Background: India has a serious Abdominal Obesity (AO) concern with a frequency of 24.8%, particularly among metropolitan especially in women. Generalised obesity (GO) & AO, both of which are associated with greater rates of mortality & morbidity. In India, AO is more prevalent than GO (24.5%), & it has been associated to a number of health hazards, including the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, & cardiovascular diseases (CVD), high blood pressure & PCOS.
Dietary Lifestyle, Way of Life Practices and Corpulence: Towards Present Day Science by Alok Raghav, Aditi, Sneha Gupta, Pratibha Singh, Aman Nikhil, Saba Noor and Jamal Ahmad in Examines in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesityijtsrd
The perfect anti obesity sedate would deliver supported weight misfortune with negligible side effects. The instruments that direct vitality adjust have significant built in repetition, overlap considerably with other physiological capacities, and are affected by social, hedonic and psychological components that restrain the viability of pharmacological intercessions. It is therefore unsurprising that anti obesity medicate revelation programs have been littered with untrue starts, failures in clinical improvement, and withdrawals due to unfavorable impacts that were not fully appreciated at the time of dispatch. Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle, have appeared potential in preclinical considers but none has however come to clinical development. Later enhancements within the understanding of peptidergic flagging of starvation and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract intervened by ghrelin, cholecystokinin CCK , peptide YY PYY and glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 Himangshu Jyoti Hazarika | Aziz Ahmed | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesity"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23549.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/23549/miracle-of-herbals-and-natural-products-in-treatment-and-regulation-of-obesity/himangshu-jyoti-hazarika
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Obesity is a chronic, debilitating, life long disease giving rise to many other diseases. Severe obesity is
associated with co-morbidities including type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea,
obesity hypoventilation syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, stateohepatosis, asthma, back and lower
limb degenerative problem, cancer and premature death. Morbid obesity has acquired epidemic proportions in the west. Traditional approaches to weight loss including diet, exercise and medication achieve no more than 5-10 % reduction in body weight with high relapse rates. So far, there was no effective remedy for morbid obesity. Bariatric surgery is the only effective means of achieving long term weight loss in the severely obese. The international guideline for bariatric surgery are BMI > 40 kg/m2 BMI > 35 kg/m2 together with obesity related disease. Bariatric surgery can achieve sustained weight loss durable to at least 15 years and causes marked improvement in co-morbidities.
Dietary Lifestyle, Way of Life Practices and Corpulence: Towards Present Day Science by Alok Raghav, Aditi, Sneha Gupta, Pratibha Singh, Aman Nikhil, Saba Noor and Jamal Ahmad in Examines in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesityijtsrd
The perfect anti obesity sedate would deliver supported weight misfortune with negligible side effects. The instruments that direct vitality adjust have significant built in repetition, overlap considerably with other physiological capacities, and are affected by social, hedonic and psychological components that restrain the viability of pharmacological intercessions. It is therefore unsurprising that anti obesity medicate revelation programs have been littered with untrue starts, failures in clinical improvement, and withdrawals due to unfavorable impacts that were not fully appreciated at the time of dispatch. Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle, have appeared potential in preclinical considers but none has however come to clinical development. Later enhancements within the understanding of peptidergic flagging of starvation and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract intervened by ghrelin, cholecystokinin CCK , peptide YY PYY and glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 Himangshu Jyoti Hazarika | Aziz Ahmed | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesity"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23549.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/23549/miracle-of-herbals-and-natural-products-in-treatment-and-regulation-of-obesity/himangshu-jyoti-hazarika
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Obesity is a chronic, debilitating, life long disease giving rise to many other diseases. Severe obesity is
associated with co-morbidities including type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea,
obesity hypoventilation syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, stateohepatosis, asthma, back and lower
limb degenerative problem, cancer and premature death. Morbid obesity has acquired epidemic proportions in the west. Traditional approaches to weight loss including diet, exercise and medication achieve no more than 5-10 % reduction in body weight with high relapse rates. So far, there was no effective remedy for morbid obesity. Bariatric surgery is the only effective means of achieving long term weight loss in the severely obese. The international guideline for bariatric surgery are BMI > 40 kg/m2 BMI > 35 kg/m2 together with obesity related disease. Bariatric surgery can achieve sustained weight loss durable to at least 15 years and causes marked improvement in co-morbidities.
Management of Excess Weight and Obesity: A Global PerspectiveCrimsonPublishersIOD
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially, hypertension, excess weight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, and vascular diseases,
have increased rapidly in the last two decades and have reached an epidemic status worldwide. Some experts have compared this increase in the
incidence of these diseases as “tsunamis”. Tsunamis’ are seasonal and unpredictable whereas, these diseases are predictable and not seasonal. So, what
are we going to do about this situation? Are we going to sit and wait for some miracle to happen? What are the member nations of the United Nations,
World Health Organization, NCD Task Force going to do about this, besides writing and publishing scary reports of future economic and healthcare
disasters? In this overview, we would like to discuss briefly the salient findings on this topic, initiate a healthy dialogue, request suggestions, positive
comments, and offer few suggestions.
Guidelines in Obesity management
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Obesity-related counseling should be offered to those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2
A 3% to 5% weight loss can result in meaningful reductions in triglycerides, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Set an initial weight loss goal of 5% to 10% of current body weight over 6 mo
After 6 mo, focus on weight maintenance before attempting further weight loss
Participating in a weight loss program long-term can help improve weight maintenance
Tharwat's Family
Tharwat's Family
O B E S I T Y A N D T H E D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Kwong Ming Fock* and Joan Khoo†
Departments of *Gastroenterology and †Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
Keywords
BMI, diet, exercise, NAFLD, obesity.
Accepted for publication 30 September 2013.
Correspondence
Professor Kwong Ming Fock, Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,
Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3,
Singapore 529889. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
According to World Health Organization, in 2010 there were over 1 billion overweight
adults worldwide with 400 million adults who were obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and
cancers (prostate, colorectal, endometrial, and breast). Obese people may present to the
gastroenterologists with gastroesophageal reflux, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and gallstones.
It is important, therefore, to recognize and treat obesity.
The main cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories
expended, although in a small number of cases, genetics and diseases such as hypothy-
roidism, Cushing’s disease, depression, and use of medications such as antidepressants and
anticonvulsants are responsible for fat accumulation in the body.
The main treatment for obesity is dieting, augmented by physical exercise and supported
by cognitive behavioral therapy. Calorie-restriction strategies are one of the most common
dietary plans. Low-calorie diet refers to a diet with a total dietary calorie intake of
800–1500, while very low-calorie diet has less than 800 calories daily. These dietary
regimes need to be balanced in macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Fifty-five percent
of the dietary calories should come from carbohydrates, 10% from proteins, and 30% from
fats, of which 10% of total fat consist of saturated fats. After reaching the desired body
weight, the amount of dietary calories consumed can be increased gradually to maintain a
balance between calories consumed and calories expended. Regular physical exercise
enhances the efficiency of diet through increase in the satiating efficiency of a fixed meal,
and is useful for maintaining diet-induced weight loss. A meta-analysis by Franz found that
by calorie restriction and exercise, weight loss of 5–8.5 kg was observed 6 months after
intervention. After 48 months, a mean of 3–6 kg was maintained.
In conclusion, there is evidence that obesity is preventable and treatable. Dieting and
physical exercise can produce weight loss that can be maintained.
Introduction
Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled globally and is now
considered as a major health hazard and a global epidemic. This
review aims to evaluate the current management of obesity and
overweight employing a combination of dietary interventions,
exercise, and behavioral modification. For ...
1
Running head: OBESITY
3
Running head: OBESITY
Obesity
Lauren Urquiza
Chamberlain University
NR503 Population Health, Epidemiology, & Statistical Principles
January 2018
Obesity
Obesity is a chronic medical condition and a significant health concern in the United States that is increasing worldwide. More than one third of the adults in the U.S. are obese. It is a leading cause of preventable illness and death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). This global epidemic is a leading concern for adults and for children who are predisposed to becoming obese as adults. This paper will discuss the significance of obesity in Florida, provide a background of the disease, review current surveillance and reporting methods, conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis, discuss diagnosis and screening for prevention tools, develop an evidence based plan along with measureable outcomes to address obesity as an advanced practice nurse, and conclude with an overview of the main points presented.
Background and Significance
According to the CDC (2016), obesity is defined as “weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight for a given height.” It involves excessive weight gain and accumulation of fat. In order to determine obesity, Body Mass Index or BMI is used to indirectly calculate a person’s body fat and health risk based on weight in relation to height. A BMI of 25.0 or above is considered overweight and 30.0 or greater is considered obese. Athletes with a greater amount of muscle mass may have a higher BMI even though they do not have excess body fat. Waist circumference is also used as a tool to diagnose obesity.
There are many causes that contribute to obesity, including behavioral, genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Increase in caloric intake, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in physical activity, certain medications, age, lack of sleep, quitting smoking, pregnancy, and certain medical disorders can contribute to weight gain (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Driving cars has replaced walking and riding bikes, technology has replaced engaging in physical activity, and easy access to cheaper foods has replaced nutritional importance. Most people are aware when weight is gained. Obvious signs and symptoms are tighter clothes, excess fat, and increased weight on a scale. Being overweight or obese increases the risk for many health diseases. Obesity may cause low endurance, breathing issues, excessive sweating, and joint discomfort. It can also lead to diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, depression, and even certain types of cancer such as bowel, breast, and prostate cancer (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
Below is a map that highlights the obesity prevalence across the U.S. in 2016 according to the CDC. There is no significant difference in overall prevalence between men and women. The prevalence of women with a BMI > 35 ...
