2. Contents….
• Introduction
• Categories of Industries (India and West Bengal)
• Pollution, Pollutants and Types of Pollution
• Industrial Air Pollution, Causes, Effects(India and West Bengal)
• Air Quality Monitoring System
• Industrial Air Pollution Control System ( Bag Filter)
• Conclusion
3. Introduction....
• A country’s economic and social development essentially depends on the industrial
sector. A growing Industrial Sector is a prerequisite for growth, employment creation
and improvement in people’s livelihood.
• India is one of the ten most industrialized countries in the world. It has the 8th largest
economy which has grown by an average of 7% per year (2003-2012)
• Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and
development, the increase in pollution of air and resulting degradation of Environment
that they have caused, cannot be overlooked.
4. Categories of Industries (India and West Bengal)
There are mainly three categories of industries in India- Large Scale Industries,
Medium scale Industries and Small Scale Industries.
• Industries of India
Major industries are referred in the following-
1) Cement 11) Dyes and Dye Intermediates
2) Thermal power plants 12) Pesticides
3 ) Iron & Steel 13) Dyes and Dye Intermediates
4) Fertilizer 14) Petro Chemicals
5) Zinc Smelters 15) Tanneries
6) Copper Smelters 16)Sugar
7) Aluminium Smelters 17) Basic Drugs
8) Oil Refineries 18) Railway Industries
9) Distilleries 19) Mining Industries
10) Pulp &, Paper 20) Others Industries
5. • Industries of West Bengal
1. Iron & Steel
2. Heavy & Light Engineering products,
3. Leather & Leather products,
4. Chemicals & Petrochemicals and downstream
5. Textiles
6. Gems & Jewellery
7. Tea, Food processing
8. Hospitality & Tourism
9. Automobile and Auto components
10. Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
11. Papers, Jute products
12. Electrical & Electronics
13. Infrastructure & Real Estate and Others
6. Pollution, Pollutants and Types of Pollution
•Pollution
When harmful substances contaminate the environment,
it is called Pollution. Pollution refers to the very bad condition
of environment in terms of quantity and quality.
•Pollutants
The agents directly or indirectly responsible for the pollution of the environment are
known as Pollutants. A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil.
•Types of Pollution
Major types of Pollution,
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
Land Pollution
7.
8. Industrial Air Pollution, Causes, Effects
(India and West Bengal)
•Industrial Pollution
Industrial Pollution is pollution which can be
directly or indirectly linked with industry, in
contrast to other pollution sources
•Industrial Air Pollution
Industrial Air Pollution occurs when different toxic
gases like Sulphur Di Oxide, Carbon Di Oxide,
Nitrogen Di Oxide etc. and Suspended Particulate Matter
get emitted from different industries and mix
with atmosphere and causes environmental hazard.
9. Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources
from various industries
Industries(sources) Pollutants
Manufactureof chemicals(Fertilizer,Pesticide
production,Paints etc.
SPM, SO2, CO, VOC, , NOx, HCl etc
Manufacturing(Food, beverages and tobacco,Textiles
and leather industriesetc)
SPM, SO2, CO, VOC, H2S
Mining (Coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas
production Non-ferrous ore mining)
SPM, SO2, NOx, VOC
Petroleum refineries SPM, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC
Non-metallic mineral productsmanufacture(Glass
products Cement, lime and plaster)
SPM, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC
Basic metal industries SPM, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, Pb
Power generation SPM, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, SO3, Pb
10. •Causes
oOld Process Technology
oWrong Siting of Industries
oNo Pollution Preventive Step in Early Stage of Industrialization
oNo Pollution Prevention and Control System in Small/ Medium Scale Industry
oPoor Compliance of Standard in Small/Medium Scale Industries
•Effects
oGlobal Warming
oOzone Layer Depletion
oAcid Rain
oOccupational health hazards
11. •Industrial Air Pollution in India
Reasons For High Industrial Air Pollution In India
◌ Old Process Technology
◌ Wrong Siting of Industries
◌ No Pollution Preventive Step in Early Stage of Industrialization
◌ No Pollution Prevention and Control System in Small/ Medium Scale Industry
◌ Poor Compliance of Standard in Small/Medium Scale Industries
Major Polluted Cities and Industries
Cities Industries
•Delhi
•Kolkata
•Mumbai
•Chennai
•Ahmedabad
•Bangalore
•Hyderabad
•Pune, etc
•Power Plants,
•Mining, Aluminium Industry etc
•Chemical, Metallurgical Industries
•Iron & Steel,
•Paper Industry
12. Air quality data analysis: •PM10 is exceeded in cities and towns.
•NOx is having increasing trend and already exceeded in
major cities and towns.
