and equity instument to another entity.
• Financial instruments include primary financial instruments like receivables, payables
loans and advances, debentures and bonds, investment in equity instruments, cash
and bank balances, derivative instruments like options, futures,swaps,cap,collar,floor,
forward rate agreement(FRA) etc.
3. TYPES OF FINANCIAL INTRUMENTS
• Deposits
• SDRs
• Borrowings
• Loans
• Shares and other equity
• Debentures or bonds
• Other account receivables and payables
• Financial derivatives
• Letter of guarantee
• Letter of credit
• Financial commitments
• Pledged financial assets
4. DEPOSITS
Deposits include all claims on the central bank and other
depository corporations, represented as bank deposits. In some
cases, other financial corporations may also accept deposits.
Deposits of depository corporations can fall into two categories:
transferable deposits and other deposits (non-transferable deposits).
Normally, separate sub-categories are used for deposits denominated
in national currency and for those in foreign currency.
5. SDRs(Special Drawing Rights)
SDRs are international reserve assets created by the IMF and
allocated to member countries to supplement existing official
reserves. SDRs are not treated as the IMF’s liability. SDRs are held
only by the IMF member countries and by a limited number of
international financial organizations. SDR holdings are held
exclusively by official authorities, which are normally the central
banks. Transactions in SDRs between the IMF members or between the
IMF and its members are treated as financial transactions. SDR
holdings represent unconditional rights to holders to obtain foreign
exchange or other reserve assets from other IMF members.
6. BORROWINGS
Normally, borrowings are not considered as a separate financial
instrument. Borrowing is carried out through other financial instruments,
for example, through loans, deposits, etc. Nevertheless, because of
peculiarities of Armenian Law, borrowings in Armenia can be treated as a
separate finical instrument, as these are source of funds for credit
institutions. According to Armenian Civil Code, the lender gives the
borrower money under the loan agreement, and the borrower undertakes to
return the received amount to the lender as and when specified by the
agreement. If the maturity date is not specified or it is specified as
demand, the amount of the loan shall be returned within thirty days upon
the lender's request, unless otherwise provided by the agreement. Thus,
the borrowings as well as deposits can be both demand and time.
Opposed to time deposits, borrowings are less liquid, because
lender's claim on collection of loan is due to some restrictions, unless
otherwise provided by the agreement. In a borrowing transaction, the
lender will earn interest against the amount provided.
7. LOANS
Loans are financial assets that are
• created when a creditor lends funds directly to a debtor
(borrower),
• evidenced by non-negotiable documents.
Short-term loans – short-term loans normally involve loans with maturity
of one year or less. However, for reconciliation of different
practices between the countries, short-term loans can be defined
including loans with maturity of up to two years. All loans that
will mature upon request are classified as short-term, even if it is
expected that these loans will not be repaid within one year.
Medium-term loans - depending on practices applied in countries, loans
with maturity from 1 to 5 years are classified as medium-term loans.
Long-term loans – long-term loans include the loans with maturity that
exceeds those of short- and medium-term loans.
According to statistical classification, repo agreements, financial
leasing, factoring operations and other similar agreements are classified
under the category of loans.
8.
9. SHARES AND OTHER EQUITY
Shares are financial instruments that represent or provide evidence
on ownership rights of the holders over enterprises or organizations,
including financial institutions. Shares and other equity comprise all
instruments and records acknowledging, after the claims of all creditors
have been met, claims on the residual value of a corporation (companies,
corporations). Normally, these instruments entitle the holders both of
distributed profits of enterprises or organizations, and the residual
value of the assets in the event of liquidation. Ownership of equity is
usually evidenced by shares, stocks, participation's and similar
documents. This category also includes preferred shares that provide for
participation in the residual value on dissolution of an enterprise.
Types of equity are:
• ordinary shares that provide for ownership right in an enterprise
or corporation;
• preferred shares that provide right for claim over residual value
of an enterprise,
• equity participation in limited liability companies.
10.
11. DEBENTURES OR BONDS
The term ‘creditorship securities’ also known as ‘debt capital’ represents
debentures and bonds. They occupy a significant place in the financial
plan of the company. A debenture or a bond is an acknowledgement of
A debt. It is a certificate issued by a company under its seal acknowledging
A debt due by its holders.
Types of debentures and bonds
• Unsecured and secured debentures
• Redeemable and irredeemable debentures
• Zero interest bonds/debentures
• Zero coupon bonds
• Guaranteed debentures
• Collateral debentures
12. OTHER ACCOUNT RECEIVABLES AND PAYABLES
Accounts receivable/payable include trade credits, advances and
other receivables or payables. Trade credits comprise trade credit
extended directly to buyers of goods and services (enterprises,
government, NPISHs, households, and nonresidents). Advances are
prepayments made for work that is in progress or for purchase of goods
and services. Any agreement, which does not assume direct payment by cash
or other financial instrument to purchase goods or services, will create
a trade credit extended by the seller to the buyer. Here, it does not
involve loans acquired to finance the trade credit since these credits
are classified under the category of loans. This category includes only
direct trade credits and advances.