OBESITY AND WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY, HOW MUCH BENEFICIAL AND SAFE?BY DR MANZOOR A...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Weight loss surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. This review summarizes recent evidence related to the safety, efficacy, and metabolic outcomes of weight loss surgery for morbid obesity. The article also highlights various issues when lifestyle modifications and weight loss medications have failed to provide significant weight loss in the majority of obese people.
Sarcopenic obesity is a chronic condition, which is due to progressively aging populations, the increasing incidence of obesity, and lifestyle changes. The increasing prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly has augmented interest in identifying the most effective treatment. This article aims at highlighting potential pathways to muscle impairment in obese individuals, the consequences that joint obesity and muscle impairment may have on health and disability, recent progress in management with attention on lifestyle management and pharmacologic therapy involved in reversing sarcopenic obesity. Recent findings: It has been suggested that a number of disorders affecting metabolism, physical capacity, and quality of life may be attributed to sarcopenic obesity. Excess dietary intake, physical inactivity, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hormonal changes may lead to the development of sarcopenic obesity. Weight loss and exercise independently reverse sarcopenic obesity. Optimum protein intake appears to have beneficial effects on net muscle protein accretion in older adults. Myostatin inhibition causes favourable changes in body composition. Testosterone and growth hormone offer improvements in body composition but the benefits must be weighed against potential risks of therapy. GHRH-analog therapy is effective but further studies are needed in older adults. Summary: Lifestyle changes involving both diet-induced weight loss and regular exercise appear to be the optimal treatment for sarcopenic obesity. It is also advisable to maintain adequate protein intake. Ongoing studies will determine whether pharmacologic therapy such as myostatin inhibitors or GHRH-analogs have a role in the treatment of sarcopenic obesity.
Obesity is defined as excessive unhealthy accumulation of body fat. India has the third largest obese population in the world after United States of America and China. Prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in parts of India. In some urban areas, up to a third of the population is either overweight or obese. Childhood and adolescent obesity is also rising rapidly. If this trend continues, certain sections of Indian society may start seeing declining life expectancy in India after many decades of steady progress. Early diagnosis of overweight and obesity may prevent progression to more severe forms associated with complications. In this review, we examine the usefulness of Body Mass Index in diagnosis of obesity in Asian Indian population and the debate surrounding the call for a downward revision of “normal” range in this population.
1Running head OBESITY 4Running head OBESITY.docxvickeryr87
1
Running head: OBESITY
4
Running head: OBESITY
Obesity
NR503 Population Health, Epidemiology, & Statistical Principles
January 2018
Obesity
Obesity is a chronic medical condition and a significant health concern in the United States that is increasing worldwide. More than one third of the adults in the U.S. are obese. It is a leading cause of preventable illness and death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). This global epidemic is a leading concern for adults and for children who are predisposed to becoming obese as adults. This paper will discuss the significance of obesity in Florida, provide a background of the disease, review current surveillance and reporting methods, conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis, discuss diagnosis and screening for prevention tools, develop an evidence based plan along with measureable outcomes to address obesity as an advanced practice nurse, and conclude with an overview of the main points presented.
Background and Significance
According to the CDC (2016), obesity is defined as “weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight for a given height.” It involves excessive weight gain and accumulation of fat. In order to determine obesity, Body Mass Index or BMI is used to indirectly calculate a person’s body fat and health risk based on weight in relation to height. A BMI of 25.0 or above is considered overweight and 30.0 or greater is considered obese. Athletes with a greater amount of muscle mass may have a higher BMI even though they do not have excess body fat. Waist circumference is also used as a tool to diagnose obesity.
There are many causes that contribute to obesity, including behavioral, genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Increase in caloric intake, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in physical activity, certain medications, age, lack of sleep, quitting smoking, pregnancy, and certain medical disorders can contribute to weight gain (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Driving cars has replaced walking and riding bikes, technology has replaced engaging in physical activity, and easy access to cheaper foods has replaced nutritional importance. Most people are aware when weight is gained. Obvious signs and symptoms are tighter clothes, excess fat, and increased weight on a scale. Being overweight or obese increases the risk for many health diseases. Obesity may cause low endurance, breathing issues, excessive sweating, and joint discomfort. It can also lead to diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, depression, and even certain types of cancer such as bowel, breast, and prostate cancer (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
Below is a map that highlights the obesity prevalence across the U.S. in 2016 according to the CDC. There is no significant difference in overall prevalence between men and women. The prevalence of women with a BMI > 35 is 18.3% compared to 12.5% of men. The.
Role of Daily life style and Medication in Prevention and treatment of obesityPriyankaKilaniya
The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity underscores the need for enhanced intervention strategies to tackle this significant public health issue. Increases in energy expenditure through exercise and other physical activity may be a crucial component of effective interventions to enhance initial weight loss and prevent weight regain. achieve these outcomes, it is recommended to engage in appropriate levels of exercise and physical activity, with 60 to 90 minutes per day being the recommended duration. Epidemiological surveys in England reveal that obesity is prevalent, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m2. This study is the first to report the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, based on weight, height, and waist circumference measurements. Diet, smoking, and physical activity are significant lifestyle factors that can significantly impact body weight and fat accumulation. The PREDIMED study, a randomized dietary primary prevention trial conducted in Spain, assessed the relationship between lifestyle and obesity risk. A study assessed 7,000 high-cardiovascular risk subjects, determining a healthy lifestyle pattern (HLP) based on Mediterranean diet adherence, moderate alcohol consumption, daily physical activity of 200kcal/day, and non-smoking.
UNRAVELLING THE MENTAL HEALTH LANDSCAPE: EXPLORING DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ...indexPub
Introduction: The prevalence of depression and its correlates in Bangladeshi rural university students have been rarely investigated. We draw a literature review, a cross-sectional study and analysis of the rural students’ depression natures and mechanisms that influence their academic performance and health and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted during the period august 2019 to January 2020 in a university. We employed Beck Depression Inventory scale to collect data from 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Data were analysed using chi-square association test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: We discovered that mild to severe depression affected 60% of rural students [mild (16%), borderline (10%), moderate (12%), severe (11.5%), and extreme (10.5%)]. Family expectations, smoking, bad academic achievement, inability to enroll in a particular program, and inadequate household finances were significant risk factors for depression. When it comes to depression, male students scored noticeably higher than female pupils. The decreased depression was linked to both strong household economics and intellectual achievement. Conclusions: The intricate interactions among the risk factors influence the character and processes of depression in rural students.
IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON SUCCESSION PLANNINGindexPub
Motivation: HR in an organization faces various challenges in business environment, such as Building Capabilities, Improving Productivity, Building Performance Culture, Talent Management, Succession Planning for Key Leadership and Critical Roles, Developing Accountability and Ownership, Human Capital Management and transforming HR function into developmental Role from the legacy driven HR, etc. Succession Planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals, who have potential to hold the key leadership position in an Organization, whereas Performance Management includes assessing and improving upon the performance of an employee to meet the organizational goals. There are several Management Practices, which are adopted widely in Industry to make a successful Succession Planning. Workforce and Talent Management is one of them. The health of an organization majorly depends on the proper placement of people, which is a combined outcome of Talent Identification, Talent Development and Talent Retention. Performance Management plays a vital role in Talent Identification. It also has an impact on Talent Development and Talent Retention. The key idea of succession planning suggests that the right person to be placed at the right position at the right time. Succession planning is becoming a challenge these days in the corporate world. Organizations are often not found prepared with their successors to occupy the key positions as and when required. The positions are either kept vacant for a substantial period or more than one role is assigned to a single person. Identifying the right talent for the key positions from outside the organization and recruiting them is a much more difficult task at the eleventh hour. This has a significant impact on organizational health and in turn to organizational sustainability. Organizations must last longer than people. Role of organization continues even when the people move out. Employees must superannuate after attaining a certain age. Also, organizations must have a contingency plan for sudden vacancy arises out of attrition, health hazards and death of employee. Succession planning is the strategy to ensure that a suitable person is made available during exigencies. Employees are developed for taking on higher responsibilities and for the new roles that may emerge in future. The placement of Key Leadership positions can be executed either by inviting the talent from outside or developing the talent in-house. The latter is always in demand keeping in view the core values of the organization and the impact on loyalty and organizational culture in a long run. It is preferable to develop the in-house talent pool to reduce dependency on recruitment of experienced people from outside for the critical roles. It brings the talent acquisition cost low and contributes as a motivating factor for the team as well. The acceptability of a person placed at Top / Key Leadership Positions is high when these are occupied
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Management of Excess Weight and Obesity: A Global PerspectiveCrimsonPublishersIOD
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially, hypertension, excess weight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, and vascular diseases,
have increased rapidly in the last two decades and have reached an epidemic status worldwide. Some experts have compared this increase in the
incidence of these diseases as “tsunamis”. Tsunamis’ are seasonal and unpredictable whereas, these diseases are predictable and not seasonal. So, what
are we going to do about this situation? Are we going to sit and wait for some miracle to happen? What are the member nations of the United Nations,
World Health Organization, NCD Task Force going to do about this, besides writing and publishing scary reports of future economic and healthcare
disasters? In this overview, we would like to discuss briefly the salient findings on this topic, initiate a healthy dialogue, request suggestions, positive
comments, and offer few suggestions.
Guidelines in Obesity management
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Obesity-related counseling should be offered to those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2
A 3% to 5% weight loss can result in meaningful reductions in triglycerides, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Set an initial weight loss goal of 5% to 10% of current body weight over 6 mo
After 6 mo, focus on weight maintenance before attempting further weight loss
Participating in a weight loss program long-term can help improve weight maintenance
Tharwat's Family
Tharwat's Family
O B E S I T Y A N D T H E D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Kwong Ming Fock* and Joan Khoo†
Departments of *Gastroenterology and †Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
Keywords
BMI, diet, exercise, NAFLD, obesity.