13. •Industrial Air Pollution in West Bengal
Major Polluted Cities •Kolkata
•Howrah
•Asansol/Durgapur and some others
0
50
100
150
200
250
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
PM10
NO2
SO2
LEVEL OF PM10.NO2,SO2 FROM 2001 TO 2010 OF WEST BENGAL
NAAQS
NO2=40µ/m3,
SO2=50µg/m3
PM10=60µg/m3
14. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
no2 so2 co o3 pm10
Kolkata
Howrah
Asansol/Durgapur
Compact Graph For ConcentrationOf Air Pollutants(No2,So2,Co,Ozone,Pm10)In Kolkata,HowrahAnd Asansol/Durgapur
During April-2010To December-2014
Air quality data analysis: •Gaseous pollutants is similar in three areas to some extent
•Air pollution from particulate matters is much higher than
gaseous pollutants
•Touched the highest peak in december(winter season).
•Concentration is highest in howrah from other two areas
15. Air Quality Monitoring System
•Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) for residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive
zones for the country as a whole. Various State Governments ensure that the
ambient air quality objectives is met.
•This is primarily accomplished by making the effluent and emission standards stricter
than those prescribed by the Central Government.
•The National Ambient Air Quality is determined on the basis of the impact of pollutants
on the human health, vegetation and property.
•Like the location-specific effluent standards, SPCVs can also make the emission
standards stringent on the consideration of the carrying capacity of a specific air-shed
and existing pollution level of ambient air quality.
•The CPCBs has evolved the methodology of emission monitoring systems with respect
to air pollutants, which are prescribed under emission regulation.
16. POLLUTANTS Time Weighted
Average
Concentration of Ambient Air
Industrial Area Residential Rural and
other area
Sensitive area Method of Measurement
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Annual Average
24 hours
80µg/m3
120µg/m3
60µg/m3
80µg/m3
15µg/m3
30µg/m3
Improved west and Gacke
Method
Ultraviolet fluorescence
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) Annual Average
24 hours
80µg/m3
120µg/m3
60µg/m3
80µg/m3
15µg/m3
30µg/m3
Jacab Hochheister modified
(Na-Arsentire method
Gas Phase Chemilumine
Scene
Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM)
Annual Average
24 hours
360µg/m3
500µg/m3
140µg/m3
200µg/m3
70µg/m3
100µg/m3
High Volume sampling
(average flow rate not less
than 1.1 m3/minute)
Respirable Particulate
Matter (size Less than
10µm) RPM
Annual Average
24 hours
120µg/m3
150µg/m3
60µg/m3
100µg/m3
50µg/m3
75µg/m3
Respirable particulate
matter sampler
Lead as Pb Annual Average
24 hours
1.0µg/m3
1.5µg/m3
0.75µg/m3
1.0µg/m3
0.50µg/m3
0.75µg/m3
AAS method after sampling
using EPM 2000 or
equivalent filter paper
Carbon Monoxide 8 hours
1 hour
5.0mg/m3
10.0mg/m3
2.0mg/m3
4.0mg/m3
1.0mg/m3
2.0mg/m3
Non disbersive infrared
spectroscopy
Annual Average : Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval
24 Hours Average : 24-hourly/8-hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However 2% of the time, it may exceeded but not two consecutive
days.
The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property.Whenever and wherever two
consecutives values exceeds the limit specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate, reason to institute regular/continuous
monitoring and further investigations.
National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS)
17. Industrial Air Pollution Control System ( Bag Filter)
• Factories or industries influence air by the smoke and dust that are released during
the manufacturing and processing activities.
• Air pollution remains the major concern in most of the factories as breathing air that
contains pollutant affects the health of the workers and who live in near by places.
