The document discusses the key concepts of what constitutes a state and government. It explains that a state requires a population, territory, and sovereignty (supreme power within its boundaries). A government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policies. The document then reviews several theories for how governments came into existence, such as through force, evolution from simpler groups, divine right of rulers, or social contract theory. It also outlines different ways of classifying governments, such as by participation (democracy vs dictatorship), distribution of power (unitary vs federal), and relationship between legislative and executive branches (presidential vs parliamentary).

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2. What is a state? The state —a body of , living in a organized and with the to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority PEOPLE POWER POLITICALLY DEFINED TERRITORY

3. What are the necessary qualities of a state? POPULATION TERRITORY SOVEREIGNTY— the possession of supreme and absolute power within its boundaries GOVERNMENT

4. What is government? the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies

5. Why did governments come about? We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

6. So… Form a more perfect union Establish justice Insure domestic tranquility Provide for the common defense Promote the general welfare Secure the blessings of liberty

7. How did governments come about? FORCE THEORY—the strongest rule THEORY 1

8. How did governments come about? EVOLUTIONARY THEORY—governments build from simpler groups (family…clan…tribe, etc) THEORY 2

9. How did governments come about? DIVINE RIGHT THEORY—God created the state; God ordained those with royal standing the “divine right” to rule THEORY 3

10. How did governments come about? SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY—in the state of nature, life was “nasty, brutish, and short.” Humans agreed to a mutual agreement between the rulers and the ruled for the benefit of all. THEORY 4

11. Three ways to classify governments DEMOCRACY —supreme political authority rests with the people METHOD 1: By who can participate DIRECT— the will of the people is directly turned into public policy INDIRECT— the will of the people is represented by appointed leaders Also known as REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY Impractical Poor decisions ELITIST THEORY OF DEMOCRACY

12. Three ways to classify governments DICTATORSHIP— those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people METHOD 1: By who can participate AUTOCRACY—a single person holds unlimited power MONARCHY—heredity determines ruler MILITARY—force determines ruler OLIGARCHY—power is held by a small, usually self-appointed group

13. Three ways to classify governments UNITARY— all powers by the government belong to one central government FEDERAL GOVERNMENT— powers are divided between a central government and a local government (division of power) CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT —an alliance of independent states METHOD 2: Geographic distribution of power

14. Three ways to classify governments PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT— executive and legislative branches of the government are elected by the voters PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT— the executive branch is elected by the legislative branch METHOD 3: Relationship between the legislative and executive branches

15. Declaration of Independence

16. JOHN ADAMS ROGER SHERMAN ROBERT LIVINGSTON THOMAS JEFFERSON BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Committee of Five

17. When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth…

18. When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation .

19. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. UNALIENABLE—CANNOT BE TAKEN AWAY

20. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness .

21. That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,

22. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness .

23. Articles of Confederation Features/Powers “ a league of friendship” Each state maintained its sovereignty Legislative: Unicameral 9/13 to pass any measure Each state had one vote Executive: In name only—powerless Judicial: Did not exist Unanimous consent of all 13 to amend

24. Constitutional Convention

25. When? May 25—September 17, 1787

26. Where? Independence Hall; Philadelphia, PA

27. Virginia Plan Presented by Edmund Randolph May 29; conceived by James Madison , “the Father of the Constitution”

28. Virginia Plan LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF REVISION Supreme Tribunals Elected by the people Proportional representation based on population/tax Elected by state legislatures Elects Establishes Inferior Courts HOUSE SENATE VETO

29. New Jersey Plan Presented by William Paterson on June 13

30. New Jersey Plan LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL Supreme Tribunals Equal representation; vote as a state Elected by state legislatures Elects Establishes Inferior Courts HOUSE Revision of the Articles Empowers government to regulate commerce and collect revenue Multiple people

31. The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) Presented by Roger Sherman on July 5

32. The Great Compromise Equal representation LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL Supreme Court Elected by the people Proportional representation based on population (65) Elected by state legislatures Establishes Inferior Courts HOUSE SENATE Appoints Elected by Electoral College “ A bundle of compromises” Representation in Congress Three-fifths compromise 4-year term for President Judicial appointment, Senate approval of justices JUDICIAL REVIEW

33. EDUCATION JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT

34. JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT SOCIAL CONTRACT : GOVERNMENT HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S RIGHTS

35. EDUCATION JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT BARON DE MONTESQUIEU THE SPIRIT OF LAWS

36. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 1748 SEPARATION OF POWERS PEOPLE ARE GOVERNMENT’S REAL SOURCE OF POWER

38. PAST DOCUMENTS

39. PAST DOCUMENTS JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES MONTESQUIEU SPIRIT OF LAWS MAGNA CARTA KING JOHN; 1215; ENGLAND

40. MAGNA CARTA ENGLAND, 1215 KING IS BOUND BY LAW DEMANDS FORCED ON KING JOHN BY HIS SUBJECTS PROTECTS CERTAIN RIGHTS OF KING’S SUBJECTS TRIAL BY JURY DUE PROCESS PRIVATE PROPERTY

41. PAST DOCUMENTS JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES MONTESQUIEU SPIRIT OF LAWS MAGNA CARTA KING JOHN; 1215; ENGLAND ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS WILLIAM AND MARY

42. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS PRESENTED TO WILLIAM & MARY, 1688 TRIAL BY JURY DUE PROCESS NO CRUEL PUNISHMENT NO EXCESSIVE BAIL/FINES RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS RIGHT TO PETITION

43. PAST DOCUMENTS JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES MONTESQUIEU SPIRIT OF LAWS MAGNA CARTA KING JOHN; 1215; ENGLAND ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS VIRGINIA BILL OF RIGHTS GEORGE MASON WILLIAM AND MARY

44. VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS GEORGE MASON, 1776 RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS NO UNREASONABLE SEARCHES & SEIZURES FREEDOM OF SPEECH FREEDOM OF THE PRESS FREEDOM OF RELIGION

45. PAST DOCUMENTS JOHN LOCKE TWO TREATISES MONTESQUIEU SPIRIT OF LAWS MAGNA CARTA KING JOHN; 1215; ENGLAND ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS VIRGINIA BILL OF RIGHTS WILLIAM AND MARY GEORGE MASON ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION US FAILED 1 ST ATTEMPT

46. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

48. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION US 1 ST FAILED ATTEMPT KING GEORGE III’s RULE

50. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION US 1 ST FAILED ATTEMPT KING GEORGE III’s RULE COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS/STATE CONSTITUTIONS

51. Ratification Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists 9 out of 13 states needed to ratify Two groups emerge Federalists —for the ratification of the US Constitution; Anti-Federalists —opposed to its ratification

52. Arguments: The Anti-Federalists Leading Anti-Federalists: Edmund Randolph, Patrick Henry, George Mason; leading state politicians Why? States would lose sovereignty Too much Presidential power—monarchy, aristocracy Republic: untested; US is too big No Bill of Rights