Accepted for publication 30 September 2013.
Correspondence
Professor Kwong Ming Fock, Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,
Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3,
Singapore 529889. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
According to World Health Organization, in 2010 there were over 1 billion overweight
adults worldwide with 400 million adults who were obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and
cancers (prostate, colorectal, endometrial, and breast). Obese people may present to the
gastroenterologists with gastroesophageal reflux, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and gallstones.
It is important, therefore, to recognize and treat obesity.
The main cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories
expended, although in a small number of cases, genetics and diseases such as hypothy-
roidism, Cushing’s disease, depression, and use of medications such as antidepressants and
anticonvulsants are responsible for fat accumulation in the body.
The main treatment for obesity is dieting, augmented by physical exercise and supported
by cognitive behavioral therapy. Calorie-restriction strategies are one of the most common
dietary plans. Low-calorie diet refers to a diet with a total dietary calorie intake of
800–1500, while very low-calorie diet has less than 800 calories daily. These dietary
regimes need to be balanced in macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Fifty-five percent
of the dietary calories should come from carbohydrates, 10% from proteins, and 30% from
fats, of which 10% of total fat consist of saturated fats. After reaching the desired body
weight, the amount of dietary calories consumed can be increased gradually to maintain a
balance between calories consumed and calories expended. Regular physical exercise
enhances the efficiency of diet through increase in the satiating efficiency of a fixed meal,
and is useful for maintaining diet-induced weight loss. A meta-analysis by Franz found that
by calorie restriction and exercise, weight loss of 5–8.5 kg was observed 6 months after
intervention. After 48 months, a mean of 3–6 kg was maintained.
In conclusion, there is evidence that obesity is preventable and treatable. Dieting and
physical exercise can produce weight loss that can be maintained.
Introduction
Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled globally and is now
considered as a major health hazard and a global epidemic. This
review aims to evaluate the current management of obesity and
overweight employing a combination of dietary interventions,
exercise, and behavioral modification. For ...
1
Running head: OBESITY
3
Running head: OBESITY
Obesity
Lauren Urquiza
Chamberlain University
NR503 Population Health, Epidemiology, & Statistical Principles
January 2018
Obesity
Obesity is a chronic medical condition and a significant health concern in the United States that is increasing worldwide. More than one third of the adults in the U.S. are obese. It is a leading cause of preventable illness and death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). This global epidemic is a leading concern for adults and for children who are predisposed to becoming obese as adults. This paper will discuss the significance of obesity in Florida, provide a background of the disease, review current surveillance and reporting methods, conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis, discuss diagnosis and screening for prevention tools, develop an evidence based plan along with measureable outcomes to address obesity as an advanced practice nurse, and conclude with an overview of the main points presented.
Background and Significance
According to the CDC (2016), obesity is defined as “weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight for a given height.” It involves excessive weight gain and accumulation of fat. In order to determine obesity, Body Mass Index or BMI is used to indirectly calculate a person’s body fat and health risk based on weight in relation to height. A BMI of 25.0 or above is considered overweight and 30.0 or greater is considered obese. Athletes with a greater amount of muscle mass may have a higher BMI even though they do not have excess body fat. Waist circumference is also used as a tool to diagnose obesity.
There are many causes that contribute to obesity, including behavioral, genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Increase in caloric intake, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in physical activity, certain medications, age, lack of sleep, quitting smoking, pregnancy, and certain medical disorders can contribute to weight gain (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Driving cars has replaced walking and riding bikes, technology has replaced engaging in physical activity, and easy access to cheaper foods has replaced nutritional importance. Most people are aware when weight is gained. Obvious signs and symptoms are tighter clothes, excess fat, and increased weight on a scale. Being overweight or obese increases the risk for many health diseases. Obesity may cause low endurance, breathing issues, excessive sweating, and joint discomfort. It can also lead to diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, depression, and even certain types of cancer such as bowel, breast, and prostate cancer (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
Below is a map that highlights the obesity prevalence across the U.S. in 2016 according to the CDC. There is no significant difference in overall prevalence between men and women. The prevalence of women with a BMI > 35 ...
OBESITY AND WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY, HOW MUCH BENEFICIAL AND SAFE?BY DR MANZOOR A...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Weight loss surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. This review summarizes recent evidence related to the safety, efficacy, and metabolic outcomes of weight loss surgery for morbid obesity. The article also highlights various issues when lifestyle modifications and weight loss medications have failed to provide significant weight loss in the majority of obese people.
Sarcopenic obesity is a chronic condition, which is due to progressively aging populations, the increasing incidence of obesity, and lifestyle changes. The increasing prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly has augmented interest in identifying the most effective treatment. This article aims at highlighting potential pathways to muscle impairment in obese individuals, the consequences that joint obesity and muscle impairment may have on health and disability, recent progress in management with attention on lifestyle management and pharmacologic therapy involved in reversing sarcopenic obesity. Recent findings: It has been suggested that a number of disorders affecting metabolism, physical capacity, and quality of life may be attributed to sarcopenic obesity. Excess dietary intake, physical inactivity, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hormonal changes may lead to the development of sarcopenic obesity. Weight loss and exercise independently reverse sarcopenic obesity. Optimum protein intake appears to have beneficial effects on net muscle protein accretion in older adults. Myostatin inhibition causes favourable changes in body composition. Testosterone and growth hormone offer improvements in body composition but the benefits must be weighed against potential risks of therapy. GHRH-analog therapy is effective but further studies are needed in older adults. Summary: Lifestyle changes involving both diet-induced weight loss and regular exercise appear to be the optimal treatment for sarcopenic obesity. It is also advisable to maintain adequate protein intake. Ongoing studies will determine whether pharmacologic therapy such as myostatin inhibitors or GHRH-analogs have a role in the treatment of sarcopenic obesity.
Obesity is defined as excessive unhealthy accumulation of body fat. India has the third largest obese population in the world after United States of America and China. Prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in parts of India. In some urban areas, up to a third of the population is either overweight or obese. Childhood and adolescent obesity is also rising rapidly. If this trend continues, certain sections of Indian society may start seeing declining life expectancy in India after many decades of steady progress. Early diagnosis of overweight and obesity may prevent progression to more severe forms associated with complications. In this review, we examine the usefulness of Body Mass Index in diagnosis of obesity in Asian Indian population and the debate surrounding the call for a downward revision of “normal” range in this population.
1Running head OBESITY 4Running head OBESITY.docxvickeryr87
1
Running head: OBESITY
4
Running head: OBESITY
Obesity
NR503 Population Health, Epidemiology, & Statistical Principles
January 2018
Obesity
Obesity is a chronic medical condition and a significant health concern in the United States that is increasing worldwide. More than one third of the adults in the U.S. are obese. It is a leading cause of preventable illness and death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). This global epidemic is a leading concern for adults and for children who are predisposed to becoming obese as adults. This paper will discuss the significance of obesity in Florida, provide a background of the disease, review current surveillance and reporting methods, conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis, discuss diagnosis and screening for prevention tools, develop an evidence based plan along with measureable outcomes to address obesity as an advanced practice nurse, and conclude with an overview of the main points presented.
Background and Significance
According to the CDC (2016), obesity is defined as “weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight for a given height.” It involves excessive weight gain and accumulation of fat. In order to determine obesity, Body Mass Index or BMI is used to indirectly calculate a person’s body fat and health risk based on weight in relation to height. A BMI of 25.0 or above is considered overweight and 30.0 or greater is considered obese. Athletes with a greater amount of muscle mass may have a higher BMI even though they do not have excess body fat. Waist circumference is also used as a tool to diagnose obesity.
There are many causes that contribute to obesity, including behavioral, genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Increase in caloric intake, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in physical activity, certain medications, age, lack of sleep, quitting smoking, pregnancy, and certain medical disorders can contribute to weight gain (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Driving cars has replaced walking and riding bikes, technology has replaced engaging in physical activity, and easy access to cheaper foods has replaced nutritional importance. Most people are aware when weight is gained. Obvious signs and symptoms are tighter clothes, excess fat, and increased weight on a scale. Being overweight or obese increases the risk for many health diseases. Obesity may cause low endurance, breathing issues, excessive sweating, and joint discomfort. It can also lead to diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, depression, and even certain types of cancer such as bowel, breast, and prostate cancer (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
Below is a map that highlights the obesity prevalence across the U.S. in 2016 according to the CDC. There is no significant difference in overall prevalence between men and women. The prevalence of women with a BMI > 35 is 18.3% compared to 12.5% of men. The.
Role of Daily life style and Medication in Prevention and treatment of obesityPriyankaKilaniya
The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity underscores the need for enhanced intervention strategies to tackle this significant public health issue. Increases in energy expenditure through exercise and other physical activity may be a crucial component of effective interventions to enhance initial weight loss and prevent weight regain. achieve these outcomes, it is recommended to engage in appropriate levels of exercise and physical activity, with 60 to 90 minutes per day being the recommended duration. Epidemiological surveys in England reveal that obesity is prevalent, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m2. This study is the first to report the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, based on weight, height, and waist circumference measurements. Diet, smoking, and physical activity are significant lifestyle factors that can significantly impact body weight and fat accumulation. The PREDIMED study, a randomized dietary primary prevention trial conducted in Spain, assessed the relationship between lifestyle and obesity risk. A study assessed 7,000 high-cardiovascular risk subjects, determining a healthy lifestyle pattern (HLP) based on Mediterranean diet adherence, moderate alcohol consumption, daily physical activity of 200kcal/day, and non-smoking.
