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The Y-Y paradox or Thin-fat indian phenotype
- 1. The Y-Y paradox or Thin-fat Indian Phenotype Pooja Singhania PhD, RD,CDE
- 2. BMI is "Body Mass Index". It tells you whether your body weight is appropriate for your height. In Indians it is advisable that the BMI be not more than 22.9* BMI = Weight in kilograms / (Height in meters) 2
- 3. John Yudkin, 60, is an obesity expert and director of the International Health and Medical Education Centre at University College London. He has a healthy European diet, runs marathons and has a body mass index (BMI)—a measure commonly used as a benchmark of body fat—of 22.3. Chittaranjan Yajnik, 52, is an obesity expert and director of the Diabetes Unit at the KEM Hospital Research Centre in Pune, India. Yajnik has a predominantly vegetarian Indian diet, but his only exercise is running to catch elevator doors at the hospital. He, too, has a BMI of 22.3. Yajnik appears thinner than Yudkin (see Photo), but by dual X-ray absorptiometry imagery, it is clear that his compact frame belies more body fat than his colleague's: he carries some 21.2% body fat, compared with Yudkin's 9.1%.
- 4. Not all adults who have a BMI in the range labelled "healthy" are at their most healthy weight. They may have lots of fat but very little muscle. Similarly, if you are an athlete or exercise a lot, then you may have lots of muscle and less fat and if your BMI is more than the normal range, then it may still be healthy.
- 5. Asian Indian Phenotype (Thin-Fat Asian Indian) At any body mass index (BMI) and age, Asian Indians have higher body fat, visceral fat and waist circumference (WC) lower skeletal muscle mass thinner hips; short legs profoundly higher rates of insulin resistance unique clinical and biochemical characteristics that are commonly found among Asian Indians in particular and South Asians in general are collectively referred to
- 7. Why Asia? Some of the reasons for the escalating numbers are universal: king-sized candy bars and super-sized sodas, more cars, more food—and more of it processed. Traditional Asian diets are generally far healthier, but since the 1960s, Asians have been consuming bigger proportions of high-fat, high-sodium and low-fiber foods. And there are compounding cultural factors: Asian cultures tend to use food as a reward, and in many Asian countries, a large body is seen as a welcome sign of prosperity.
- 8. Most explanations for Asians' obesity revolve around their genetic predisposition to store fat, particularly around the abdomen. There may also be environmental features that mask as genetic factors. In India, there may be an underlying risk of diabetes because of early malnutrition or low birth weight (Intl. J. Obes. 27, 173−180; 2003). Yajnik, for instance, weighed less than five pounds at birth.
- 9. Thrifty gene hypothesis In 1962, James Neel suggested that exposure to periods of famine during human evolutionary history resulted in selection pressures in favour of a thrifty genotype that led to highly efficient fat storage during periods of abundance In the current climate of food overabundance and sedentary lifestyle, this thrifty genotype is suggested to lead to metabolically disadvantageous phenotypes.
Editor's Notes
- Adiponectin: A protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by adipocytes (fat cells) that regulates the metabolism of lipids and glucose.