• Hence, in many countries(India) installation of pollution control equipment has been
imposed mandatory features.
• There are several equipments available today to reduce pollutants. Every industry
need different kinds of equipments to limit the different types of dust particles that
get mixed up in air.
18.
19. •Bag Filters
In an industrial system of bags cleaning,the fabric is media made into eitheran envelope ora tube.
These envelopesor tubes are called the bags and a housing of these is called Bag Filter.
• Working Procedure
◌ Dust laden air enters
through the hopper by
suction or positive pressure
◌ The heavier dust particles
fall immediately into the
hopper, while the lighter
ones deposit on the outer
surface of filter bags
◌ Dust deposited on bag surface is dislodged and bag is cleaned by pulse of high
pressure compressed air.
20.
21. • Features
◌ Selection of Fabrics such as
1. Polyester
2. Polypropylene
3. Cotton
4. Nylon
◌ Allowable for huge air permeability inside the bag filter.
◌ Types of bags and their design temperature
1. Polyester bag (90degC)
2. Ryton bags (180degC)
3. Mixed felt bag (350degC)
22. • Its Components
o Filter bag
o Filter cage
o Venturi
o Solenoid Valve
• Bag Selection Criteria
o Bag house operating temperature
o Abrasion resistance required
o Compatibility with gas stream
chemistry
o Resistance to cleaning energy
o Air-to-cloth ration
o Cleaning method
oTube Sheet
o Metallic Cages
o Hopper
o Dust Carrying Valve
23. •Common Industrial Applications For Bag Filters
Industry Sources
Steel Electric arcfurnacesa,Sinteringplantsa,Boilersa
Foundries Cupolas
Nonferrous metals Lead furnacesa,Coppersmeltingfurnacesa,Zinc furnaces
Grain handling Cleaningoperations, Grinding mills,Mixers and blenders,
Material transfer
Mineral processing Crushers, Grinding mills, Screeningoperations, Air classifiers
Dryers,Kilnsa,Calcinersa
Cement Raw mills,Kilnsa,Finish mills
Asphalt concrete Drum mixers
Glass Melting furnaces
Chemical Dryers, Grinding mills
Power plants Coal-firedboilers
Waste disposal Incinerators
24. • Bag Filter Troubleshooting
Problem Solution
HIGH DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE(DP)FACTORS
Excessive air-to-cloth ratio
Particulate adhesion
Insufficient cleaning energy
Blinded filter bags and others
Minimum required pressure is
6.3kg/cm2g.Check supply
pipe, drain valve for leaks.
Check diaphragm and solenoid
operation etc
OPACITY FACTORS
Bag failures
Incorrect new bag startup procedure
Mechanical leaks
Repair leaking gauge pipe
Check duct system etc
SHORT BAG LIFE FACTORS
Incorrect air-to-cloth ratio
Incorrect filter bag media
Incorrect new bag startup procedure
Frequent startup and shutdown
Check pulsing system as a
whole and
Take corrective action
25. • Comparison Of Bag Filter With Other Technologies
Constant emission air pollution control(APC) equipment.
Suspended particulate emission control using positive filtration.
Possible to achieve lower outlet emission.
Suitable up to gas temp. of 26o deg C.
Can handle various types dust viz. explosive/non-explosive, abrasive, hygroscopic,
sticky, coarse/fine.
Low initial set-up cost.
27. •Some other protective measures
• Government’s Participation:
Enforcement of variousact(Air (PreventionAnd Control Of Pollution) Act 1981,
Environment Protection Act 1986, Kyoto Protocol)
Greeen Belt Development
• Pollution Control Board Participation:
SPCB
CPCB
• Peoples’ Participation:
Conserve energy
Emphasis on clean energyresource
Use energyefficient devicesetc
28. Conclusion….
• The concept of keeping the industrial atmosphere free from pollution is felt to
be a significant aspect to keep both the industry and surrounding environment safe.
• Air pollution controlling equipments designed for industries keep the air clean as
they absorb the minute dust particles and keep the air clean inside and outside the
industrial campus.
• If the working atmosphere in industries remains free from pollution it will certainly
result in safe working environment.