Similar to ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS - AN UPDATE (20)
UNRAVELLING THE MENTAL HEALTH LANDSCAPE: EXPLORING DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ...indexPub
Introduction: The prevalence of depression and its correlates in Bangladeshi rural university students have been rarely investigated. We draw a literature review, a cross-sectional study and analysis of the rural students’ depression natures and mechanisms that influence their academic performance and health and well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted during the period august 2019 to January 2020 in a university. We employed Beck Depression Inventory scale to collect data from 200 undergraduate and graduate students. Data were analysed using chi-square association test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: We discovered that mild to severe depression affected 60% of rural students [mild (16%), borderline (10%), moderate (12%), severe (11.5%), and extreme (10.5%)]. Family expectations, smoking, bad academic achievement, inability to enroll in a particular program, and inadequate household finances were significant risk factors for depression. When it comes to depression, male students scored noticeably higher than female pupils. The decreased depression was linked to both strong household economics and intellectual achievement. Conclusions: The intricate interactions among the risk factors influence the character and processes of depression in rural students.
IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON SUCCESSION PLANNINGindexPub
Motivation: HR in an organization faces various challenges in business environment, such as Building Capabilities, Improving Productivity, Building Performance Culture, Talent Management, Succession Planning for Key Leadership and Critical Roles, Developing Accountability and Ownership, Human Capital Management and transforming HR function into developmental Role from the legacy driven HR, etc. Succession Planning is the process of identifying and developing individuals, who have potential to hold the key leadership position in an Organization, whereas Performance Management includes assessing and improving upon the performance of an employee to meet the organizational goals. There are several Management Practices, which are adopted widely in Industry to make a successful Succession Planning. Workforce and Talent Management is one of them. The health of an organization majorly depends on the proper placement of people, which is a combined outcome of Talent Identification, Talent Development and Talent Retention. Performance Management plays a vital role in Talent Identification. It also has an impact on Talent Development and Talent Retention. The key idea of succession planning suggests that the right person to be placed at the right position at the right time. Succession planning is becoming a challenge these days in the corporate world. Organizations are often not found prepared with their successors to occupy the key positions as and when required. The positions are either kept vacant for a substantial period or more than one role is assigned to a single person. Identifying the right talent for the key positions from outside the organization and recruiting them is a much more difficult task at the eleventh hour. This has a significant impact on organizational health and in turn to organizational sustainability. Organizations must last longer than people. Role of organization continues even when the people move out. Employees must superannuate after attaining a certain age. Also, organizations must have a contingency plan for sudden vacancy arises out of attrition, health hazards and death of employee. Succession planning is the strategy to ensure that a suitable person is made available during exigencies. Employees are developed for taking on higher responsibilities and for the new roles that may emerge in future. The placement of Key Leadership positions can be executed either by inviting the talent from outside or developing the talent in-house. The latter is always in demand keeping in view the core values of the organization and the impact on loyalty and organizational culture in a long run. It is preferable to develop the in-house talent pool to reduce dependency on recruitment of experienced people from outside for the critical roles. It brings the talent acquisition cost low and contributes as a motivating factor for the team as well. The acceptability of a person placed at Top / Key Leadership Positions is high when these are occupied
EXTERNAL BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS IMPACT ON INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF INDIVIDUAL INV...indexPub
The study collects data from a sample of individual investors and analyses their responses to recent financial events, changes in market trends, and economic forecasts. By examining factors such as demographic profiles, financial literacy, risk tolerance, and market perceptions, the research aims to identify significant predictors of investment decisions in this demographic. The findings suggest that investors are predominantly influenced by financial news, peer influence, past investment performance, and the economic stability of the region. This study contributes to the field by highlighting the localized factors impacting investment choices and providing insights for financial advisors and investment firms to tailor their strategies according to investor needs and regional specifics.
GLOBAL RESEARCH TREND AND FUTURISTIC RESEARCH DIRECTION VISUALIZATION OF WORK...indexPub
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to undertake a bibliometric analysis of working capital management. The study examines papers from time period 1974-2023and performed performance analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling and scientific mapping. Design/methodology/approach – The study examines 174 articles retrieved from the Scopus database using bibliometric analysis, performance analysis and thematic clustering. The study looked at the scientific productivity of papers, prolific authors, most influencing papers, institutions and nations, keyword co-occurrence, thematic mapping, co-citations and authorship and country collaborations. VOSviewer was as a tool in the research to conduct the performance analysis and thematic clustering.The watchword "Working Capital Management" was used to include only English-language articles. Findings – The most productive year was 2022 with 26 publications. Martínez and García- are the most protuberant authors with 708 citations. The findings of the study shows that the most influential institutions are ‘The Department of Management and Finance, Faculty of Economy andBusiness and Department of Management and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, The University of Murcia, Spain with 381 & 297 citations. Among,thecountry analysis,Spain with 744 citations stands first of all other nations for publication on Working Capital Management. Kärri is the most productive author with 7 documents. Country-wise analysis reveals that the United States is the most productive country for Working Capital Management research with 40 documents.The authors also identified seven thematic clusters of Working Capital Management. Research limitations/implications – It informs and directs researchers on the current state of study in the field of Working Capital Management.The present study has quite a few implications forSmall & Medium enterprise managers, entrepreneurs, financial managers, academicians and scholars. It also outlines future research directions in this field.Present study provides an inclusive acquaintance about the working capital management till date. Originality/value – This is the first study which provides the performance analysis and scientific mapping of the all published documents on working capital management between the time periods 1974-2023
A SOCIAL CAPITAL APPROACH TO ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM AND INNOVATION: CASE S...indexPub
Despite being recognised as drivers of innovative development, Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) frequently confront resource limitations. Therefore, enhancing the ecosystem is contingent on the entrepreneurs’ social capital, which is crucial for the success of MSMEs. This study applies the social capital approach to analyse the entrepreneurial ecosystem enrichment and its impact on the innovation process of cosmetics MSMEs. The qualitative case study of six cosmetic manufacturing MSMEs explores that social capital is a multifaceted asset to MSMEs. Through an in-depth thematic analysis of three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational, and cognitive), this study states that the innovation process is supported by the synergistic transformation of one dimension of social capital into another. Entrepreneurs sharing the common norms, rules, and language enrich their cognitive as well as relational aspects of ecosystem. The study suggests that as network ties, trust, and norms collectively influence innovation in firms, hence, social capital needs to be studied with its contextualization in the ecosystem.
ASSESSING HRM EFFECTIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT MEASURES IN THE BANKI...indexPub
This study employs an exploratory and quantitative research approach to systematically investigate the impact of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on Organizational Performance within the Indian Banking sector. The research approach combines exploratory research, aimed at gaining insights into HRM practices, with a quantitative approach using a purposive sampling technique. Data is collected through a questionnaire from employees in both public (SBI) and private banks (HDFC Bank) who work in HR departments or are involved in HR activities. The Likert scale is utilized in the questionnaire to measure participant perceptions of HRM practices. The study utilizes two statistical tools: Neural Network and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The findings of the study highlight the significance of promotion and transfer policies, considered paramount in influencing organizational performance in both public and private banks. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of training and development initiatives in enhancing employee skills and competencies. Clear and effective communication within HR policies is identified as pivotal in improving organizational performance. Lastly, aligning HRM practices with sector-specific goals is recognized as a significant contributor to improved employee satisfaction and overall performance in the banking sector. The findings offer guidance for HR practitioners and policymakers in optimizing HRM practices to achieve better organizational performance.
CORRELATION BETWEEN EMPATHY AND FRIENDSHIP QUALITY AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS...indexPub
In this research were used two questionnaires Empathy Formative questionnaire and Friendship Quality Scale. The aim of this study is to see the relationship between empathy and friendship quality among adolescent, to find out if there are gender differences in empathy and friendship quality, and to see if there are any differences between younger and older students on examined variables. This research was done with 65 high school students. Age of the students were 15 to 17 years old. Results show that there is a correlation between empathy and friendship quality. The results of t test show that there are not significant differences between females and males on variable empathy. Girls and boys have significant difference in friendship quality in Kosovo. There are no significant differences between older students and younger students in the level of empathy and also there are no significant differences between older students and younger students in the level of friendship quality.
LEVELS OF DEPRESSION AND SELF-ESTEEM IN STUDENTSindexPub
Introduction: among the most worrying problems in recent years are low self-esteem, family and friends problems, anxiety, stress, and depression, which are taking on alarming proportions in students and young people in general. Purpose: the study is a prediction, which focuses on analyzing and evaluating students' self-esteem and level of depression. Methodology: the population is 332 students (13-15 years old) in high schools in the Gjakova region. The study describes the analysis, classification, and evaluation of the collected data by doing the analysis and real examination of the findings. Results: in terms of gender there is no significant difference in self-esteem, while in depression there is a significant difference. The level of depression is higher in women (11.9) than in men (9.5). Economic status shows that students with employed fathers have lower depression (6.77) compared to those with unemployed fathers (10.80). Conclusions: The level of depression and self-esteem and parental reflection affect students. A link has been found between economic status and emotional problems and student behavior. To prevent it, the psychological service in schools should function, and together with families and the community should be as close as possible to the problems of students.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL FACTORS ON INDIVIDUALS DIAGNOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIAindexPub
The society with diverse structural and ideological influences, assumes its role in relation to behavior, attitude, belief and relations. The impact can be seen in every society globally, however the western nations have adjusted their social policies to suit these transformations, whereas nations in developing phase have failed to establish suitable systems. In Kosovo, the allocation of funds for mental health services remains insufficient, even though mental health disorders account for 12.3% of overall illnesses and 30.8% of work incapacities! The objective of this study is to examine the impact of society on the decline and recovery of individuals with schizophrenia. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a descriptive-analytical. A study was conducted in four municipalities of Kosovo, using individuals with schizophrenia from psychiatric institutions as subjects along with their caregivers/family members . The research found that social factors greatly contribute to the worsening of schizophrenia patients' condition. The presence of schizophrenia is evident through a higher likelihood of having a low level of education, high unemployment rates, and engaging in harmful behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use, as well as physical inactivity. Significant correlations have been observed in the subscales of positive and negative symptoms using the Self-Report PNS-Q questionnaires. It is crucial for individuals with schizophrenia to have a carefully designed strategy in place, developed in partnership with professionals from various relevant fields such as social protection, psychiatric medical services, education, and social integration plans.
RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) AS MEDIATION OF BANK'S CAPITAL ADEQUATION RATIO (CAR)indexPub
Banks need to maintain their performance and the level of Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR). This study wants to see the variables that affect the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) and see ROE as a variable that mediates the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The research method used multiple regression analysis, t-test, Anova test and Coefficient of Determination and the research period for 14 years from 2009 to 2022, by using SPSS Software version 26. The conclusion of the study, only the BOPO variable has a significant effect on the Capital Adequasi Ratio (CAR) and the ROE variable as a variable that can mediate the CAR variable at Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). Keywords: Capital Adequasi Ratio, Bank Financial Ratio.
INNOVATIVE DESIGN FOR KIDS MASTERY IMPROVEMENT OF LANGUAGE FEATURES IN A STORYindexPub
One of the hardest things for people learning English as a third language is still reading and writing. Because they are still not good enough at language features, they often make big mistakes and assumptions that aren't true. To make learning more fun and useful, visual symbols were made for seven different kinds of language traits. It looks at the Vipicoll form a lot. Visual Symbols media, Picture and picture, and the Collaborative approach are all creatively put together in Vipicoll. This research used Reeve's design method. Research develops Vipicoll learning model, employing interviews, literature reviews, and questionnaires for iterative improvement and validation. Researchers identify problems, create Vipicoll, iteratively refine through trials, forming an effective English Language Education model. Study assesses individual English thinking development, emphasizing interpretive framework, relation, function, and unique visual symbols. From this research, it was found that using Vipicoll really helps improve kids' mastery of language features, especially those in a story. This is proven by the fact that after implementation, kids' correct answers when asked directly by their teachers and their written test answers increased greatly even though many direct answers and test answers used to be wrong and they often didn't understand.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING AND RISK CLASSIFICATI...indexPub
The global prevalence of heart disease indicates a major public health issue. It causes shortness of breath, weakness, and swollen ankles. Early heart disease diagnosis is difficult with current approaches. Hence, a better heart disease detection tool is needed. Treatment requires more than just diagnosis. Risk classification is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this analysis, a novel cardiovascular disease (CVD) detection paradigm using machine learning (ML) and risk classification based on a weighted fuzzy system is proposed. The system is developed based on ML algorithms such as artificial neural network (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and uses standard feature selection techniques knowns as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the cross-validation method has been used for learning the best practices of model assessment and for hyperparameter tuning. The accuracy-based performance measuring metrics are used for the assessment of the performances of the classifiers. Finally, the outcomes revealed that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 94.01% which is higher than another conventional model developed in this domain. Additionally, the proposed system can easily be implemented in healthcare for the identification of heart disease.
ANALYSIS OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLOOD THROUGH CURVED ARTERY WITH MIL...indexPub
Narrowing of the arteries caused by atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart, which results shows ischemia, angina pectoris, cerebral strokes, and other coronary artery disease signs and symptoms. Curvature is seen in blood vessels at various locations. The stenotic surface provides an additional curvature and the point of maximum shear which varies with the cross-section. A cylindrical form of the Navier-Stokes equations in polar coordinate system have been extended to include dynamic curvature along the axial direction. The blood flow behavior of taking different values of blood parameters like viscosity, the radius of the artery, and the thickness of the stenosis has been studied with and without curvature by using an extended blood flow model with dynamic curvature. Moreover, the aspects of blood flow, such as dynamic curvature velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, pressure drop, and shear stress, have been studied in relation to blood flow around curved arteries with stenosis, variations in the radii of the artery, thickness of the stenosis, and viscosity. The information may reveal that by increasing the values of curvature, viscosity, and thickness of stenosis, velocity, and volumetric flow rate can be quickly reduced. Increasing the curvature, viscosity, and thickness of stenosis also results in an increase in shear stress and a pressure drop. The presence of curved stenotic arteries has a significant impact on the flow parameters, and it is crucial to know about these dynamics in order to study the cardiovascular system.
ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS:– ...indexPub
Student academic performance is the great value of institutes, universities and colleges. All colleges majorly focus on the career development of students. The academic performance of students plays a vital role in the establishment of a bright career. On the basis of better academic performance, the placement of the students will be better and the same will be reflected in the form of better admission and future. Machine learning can be deployed for the prediction of student performance. Various algorithms are playing an important role in the prediction of the accuracy of various machine learning models. These articles discuss various algorithms that can be helpful to deploy for predicting student academic performance. The article discusses various methods, predictive features and the accuracy of machine learning algorithms. The primary factors used for predicting students performance are academic institution, sessional marks, semester progress, family occupation, methods and algorithms. The accuracy level of various machine learning algorithms is discussed in this article.
IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN BLENDED LEARNING MODELS: EFFECTS ON ...indexPub
This study was conducted to identify the influence of computer technology in blended learning on the achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject through of self-directed learning. The research also assessed the relationship of the elements of blended learning on student achievement. Despite the encouragement by the Ministry of Education for the use of Computer Technology In Education, there is a lack of research on a measurable and testable model of the influence of computer technology. In reality, various aspects such as schools, teachers, content, and technology exist to provide and utilize computer technology through learning in Malaysia. A quantitative study using a correlational design was conducted on 400 Form Four students in secondary schools in the Southern Zone of Malaysia, namely in the states of Johor, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan, to identify the influence of computer technology in blended learning on achievement. Data were collected using adapted and modified questionnaires from previous studies. Descriptive data analysis was performed using SPSS version 28, while inferential analysis was conducted using the Smart PLS analysis technique. Smart PLS version 4.0 software was utilized to test the mediator relationships in the study. The results of the study showed high minimum scores for blended learning through computer technology and self-directed learning, as well as achievement. The influence of blended learning elements also had a significant relationship with student achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject. This study is expected to contribute to the effectiveness of blended learning through information technology on the achievement in the Principles of Accounting subject by enhancing self- directed learning among students. The development of this conceptual model is hoped to serve as a guide for policymakers, the Ministry of Education, teachers, students, and other stakeholders in ensuring that blended learning practices can be implemented more effectively. Furthermore, it is hoped that the achievement and interest in the Principles of Accounting subject can be improved by applying computer technology in learning.
ACADEMIC BANK OF CREDIT: A WORLDWIDE VIEWPOINTindexPub
To make higher education more accessible and successful in the world today, the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) is a new concept. Successful learning adaptation requires the transfer of credits and the acknowledgment of academic accomplishment. Recognition of credits is the process by which one educational organisation verifies that the educational experiences gained and assessed at another institution meet the requirements of one of their courses. The use of Academic Bank of Credits allows for a more adaptable method of curriculum building and design while also encouraging transparency. The credit system at this university is designed to accommodate different curricula while encouraging students to explore beyond traditional academic boundaries. The purpose of this research is to educate the audience about the Academic Bank of Credit. The demand for flexible and transferable credits in the education system led to the creation of the Academic Bank of Credits. In the past, students had a hard time moving their credits from one school to another because of the many credit systems and curriculums. Students and schools alike wasted time, energy, and materials because of this. Readers will have a better understanding of the following topics from this article: ABCs' objectives, functions, organisational structures, implementation plan, and eligibility criteria for higher education institutions to register with Academic Bank of Credits.
IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN SOUTHERN PUNJAB PAKISTANindexPub
Microfinance has been adopted by several developing nations to raise their inhabitants' standards of living. It also contributes to their improved economic growth. Pakistan is now implementing this idea and seeing positive results from microfinance. In Pakistan, Khushhali Bank is a notable player in the microfinance industry. The results of the sample data selection indicate that microfinance operations have an effect on the standard of life of individuals residing in a particular region in Muzaffargarh. For this study, 100 clients of Khushhali Bank have been chosen. The primary goal of the research is to determine how Khushhali Bank's microfinance initiatives affect people's ability to live better lives. A Ex-post Facto research model was used to the gathered data in order to determine the relationship between the microfinance loan and living standard metrics. The analysis's conclusion indicates that microfinance operations have very little influence on raising people's standards of living, meaning they don't play a significant part in raising living standards. Apart from microfinance loans, there are additional variables that contribute to the improvement of people's standard of life.
A NOVEL DENSITY-BASED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR PREDICTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEindexPub
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Early identification of individuals at risk of heart disease is crucial for effective preventive interventions. To improve the prediction accuracy, this paper proposed Heart Disease Prediction using the Density-Based Ordering of Clustering Objects (DBOCO) framework. The Dataset has been pre-processed using Weighted Transform K-Means Clustering (WTKMC). Features are selected using Ensemble Feature Selection (EFS) with a Weighted Binary Bat Algorithm (WBBAT) used to ensure that the emphasis is on the most relevant predictors. Finally, the prediction has been done using the Density-Based Ordering of Clustering method, which has been designed exclusively for cardiovascular disease prediction. DBOCO, a density-based clustering approach, effectively finds dense clusters within data, allowing for the inherent overlap in cardiovascular risk variables. DBOCO captures complicated patterns by detecting these overlapping clusters, improving the accuracy of disease prediction models. The proposed approach has been verified with heart disease datasets, displaying higher performance than traditional methods. This study marks a substantial leap in predicting cardiovascular disease providing a comprehensive and dependable framework for early identification and preventive concern.
INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-MODULUS ASPHALT C...indexPub
The appearance of premature cracks in freeway chase bodies is a worrying problem that requires in-depth analysis and remedial action. By identifying potential causes and proposing targeted recommendations, this study aims to help the responsible authorities make informed decisions to prevent such problems in the future and ensure the durability of road infrastructure. Premature cracking and rutting are common problems in pavements that can compromise their durability and safety. The use of specific additives in asphalt concrete can help prevent these deficiencies. The use of ZQ1 additive alone can lead to premature cracking in pavements, while PR FLEX 20 additive can increase the risk of rutting. However, a judicious combination of the two additives, with specific percentages of 2% for ZQ1 and 5% for PR FLEX 20, can prevent these shortcomings, improve pavement durability and optimize the mechanical properties of high-modulus asphalt concrete (BBME). In addition, this approach offers a promising solution for improving pavement durability and performance over time, opening the door to further studies to optimize the use of this additive combination in field applications.
DIALECTAL VARIABILITY IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF MODERN TE...indexPub
Main fundamental challenge for recent research work on speech based on science and technology is to understand and model the user variants in Spoken Languages. Users have their style of speaking, reliant on various factors, adding the dialect and accent of the speaker as well as the social and economic background of the speaker and contextual attributes like degree of knowledge between the listener, speaker and the position or rank of the speaking condition, from very normal to formal. In the past few decades, an extensive progress has been seen in automatically verifying the language of a speaker offered a sample speech. The main purpose of dialect verification is the recognition of a speaker’s region dialect, within a pre-determined language, offered the acoustic signal alone. DR (Dialect Recognition) is a main issue in particular, since even within the similar dialect and accent or register user change may occur. For illustration, In Spontaneous speech, few speakers tend to exhibit more optimizing and alteration of function words than others. The main issue of dialect recognition system has been viewed as challenging than that of language classification or recognition due to the maximum similarity among dialects of the similar language. While, dialects may differ in any dimensions of the linguistic spectrum such as syntactic, lexical, morphological, phonological differences, these changes are likely to be more indirect across dialects than those across languages such as Hindi, Punjabi and English etc.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS - AN UPDATE
1. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10153065
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ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS - AN
UPDATE
BHASKAR CHARANA KABI 1*, POOJA SHARMA 2,
MANOJ KUMAR NANDKEOLIAR 3, RAJESH KUMAR THAKUR 4, DHIVYA S. 5,
THURAYAABDULLSALAM A. A. AL-AZAZI 6 and JASMEEN GUPTA 7
1
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research and Sharda Hospital, Sharda
University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. *Corresponding Author Email: bhaskarkabi@hotmail.com
2
M.Sc. Medical Biochemistry Final year, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research
and Sharda Hospital, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
3
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research and Sharda Hospital, Sharda
University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
4
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research and Sharda Hospital,
Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
5, 6
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research and Sharda
Hospital, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
7
Tutor and PhD Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research and Sharda
Hospital, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract
Background: India has a serious Abdominal Obesity (AO) concern with a frequency of 24.8%, particularly
among metropolitan especially in women. Generalised obesity (GO) & AO, both of which are associated with
greater rates of mortality & morbidity. In India, AO is more prevalent than GO (24.5%), & it has been associated
to a number of health hazards, including the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, & cardiovascular diseases
(CVD), high blood pressure & PCOS. In contrast to GO, WHO emphasises AO as a superior CVD risk indicator
& suggests additional steps like WHR for risk identification. Saturated & trans-fat-rich unhealthy diets are a factor
in AO. Management of obesity benefits from dietary adjustments & insulin sensitizers, taxing fats & sugary drinks
can be potential solutions for public health. In order to reduce the risk of CVD, physicians must create customised
action plans. Conclusion: In comparison to general obesity, abdominal obesity is associated with a greater death
rate & a better prognosis for cardiovascular illnesses & metabolic problems.
Keywords: Abdominal Obesity, Metabolic Risk, Cardiovascular Diseases
1. INTRODUCTION
As reported by the WHO, obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, with the
occurrence nearly tripling from 4.8% in 1975 to 18% in 2020 (1). In India, obesity has become
a major public health concern, especially in urban areas & among women, with a prevalence
of 24.8% among females, according to the National Family Health Survey-V (NFHS-V) data
from May 26th, 2022 (2). Obesity can be categorized into Generalized Obesity (GO) &
Abdominal Obesity (AO), both of which are associated with higher mortality & morbidity rates
(3). While AO is characterised by fat buildup around the waist & is assessed using the Waist
Circumference (WC) & Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR), GO is assessed using the Body Mass Index
(BMI) (4). AO is more prevalent in India compared to GO, with a prevalence of 24.5%
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compared to 21% (5). It is associated with various health risks, including metabolic syndrome,
insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, & cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (6). It has also been linked
to hypertension & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in women (7), (8). The WHO
emphasizes that AO is a better indicator of CVD risk compared to Generalized Obesity &
recommends incorporating additional indicators like WHR to identify individuals at higher risk
(9). Unhealthy dietary habits, such as diets high in saturated fats, Trans fats, & cholesterol, can
contribute to AO (10). Lifestyle modifications & certain medications, like insulin-sensitizing
agents, can help manage obesity & its associated health risks (11). Public health strategies to
combat AO include increasing taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages & edible fats. Intentional
weight loss is crucial in lowering CVD risk, & clinicians can implement action plans to identify
& address obesity-related cardiovascular risks, considering the available resources in different
countries (12).
2. LITERATURE
Obesity
Obesity is characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat, which poses potential health
risks. Globally, overweight and obesity cause more deaths than underweight. There are two
main categories of obesity: GO and AO. Both types are linked to higher rates of mortality and
morbidity, as stated by the WHO (3).
Generalized obesity
Adults with GO are frequently classified using the BMI, which calculates weight in proportion
to height. The BMI, originally the Quetelet Index, aids in determining a person's weight status,
including whether they are underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. It is computed
as follows: kg/m2, which is the product of a person's weight in kilogrammes and square of their
height in metres. A BMI more than or equal to 25 or 30, respectively, is considered overweight
or obese by the WHO. In contrast to these criteria, a BMI of 25.O or greater being considered
obese for Indian population postulated by Misra A., et al and WHO Asia Pacific guidelines (1,
13).
Abdominal obesity
AO is characterised by a buildup of fat in the abdomen, which gives the person a pear-shaped
look. AO is determined by anthropometric measures, specifically WC. Men are said to have
AO if their WC is 90 cm or higher, while women are said to have AO if their WC is 80 cm or
higher. A WHR of 0.88 or higher for males and 0.81 or higher for women is required to be
classified as having abdominal, central, or visceral obesity, according to WHR (4).
South Asian more susceptible for AO
Asians often have 3% to 5% more body fat compared to whites and blacks. Due to their smaller
body size, Asians also often have a BMI that is 2 to 3 units lower than that of whites for a given
level of body fat. The traditional obesity cut-off points may not be appropriate for Asians in
general, and South Asians in particular, as a result of these variances. The WHO suggests
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alternative cutoff thresholds for obesity in Asians, considering a BMI exceeding 25 to be obese,
as compared to 30 for other ethnicities, to solve this issue. (9). Asian Indians are more likely
than other communities to have AO and metabolic syndrome, and they are more likely than
other populations to acquire diabetes and dyslipidemia at lower BMI and WC levels. South
Asians show differences in fat distribution, with higher intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue
and excess deep subcutaneous abdominal fat, which impacts insulin resistance and CVD risk.
Asian Indians exhibit a twofold increase in hepatic fat accumulation, which is linked to higher
insulin resistance and a potential indicator for diabetes. Asian Indians also have lower levels of
skeletal muscle mass, which may be due to genetic predispositions, low levels of physical
exercise, and low-protein diets. Further study is required to fully comprehend the consequences
of this. Further research is required to better understand how Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes
(DM) accumulate intra-myocellular triglycerides (TG) (12,9).
Abdominal obesity versus generalized obesity
In India, AO has a higher prevalence of 24.5% compared to GO, which stands at 21% (5). AO
is known to be linked with atherogenic risk factors associated with insulin resistance and has
been identified as a robust predictor of CVD, independent of GO levels (14). The WHO Expert
Consultation (WEC) on obesity highlighted the importance of abdominal fat accumulation,
which can vary independently of total body fat and BMI (9).Additionally, it is positively related
to hypertension and metabolic diseases. The anthropometric indices of AO also correlate with
dyslipidaemia (15).
Since BMI is widely acknowledged to have limitations as a predictor of obesity and adiposity,
researchers are looking into other anthropometric measurements to help assess and predict
cardiovascular risk. Some of these measures include WC, WHR, bio impedance, etc. But, the
global implementation of newer, more expensive methodologies is hindered by resource
disparities in various locations (16, 17). A consensus statement underscores the importance of
waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice, highlighting its role in assessing
abdominal obesity (18).
Epidemiology of Obesity in India
Urban India:
The New Delhi based Cohort Study reported an even higher prevalence, with 54% of men and
66% of women classified as obese. Using WC cut-offs among Asian adults, approximately 70%
exhibited central obesity. Furthermore, according to findings from the Chennai Urban
Population Study, around 50.9% of men and 49.8% of women experienced abdominal obesity
(19)
Rural India:
According to a study done in rural Tamil Nadu, 32.8% of males and 38.2% of women had a
BMI of 23 or above. This shift in the epidemiological landscape has also led to increased rates
of hypertension (19).
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National Family Health Survey (NFHS):
The incidence of overweight and obesity has changed noticeably in both males and females. In
round IV, there was a relative increase of 55% among females, from 23.4% in round III to
36.2%. In round IV, the frequency for males jumped from 21.0% to 38.4%, producing a relative
shift that was over 84% higher. Except for Rajasthan, the northern, northern, western, and
southern regions of India all had higher rates of overweight and obesity. One in four Indians
are now obese, with the frequency among females reaching 24.8%, according to the NHFS-V's
latest statistics as of May 26th, 2022 (2).