This category includes also items such as debtors and creditors, tax
liabilities and other accounts receivable/payable.
13.
14. FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES
Financial derivatives are financial instruments that are linked to
specific assets (other financial instruments, goods). By nature, these
instruments are similar to contingent instruments. Claims and liabilities
related to financial instruments will arise after a specific period of
time. In this case, contingency of an instrument relates only to the time
regardless of occurrence of any other event or condition. Derivative
instruments are not considered a financial claim or liability for the
holder thereof at the given moment. However, financial derivatives can be
traded in the market and thus they will obtain a market value, which will
depend on the market price of the underlying financial or nonfinancial
asset. Thus, the price of a derivative instrument “derives” from the
price of the underlying asset. In the event when the contract price of
the underlying financial asset is preferable to the current market price,
the derivative would have a positive market value. If a financial
derivative instrument has a market value it must be recorded in the
balance sheet as a financial asset
16. FORWARDS
In a forward contract, the counterparties agree to exchange, on
a specified date, a specified quantity of an underlying item
(financial or real asset) at an agreed-upon contract price.
Execution of a forward contract is mandatory but only in the case of
expiry of the period specified in the contract. Each of the
counterparties has both claim and liability upon execution. The net
value of the instrument (difference between claims and liabilities)
is zero.
FUTURES
A future contract is an agreement between seller and the buyer that
calls for the seller to deliver to the buyer a specific quantity, grade of an
identified commodity at a fixed time in the future and at a price agreed to
when the contract is first entered into.
17. OPTIONS
The buyer of an option acquires the right but not the obligation
to purchase or sell a specific asset. Options too, contain
contingency: the acquirer of an option may not wish to exercise it.
The buyer pays a certain amount to the seller of the option and thus
acquires the right but not the obligation to sell or purchase a
specified item at an agreed-upon price in a specified period. The
buyer of an option can sell the option contract, i.e. the right to
exercise the option, whereby the option obtains a market value. The
statistical recording of options should be carried out in the same
way as for the forwards.
18. SWAPS
A swap represents a spot purchase (sale) of a financial asset with
a condition of forward sale (purchase).
Swap agreement
is a type of a forward, in which the parties agree to exchange
different currencies, that is to buy (sell) any currency for another
currency in spot market and concluding at the same time a repurchase
agreement on sale (purchase) of these currencies in forward market
at prices determined beforehand, pursuant to the rules specified.
Types of SWAPs
• Interest rate Swaps
• Currency Swaps
19. LETTER OF GUARANTEE
Guarantee involves an obligation by the economic entity to assume
the other entity’s financial obligation if that other party defaults. To
issuer, a guarantee is not treated as a financial liability as far as the
party, to whom the guarantee has been issued, has not shown its inability to meet
such a liability. Therefore, until availability of this condition, letters of guarantee
will be recorded as off-balance sheet items.
LETTER OF CREDITS
A letter of credit is an obligation to make payment against
documents received. The amounts to be paid upon receipt of the documents
become liabilities of the bank. Letters of credit are used to finance
international trade operations
20. FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS
Financial commitments involve contracts between institutional units
by which the entities make arrangements on specific financial
transactions to be carried out in some future time. The party assuming
liabilities usually is obliged to provide financial assets to the other
party if specific conditions are met. Unlike the letters of guarantee
whereby the issuer of guarantee assumes liability of an entity, the
issuer of commitment will be responsible for fulfilment of the terms of
the contract, in case of the commitments. Nonfinancial commitments will
not be treated as financial instruments.
PLEDGED FINANCIAL ASSETS
There is a common practice to provide loans against a certain
financial asset taken as collateral. The residual maturity of the pledged
asset should be longer than the duration of the loan. Securities,
deposits, currency, shares, and similar assets can qualify as pledged
financial assets against loans. Financial assets are returned to the
original owner as the loan is repaid. Thus, the risks associated with
change in market value of pledged financial asset will stay with the
original owner thereof (the borrower) throughout the period of the
collateralized loan agreement.
21. INNOVATIVE FINANACIAL INSTRUMENTS
• Equity Warrants- The equity warrants is a paper attached to a bond
preferred stock that gives the holder the right to buy a fixed number of
company’s equity shares at a predetermined price at a future date.
• Secured Premium Notes(SPNs)- The secured premium note is a tradable
instrument with detachable warrant against which the holder gets equity
shares after a fixed period of time.
• Callable Bond- A callable bond is a bond that can be called in and paid off by
issuer at a price, called the ‘call price’ stipulated in the bond contract. It gives
the advantage to issuer company to call the existing bonds if the interest
rates fall in the market below the bond’s coupon rate.
• Floating/Variable or Adjustable Rate Bonds- The rate of interest payable on
these bonds varies periodically depending upon the market rate of interest
payable on the gilt-edged securities.
• Deep Discount Bonds(DDBs)- The deep discount bond does not carry any
interest but it is sold by the issuer company at a deep discount from its
eventual maturity(normal) value.
22. • Inflation Adjusted Bonds(IABs)- These are the bonds on which both interest as well as
principal are adjusted in line with the price level changes or the inflation rate.