An analysis by A. Minhas found that 24% of men and 22.9% of women are obese (20). In
recent decades, obesity has become increasingly prevalent, particularly among the younger
population. Obesity is linked to a number of disease risk, such as metabolic syndrome, insulin
resistance, and changes in lipid metabolism. The majority of deaths associated with high BMI
are linked to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). (21).
Epidemiology of Abdominal Obesity in India
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has changed significantly for both men and women.
In comparison to NHFS III, the proportion of females grew from 23.4% to 36.2% in round IV.
Males saw a relative change that was almost 84% larger than females, going from 21.0% in
NHFS round III to 38.4% in round IV, according to Chaudhary, M. et al (2). Tamil Nadu had
the greatest frequency of AO among women (24.4%), followed by Maharashtra (18.1%) and
Jharkhand (4.9%). For males, the rankings were 19.8%, 15.9%, and 5.3%, respectively. In
addition, the research showed a significant difference in the prevalence of abdominal obesity
(AO) between urban regions (44.3%) and rural areas (13.0%) (5).
Women more susceptible for abdominal obesity
In India, metropolitan regions and higher socioeconomic categories have greater rates of
obesity than rural areas, especially among women, according to data from the NFHS-3 (5). The
New Delhi Cohort Study, based in the capital city of India, revealed even higher prevalence
rates, classifying 54% of men and 66% of women as obese. When Asian adults' WC cut-offs
were used, around 70% of the individuals displayed central obesity (19). Females typically
have a desirable body fat level between 25% and 30%, whereas adult men typically have one
between 15% and 20%. It is interesting that, according to the WHO, women typically have
more body fat than men do at the same BMI. The study also found that AO was significantly
more common in women than in men, and this finding may be explained by the fact that women
often had greater body fat percentages than males (22, 23).
Pathogenicity of Obesity:
Adipose tissue grows unevenly in obese people compared to other tissues, which causes it to
produce more free fatty acids (FFA) and less insulin to prevent lipolysis. Tumour necrosis
factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-4, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,
angiotensinogen, etc. are examples of proinflammatory adipokines that are produced by
adipose tissue and are linked to metabolic and cardiovascular problems of obesity. Adiponectin
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and interleukin-4 are two examples of the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic
adipokines that are also produced by adipose tissue (24,25). According to Barroso, T. A. et al.
(2017), the metabolic change caused by AO makes Metabolic Syndrome (MS) more prevalent
(26).
Inflammation in Obesity
Atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease are just a few of the conditions
that obesity, also known as chronic-low grade inflammation or "metabolic inflammation," is
associated with developing (27). Adipose tissue plays a variety of metabolic tasks and is
thought of as a complicated secretory organ. It influences the calorie expenditure, appetite,
insulin sensitivity, bone metabolism, reproductive and endocrine systems, inflammation, and
immunology in addition to serving as a TG reservoir. In comparison to a high BMI alone,
visceral adiposity in particular reveals a robust connection with an increased risk of CVD and
DM (28,29). The precise biochemical and physiological causes of the increased connection
with visceral obesity, however, are yet unknown. According to one tenable idea, visceral fat
has direct access to the portal circulation, allowing the substances it generates to have an
instantaneous impact on the liver. Adipokines, a class of proteins produced and secreted by fat
cells called adipocytes, are crucial for inflammation. Some of these adipokines such as Tumour
Necrosis Factor (TNF), leptin, Interleukin (IL-6) and adiponectin. More than 50 different
adipokines are known, and they are mostly characterised by how they affect inflammation.
Different individuals secrete various forms of adipokines depending on their BMI; obese
individuals favour producing pro-inflammatory adipokines from their adipose tissue, whereas
lean individuals produce anti-inflammatory adipokines. Adipokines that are connected to the
stimulation of inflammation include TNFs, IL-6, leptin, angiotensin II, visfatin, and resistin
(30,31). Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF) is one of the anti-inflammatory adipokines,
on the other hand. Adiponectin, IL-1Ra, IL-4, 10, 13& IL-1Ra(32).
Role of Genetics:
In defining body fat distribution (FD) and its effect on obesity-related issues, genetic factors
are a crucial component. In comparison to subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, which is stored in the
abdomen, is linked to a greater risk of metabolic and CVD. Numerous genes and locations have
been found in genetic research, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), that may
control FD. These genes, which also differ in expression in distinct fat depots and are linked to
features related to obesity, include TBX15, HOXC13, RSPO3, and CPEB4. Developmental
genes have an impact on FD as well, with visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibiting
different patterns of gene expression. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNAmethylation, may
also contribute to FD regulation. Understanding the function of these genes and their role in
FD could lead to better insights into the complex etiology of obesity-related complications and
potentially new treatment strategies (33).
A meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies with up to 77,167 people was
undertaken by the researchers, and they then followed up on 16 loci in 29 additional studies
with up to 113,636 participants. They discovered 13 novel loci such as RSPO3, TBX15-
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WARS2, VEGFA, etc. and verified the existence of a known WHR signal. Interestingly, seven
of these loci had considerable sexual dimorphism, with women seeing a larger impact on WHR
than males. These results highlight significant gene-by-sex interactions and show the
possibility of numerous genetic variables controlling body fat distribution (34).
Abdominal Obesity as a Better Indicator of Disease Risk than Generalized Obesity:
In a comprehensive report released by the WHO in 2008, it was highlighted that waist WC and
WHR are more reliable indicators of CVD risk compared to traditional measures like BMI. The
WHO Expert Consultation (WEC) on obesity emphasized the significance of assessing
abdominal fat accumulation independently of total body fat and BMI to identify individuals at
higher risk of obesity-related health issues associated with excess abdominal fat. Heart attacks,
strokes, and early mortality have all been found to be highly associated with AO, as determined
by WHR and WC. However, measurements of generalised obesity like BMI did not
substantially correlate with these disorders. However, WHR revealed as a more potent
independent risk factor when compared to BMI in the case of women, whose BMI
demonstrated an elevated risk of CVD-related disorders. The study emphasized that WC and
WHR should be vital components of the global strategy and action plan for addressing non-
communicable diseases (NCDs). Although BMI is a commonly used metric, it may not
effectively predict FD or differentiate between lean mass and fat mass, according to
observations. BMI must be used in conjunction with other anthropometric measurements of
the FD to effectively predict the risk of acquiring cardiovascular diseases (9).
Role of Abdominal Obesity in CVD
One significant metabolic alteration associated with AO is the glycaemic disorder, linked to an
elevated risk of CVD. Due to the accumulation of adipose tissue and the accompanying release
of free fatty acids, which are then swiftly transported to the liver, more TG and Very Low-
Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) are produced. As a result, this issue can be connected to an
increased risk of developing CVD that is specifically associated to AO. Several studies have
associated AO with elevated TG levels (26, 25, 29, 35, 36).
Role of Abdominal Obesity in DM and Insulin Resistance:
The presence of prediabetes is closely related to AO symptoms. Due to insulin resistance, a
condition where the body's cells become less receptive to insulin—a hormone necessary for
controlling blood sugar levels by promoting glucose absorption into cells—this form of obesity
plays a critical role in the onset and progression of DM. Due to the accumulation of glucose in
the circulation, diabetes is characterised by increased blood sugar levels (15, 35). Visceral
obesity is closely associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and
hypertension, all of which play a part in the development of atherosclerosis. Visceral obesity is
essentially a subtype of metabolic obesity. Diabetes dramatically increases the risk of
peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular illness, and coronary heart disease in people (6,
37).
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Role of Abdominal Obesity in Hypertension:
AO decreases the capacity of adipose tissue to retain fat, which results in a protracted
proinflammatory reaction that aids in the emergence of insulin resistance. By encouraging the
production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells under physiologically normal
circumstances, insulin aids in the dilation of blood arteries. This makes it easier for nutrients
to go through the body and keeps the body's dynamic glucose balance in check. However, when
there is insulin resistance, the islets' sensitivity declines, which causes a rise in vasoconstrictor
factors. This may cause aberrant vasoconstriction and pathological vascular sclerosis. In
addition, there is an imbalance in the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system and the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which results in the growth of endothelium and smooth
muscle cells, an increase in peripheral vascular resistance, salt and water retention, and
ultimately a rise in blood pressure (15). The study by Sarathy, H., et al. looked specifically at
racial differences in order to examine the connection between AO and chronic renal disease
(38). .
Role of Abdominal Obesity in Dyslipidemia:
Central obesity is strongly associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia, which includes high TG,
low HDL-C levels and elevated apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Each of these lipid disorders
contributes to the development of fatty deposits in the arteries on its own. Insulin resistance
develops in adipocytes as a result of structural and functional changes, which increase TG
levels and decrease HDL cholesterol. This is especially true of the enlarged visceral adipose
tissue that is linked with it. The development of atherosclerosis, a disorder marked by plaque
building inside the arteries, is greatly influenced by this insulin resistance. A study discovered
a substantial correlation between central obesity, as assessed by WC, and LDL-C levels. In the
central obesity group compared to the non-central obesity group, the chance of having high
LDL-C values was 3.1 times greater (39,8).
Role of Abdominal Obesity in PCOS:
In women of reproductive age, PCOS is a prevalent endocrine condition that is linked to
visceral obesity, cardiovascular issues, insulin resistance (IR), and an inflammatory response
(40). Studies have shown that the incidence of PCOS is higher in the obese group, and higher
WHR has been associated with PCOS patients with insulin resistance. Various forms of
dyslipidemia are observed in PCOS patients, with lower serum HDL and higher plasma levels
of TG, LDL, and Total Cholesterol (TC) being common outcomes (41). Women who have
PCOS are more likely to experience AO and metabolic syndrome, which can result in
hypertension, lipid abnormalities, and IR and raise the risk of D,M, and CVD in later life.
Lifestyle modifications, such as healthier eating habits, regular physical activity, and weight
control, are fundamental in managing PCOS and its associated metabolic risks. Insulin-
sensitizing agents, like metformin, can also be beneficial in managing PCOS (11,7).
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Role of Abdominal Obesity in Cancer:
Studies have shown a positive association between AO, measured by WC or WHR, and the
likelihood of developing lung cancer. In order to prevent and manage lung cancer, it may be
crucial to address obesity as a modifiable risk factor (42). Independent of BMI, higher WC has
been linked to higher mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in US
women. Abdominal obesity may independently contribute to adverse health outcomes through
mechanisms like chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, making it an important indicator
of long-term health (43). Hepatocellular carcinoma, meningioma, gastric cancer, and ovarian
cancer were added to the list of obesity-associated tumours by the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2016 . Obesity may contribute to the growth of gastric and
esophageal cancers, according to some evidence (44,45). AO has been associated with an
increased risk of breast cancer. Increased Risk: AO has been linked to an increased risk of
breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. Hormones and inflammatory agents are
released by excess abdominal fat, which may promote the development of cancerous cells.
Hormonal Imbalance: Imbalances in hormones like oestrogen and insulin are associated with
AO. These hormonal changes may have a role in both the development and spread of breast
cancer. Aggressive Tumour Characteristics: According to research, women who are
abdominally obese may develop tumours that are more aggressive in nature, with
characteristics including greater size, higher grade, and a higher likelihood of lymph node
involvement. Negative Prognosis: Breast cancer patients' prognosis have been found to be
worse when they had AO. It is linked to a greater chance of the disease returning, a worse
overall survival rate, and a decreased response to therapy. Treatment Difficulty: AO can make
breast cancer treatments more difficult. It might affect the precision of diagnostic tests like
mammography and increase the technical difficulty of surgical procedures. Additionally,
having too much abdominal fat might impact how chemotherapy medications are metabolised
and distributed, thereby reducing their efficacy (46,47,48,49).
Preventive Measures:
Unhealthy dietary habits, such as consuming diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, and
cholesterol, can lead to inflammation and atherosclerosis, potentially resulting in abdominal
obesity. Researchers advise adopting a healthier diet to lower inflammation and reduce the risk
of CVD. Regularly consuming fast food, which contains unhealthy fats and sugars, increases
the risk of heart disease and stroke, both of which are linked to AO. Additionally, psychosocial
stress is linked to unhealthy eating habits, with women showing high consumption of refined
grains and relatively low intake of fruits. Both stress and grain intake have been linked to an
increased risk of AO, according to longitudinal research. These findings suggest that stress-
related dietary alterations may eventually contribute to the development of abdominal obesity
(10,50).
Public Health Strategy to Combat Abdominal Obesity:
Public health nutrition solutions include raising prices on edible fats and sugar-sweetened
drinks (SSBs) to fight AO and diabetes. The detrimental consequences of the nutrition shift can
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be minimised by strategically regulating the price of unhealthy foods. According to US studies,
price hikes of 10%, 15%, and 20% on SSBs were linked to less people buying juice drinks.
Over the ten-year period from 2014 to 2023, it is predicted that imposing a 20% soda tax in
India will reduce obesity by 3% (averting the occurrence of 11.2 million new cases) and
diabetes prevalence by 1.6% (averting the occurrence of 400,000 new cases). Similar to this, it
is estimated that a 20% tax on palm oil purchases in India over a certain time period will stop
around 363,000 deaths from CVD (a reduction in cardiovascular mortality of 1.3%). These
results call for a reformulation of existing strategies to address taxes as a method to reduce
NCD (12).
Importance of Weight Management:
Evidence suggests that intentional weight loss, particularly significant weight reduction, can
lower the risk of CVD in individuals with overweight or obesity. However, in order to lose
weight permanently, both the patient and their healthcare professionals must remain committed
(17,50,51).
Action Plan for Clinicians:
The article ends with an action plan for physicians that offers suggestions for how to recognise
and mitigate the risks of obesity-related CVD. The plan takes into account varying resources
and support available in different countries. The goal is to improve patient care and outcomes
by addressing the complex interplay between obesity and cardiovascular health (17).
3. SUMMARY OF STUDIES
S no. Study Significant findings
1
Schleinitz, D. et al.
(2014)
Through genetic studies, including GWAS, specific genes like TBX15,
HOXC13, RSPO3, and CPEB4 have been identified, which regulates FD &
influencing obesity-related traits.
2
Pradeepa R., et al.
(2015)
In India, obesity was found to be more prevalent in urban areas and among
women.
3
Sarathy, H., et al.
(2016)
Despite good health indices, AO in young adults is linked to albuminuria, and
can help in avoiding kidney diseases at an early stage.
4
Yang, Y., et al.
(2016)
This meta-analysis reviews the potential link between abdominal obesity &
lung cancer risk, suggesting a positive association.
5
Gulati, S., Misra, A.
(2017)
This study concluded a positive correlation between AO & DM in Asian
Indians.
6
Barroso, T. A., et al.
(2017)
The release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, which results in elevated
TG and the production of VLDL, directly linked to obesity-related
complications.
7
Misra, A., et al.
(2017)
Factors such as abdominal fat deposition & low lean mass can lead to insulin
resistance.
8
Zhang, C., et al.
(2018)
This study provides a long-term view of the risks associated with AO,
including all-cause, cardiovascular, & cancer mortality.
9 Berawi, K. N. et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia, which is characterised by raised TG, decreased
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(2018) HDL-C, and increased ApoB, sdLDL, and sHDL particles, is closely correlated
with AO.
10
Sangrós, F. J., et al.
(2018)
Abdominal obesity causes a persistent proinflammatory response, leading to
insulin resistance, imbalanced vascular functions, & elevated blood pressure.
11 Ross, R., et al. (2020)
This consensus statement emphasizes the importance of WC as a vital sign in
clinical practice, highlighting its role in assessing AO.
12
Bhattacharya, K. et
al. (2021)
WHR demonstrated advantages over other anthropometric indices in assessing
IR in PCOS, with better sensitivity & specificity than BMI.
13
Piqueras, P. et al.
(2021)
BMI's limitations as an indicator of obesity have prompted researchers to
explore various anthropometric measures for assessing CVD risk, including
WC, WHR, & bio impedance.
14
Lopez-Jimenez, F. et
al. (2022)
This study discussed obesity as a complex chronic disease recognized by WOF
& WHF, with increased visceral fat linking it to CV risk through multiple
mechanisms.
15
Sakiz, D. et al.
(2022)
PCOS is positively correlated with development of AO.
16
Sharma, P et al.
(2023)
Abdominal obesity has a notable impact on dyslipidaemia and inflamation.
17 Somnuk et al. (2023)
The cohort study indicates the association with disrupted lipid & glucose
metabolisms
18 Sheikh, A. (2023)
PCOS-afflicted women are more likely to experience AO and metabolic
syndrome, which raises their risk of DM and cardiovascular disease.
19 Kim, M. et al. (2022)
Psychosocial stress was associated with unhealthy eating habits, with high
refined grain consumption & lower fruit intake in women, which longitudinally
increased the risk of AO.
20
Chung GKK. et al.
(2022)
Abdominal obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer,
aggressive tumor characteristics, poor prognosis, and treatment challenges
21
Farias G. et al.
(2020)
Visceral fat has direct access to the liver allows its produced compounds,
including various pro-inflammatory adipokines, to have an immediate impact
on inflammation (TNF, IL-6, leptin, visfatin, resistin).
22
Vella CA. et al.
(2017)
Lean individuals tend to secrete more anti-inflammatory adipokines like TGF
and adiponectin than abdominal obese.
4. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED
The definition & measurement of obesity vary among different populations, leading to
inconsistencies in identifying & setting appropriate cut-off points (12); (9). Obesity, both
generalized & abdominal, is on the rise globally, particularly in urban areas & among certain
groups like South Asians (1). Women show a high prevalence of AO, likely due to a higher
concentration of body fat in females (26). BMI alone may not fully capture obesity/adiposity,
highlighting the need for additional anthropometric measures to improve disease risk
assessment (17). Further research is required to underst & the role of AO in cardiovascular
disease, DM, insulin resistance, hypertension, & dyslipidemia (26, 6, 15). AO is also associated
with PCOS, potentially impacting cardiovascular health in women (11).
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5. SOLUTIONS FOUND
The WHO has recommended different obesity cut-off points for Asians, defining a BMI above
25 as obese, while other populations use a BMI above 30. Anthropometric measures like WC
& WHR are considered better indicators of disease risk than BMI alone (9,18). Lifestyle
changes, such as adopting healthier eating practises, engaging in regular physical exercise, and
maintaining a healthy weight, are essential for treating obesity and the metabolic problems that
go along with it. Insulin-sensitizing agents like metformin can be beneficial in improving
insulin sensitivity & regulating menstrual cycles in women with PCOS (11,12,17,50,51).
6. CONCLUSION
Abdominal obesity is a significant public health concern, linked to higher mortality &
morbidity rates. The definition & measurement of obesity, as well as the determination of
appropriate cut-off points, vary among different populations. It has shown to be a more accurate
predictor of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes meletus, insulin resistance, hypertension, &
dyslipidemia compared to generalised obesity. To enhance disease risk assessment, additional
anthropometric measures like waist circumference & waist to hip ratio are recommended,
especially in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome. Lifestyle changes & the use of insulin-
sensitizing agents can aid in managing obesity and its associated metabolic risks. To fully
comprehend the pathophysiology of abdominal obesity and its consequences for numerous
health disorders, additional study is necessary.
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